Peroxisomal Proliferator-activated Receptor-alpha-Inhibition of Endothelial Cell Proliferation and T

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PeroxisomalProliferator-activatedReceptor-␣-dependent

InhibitionofEndothelialCellProliferationandTumorigenesis*

Receivedforpublication,February16,2007,andinrevisedform,March26,2007Published,JBCPapersinPress,April3,2007,DOI10.1074/jbc.M701429200

AmbraPozzi‡§¶,MariaRaquelIbanez‡,ArnaldoE.Gatica‡,ShilinYang‡,ShouzuoWei‡,ShaojunMei‡,JohnR.Falckʈ,andJorgeH.Capdevila‡**1

FromtheDepartmentsof‡Medicine,§CancerBiology,and**Biochemistry,VanderbiltUniversityMedicalCenter,Nashville,Tennessee37232,the¶VeteransAffairsHospital,Nashville,Tennessee37212,andtheʈDepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenter,Dallas,Texas75390

Theperoxisomalproliferator-activatednuclearreceptor-␣

(PPAR␣),thetargetformosthypolipidemicdrugsincurrent

clinicaluse,regulatesthetranscriptionofgenesinvolvedinlipid

metabolismandtransport,andenergyhomeostasis.More

recently,PPAR␣anditsligandshavebeenimplicatedininflam-

matoryresponsesandtheregulationofcellproliferation.

PPAR␣alsoregulatestheexpressionofCyp4afattyacid␻-hy-

droxylasesandCyp2carachidonicacidepoxygenasegenes.To

studytheroleofthePPAR␣receptorandofitsCyp2cepoxyge-

nasegenetargetintumorigenesis,wetreatedmiceinjectedwith

tumorcellswithWy-14,643,aPPAR␣-selectiveligand.Com-

paredwithuntreatedcontrols,Wy-14643-treatedanimals

showedmarkedreductionsintumorgrowthandvasculariza-

tion,whichwereaccompaniedbydecreasesintheplasmalevels

ofpro-angiogenicepoxygenasemetabolites(EETs),hepaticEET

biosynthesis,andCyp2cepoxygenaseexpression.Allthese

Wy-14643-inducedresponseswereabsentinPPAR␣؊/؊mice

andarethusPPAR␣-mediated.Primaryculturesofmouselung

endothelialcellstreatedwithWy-14643showedreductionsin

cellproliferationandintheformationofcapillary-likestruc-

tures.Theseeffectswereabsentincellsobtainedfrom

PPRA␣؊/؊miceandreversedbytheadditionofEETs.These

resultsidentifyimportantanti-angiogenicandanti-tumori-

genicrolesforPPAR␣,characterizethecontributionofits

Cyp2cepoxygenasesgenetargettotheseresponses,andsuggest

potentialanti-cancerrolesforthisnuclearreceptoranditsligands.

Theperoxisomalproliferatoractivatednuclearreceptors

(PPARs),2namelyPPAR␣,PPAR␤/␦,andPPAR␥,regulatethe

transcriptionofseveralgenesinvolvedinlipidmetabolism,aswellasenergyutilizationandstorage(1–4).PPAR␥is

expressedmostlyintheadiposetissue,whereitcontrolsgenes

involvedinadipogenesis(2),PPAR␦isubiquitouslyexpressed

andregulateslipolyticfunctionsinseveralextrahepatictissues.

PPAR␣ispredominantlyexpressedinliver,kidney,heart,and

vasculartissues(2–4)andcontrolsexpressionoflipolyticgenes

andmembersofthecytochromeP450(P450)CYP4Aand-2C

genesubfamiliesoffattyacidmonooxygenases(5–7).PPAR␣is

atargetforfibrates(8),aclassofsyntheticPPAR␣ligandsthat

areclinicallyeffectivehypolipidemicagentswithlimitedside

effects(9–11).Therecognitionthatthesenuclearreceptors

regulatetheexpressionofgenesassociatedwithdiseasessuch

asobesity,diabetes,inflammation,andcancerhasraised

intenseinterestinthestudyoftheirgenetargets,signaling

mechanisms,aswellastheirphysiologicalandpathophysiolog-

icalroles.RecentstudiesindicatethatPPAR␣andPPAR␥

ligandsregulateendothelialcellgrowth,migration,andangio-

genesis(12–15)andinfluencetheprogressionofvascular

inflammationandtumorigenesis(16–18).Inthisregard,pro-

andanti-tumorigenicactivitieshavebeendescribedforPPAR␣

anditsligands.Inrodents,extendedexposuretofibratescauses

PPAR␣-mediatedliverhypertrophyandhepatocarcinomas(1,

19),howevertheseeffectshavenotbeenobservedinhumans,

evenafterextendeduse(19).Onotherhand,PPAR␣ligands

decreaseintestinalpolypformationinApc-deficientmice(18),

andinhibitvascularsmoothmusclecellproliferationbypro-

motingtheexpressionofthetumorsuppressorp16gene(16).

TheCYP2CepoxygenasebranchoftheP450arachidonic

acid(AA)monooxgenasescatalyzestheepoxidationofarachi-

donicacid(AA)to5,6-,8,9-,11,12-,and14,15-epoxyeicosatrie-

noicacids(EETs)(20,21).Thepresenceofendogenouspoolsof

epoxyeicosatrienoicacids(EETs)inhumanandrodentorgans

andplasma(20)andtheirbiosynthesisbyendothelialcellsiso-

latedfromvariousvascularbeds(21)havebeendocumented.

NumerousstudieshavecharacterizedtheEETsaspowerful

mitogensandpro-angiogeniclipids(22–24)andsuggested

rolesfortheminthepathophysiologyofinflammation(25)and

cancer(26).Morerecently,mouseCyp2c44wasidentifiedasan

endothelialAAepoxygenase,andits5,6-and8,9-EETmetabo-

liteswereshowntohaveinvivoangiogenicproperties(24).In

ratandmouseliver,thetranscriptionofseveralCYP2C

AA*ThisworkwassupportedbyNationalInstitutesofHealthGrantsR01-CA94849(toA.P.),R01-DK74359(toA.P.),R01-GM37922(toJ.H.C.),R01-GM31278(toJ.R.F.),P01-DK38226(toJ.C.H.andJ.R.F.),theRobertA.WelchFoundation(toJ.R.F.),andbyVanderbiltUniversityMassSpectrom-etryCenter,supportedinpartbyCancerCenterGrantCA-68485.Thecostsofpublicationofthisarticleweredefrayedinpartbythepaymentofpagecharges.Thisarticlemustthereforebeherebymarked“advertisement”inaccordancewith18U.S.C.Section1734solelytoindicatethisfact.1Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed:Dept.ofMedicine,VanderbiltUniversityMedicalSchool,MedicalCenterNorthS-3223,Nashville,TN37232.Tel.:615-322-4968;Fax:615-343-4704;E-mail:jorge.capdevila@vanderbilt.edu.2Theabbreviationsusedare:PPAR,peroxisomalproliferatoractivatednuclearreceptor;AA,arachidonicacid;EET,epoxyeicosatrienoicacids;DHETs,dihydroxyeicosatrienoicacids;Cyp2candCyp4A,membersof