Review of electrical energy storage system for vehicular applications

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ReviewofelectricalenergystoragesystemforvehicularapplicationsGuizhouRenn,GuoqingMa,NingCongSchoolofElectromechanicalandAutomobileEngineering,KeyLaboratoryofAdvancedManufacturingandControlTechnologyinUniversitiesofShandong,YantaiUniversity,30QingquanRoadLaishanDistrict,Yantai264005,PRChina

articleinfoArticlehistory:Received2March2014Receivedinrevisedform15June2014Accepted4August2014Availableonline6September2014Keywords:Electricalenergystoragesystem(EESS)Newenergyvehicle(NEV)LinearengineRegenerativebrakingSeries-parallelswitchoverofultra-capacitor(UC)HybridpowersourceabstractRecently,automotiveoriginalequipmentmanufacturershavefocusedtheireffortsondevelopinggreenerpropulsionsolutionsinordertomeetthesocietaldemandandecologicalneedforcleantransportation,sothedevelopmentofnewenergyvehicle(NEV)hasbecomeaconsensusamonggovernmentsandautomotiveenterprises.Efficientelectricalenergystoragesystem(EESS)appearstobeverypromisingformeetingtherapidlyincreasedrequirementsofvehicularapplications.Itisnecessarytounderstandperformancesofelectricalenergystoragetechnologies.Therefore,thispaperreviewsthevariouselectricalenergystoragetechnologiesandtheirlatestapplicationsinvehicle,suchasbatteryenergystorage(BES),superconductingmagneticenergystorage(SMES),flywheelenergystorage(FES),ultra-capacitor(UC)energystorage(UCES)andhybridenergystorage(HES).Theresearchprioritiesanddifficultiesofeachelectricalenergystoragetechnologyarealsopresentedandcompared.Afterwards,thekeytechnologiesofEESSdesignforvehiclesarepresented.Inaddition,severalconventionalEESSsforvehicleapplicationsarealsoanalyzed;thecomparisononadvantagesanddisadvantagesofvariousconventionalEESSsishighlighted.Fromtherigorousreview,itisobservedthatalmostallcurrentconventionalEESSsforvehiclescannotmeetahigh-efficiencyofpowerflowoverthefulloperationrange;optimizationofEESSandimprovedcontrolstrategieswillbecomeanimportantresearchtopic.Finally,thispaperespeciallyfocusesonatypeoflinearengine,abrandnewautomotivepropulsionsystemusedforNEV;theguidingprincipleofEESSdesignforthenewtypeoflinearengineisproposed,anoverviewofanovelhybridEESSbasedonhybridpowersourceandseries–parallelswitchoverofUCwithhighefficiencyunderwidepowerflowrangeforthetypeoflinearengineispresented,andadvancedfeaturesofthenovelhybridEESSarehighlighted.&2014ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

Contents1.Introduction........................................................................................................2262.Electricalenergystoragetechnologies...................................................................................2262.1.Batteryenergystoragetechnology................................................................................2272.2.Superconductingmagneticenergystoragetechnology................................................................2272.3.Flywheelenergystoragetechnology...............................................................................2282.4.UCenergystoragetechnology...................................................................................2282.5.Hybridenergystoragetechnology................................................................................2293.Keytechnologiesofelectricalenergystoragesystemdesignforvehicles.......................................................2293.1.Powersource.................................................................................................229

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/rserRenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.0031364-0321/&2014ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

Abbreviations:AC,alternatecurrent;BDPC,bi-directionalDC–DCpowerconverter;BES,batteryenergystorage;DC,directcurrent;EDLC,electricdouble-layercapacitor;EESS,electricalenergystoragesystem;EMF,electromotiveforce;FCV,fuelcellvehicle;FC,fuelcell;FES,flywheelenergystorage;FSMC,fuzzyslidingmodecontrol;HES,hybridenergystorage;HEV,hybridelectricvehicle;ICE,internalcombustionengine;kg,kilogram;kJ,kilojoule;kmhÀ1,kilometerperhour;kW,kilowatt;kWh,kilowatt

hour;LIB,lithium-ionbattery;LIC,lithium-ioncapacitor;Li-Ion,lithium-ion;NEV,newenergyvehicle;PEV,pureelectricvehicle;PSO,particleswarmoptimization;PWM,pulsewidthmodulation;rpm,revolutionsperminute;SMC,slidingmodecontrol;SMES,superconductingmagneticenergystorage;SOC,stateofcharge;THS,Toyotahybridsystem;UC,ultra-capacitor;UCES,ultra-capacitorenergystorage;VSS,variablestructuresystemnCorrespondingauthor.Tel.:þ8618253531675;fax:þ865356902402.