Peroxisomal Proliferator-activated Receptor-alpha-Inhibition of Endothelial Cell Proliferation and T
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PeroxisomalProliferator-activatedReceptor-␣-dependent
InhibitionofEndothelialCellProliferationandTumorigenesis*
Receivedforpublication,February16,2007,andinrevisedform,March26,2007Published,JBCPapersinPress,April3,2007,DOI10.1074/jbc.M701429200
AmbraPozzi‡§¶,MariaRaquelIbanez‡,ArnaldoE.Gatica‡,ShilinYang‡,ShouzuoWei‡,ShaojunMei‡,JohnR.Falckʈ,andJorgeH.Capdevila‡**1
FromtheDepartmentsof‡Medicine,§CancerBiology,and**Biochemistry,VanderbiltUniversityMedicalCenter,Nashville,Tennessee37232,the¶VeteransAffairsHospital,Nashville,Tennessee37212,andtheʈDepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenter,Dallas,Texas75390
Theperoxisomalproliferator-activatednuclearreceptor-␣
(PPAR␣),thetargetformosthypolipidemicdrugsincurrent
clinicaluse,regulatesthetranscriptionofgenesinvolvedinlipid
metabolismandtransport,andenergyhomeostasis.More
recently,PPAR␣anditsligandshavebeenimplicatedininflam-
matoryresponsesandtheregulationofcellproliferation.
PPAR␣alsoregulatestheexpressionofCyp4afattyacid-hy-
droxylasesandCyp2carachidonicacidepoxygenasegenes.To
studytheroleofthePPAR␣receptorandofitsCyp2cepoxyge-
nasegenetargetintumorigenesis,wetreatedmiceinjectedwith
tumorcellswithWy-14,643,aPPAR␣-selectiveligand.Com-
paredwithuntreatedcontrols,Wy-14643-treatedanimals
showedmarkedreductionsintumorgrowthandvasculariza-
tion,whichwereaccompaniedbydecreasesintheplasmalevels
ofpro-angiogenicepoxygenasemetabolites(EETs),hepaticEET
biosynthesis,andCyp2cepoxygenaseexpression.Allthese
Wy-14643-inducedresponseswereabsentinPPAR␣؊/؊mice
andarethusPPAR␣-mediated.Primaryculturesofmouselung
endothelialcellstreatedwithWy-14643showedreductionsin
cellproliferationandintheformationofcapillary-likestruc-
tures.Theseeffectswereabsentincellsobtainedfrom
PPRA␣؊/؊miceandreversedbytheadditionofEETs.These
resultsidentifyimportantanti-angiogenicandanti-tumori-
genicrolesforPPAR␣,characterizethecontributionofits
Cyp2cepoxygenasesgenetargettotheseresponses,andsuggest
potentialanti-cancerrolesforthisnuclearreceptoranditsligands.
Theperoxisomalproliferatoractivatednuclearreceptors
(PPARs),2namelyPPAR␣,PPAR/␦,andPPAR␥,regulatethe
transcriptionofseveralgenesinvolvedinlipidmetabolism,aswellasenergyutilizationandstorage(1–4).PPAR␥is
expressedmostlyintheadiposetissue,whereitcontrolsgenes
involvedinadipogenesis(2),PPAR␦isubiquitouslyexpressed
andregulateslipolyticfunctionsinseveralextrahepatictissues.
PPAR␣ispredominantlyexpressedinliver,kidney,heart,and
vasculartissues(2–4)andcontrolsexpressionoflipolyticgenes
andmembersofthecytochromeP450(P450)CYP4Aand-2C
genesubfamiliesoffattyacidmonooxygenases(5–7).PPAR␣is
atargetforfibrates(8),aclassofsyntheticPPAR␣ligandsthat
areclinicallyeffectivehypolipidemicagentswithlimitedside
effects(9–11).Therecognitionthatthesenuclearreceptors
regulatetheexpressionofgenesassociatedwithdiseasessuch
asobesity,diabetes,inflammation,andcancerhasraised
intenseinterestinthestudyoftheirgenetargets,signaling
mechanisms,aswellastheirphysiologicalandpathophysiolog-
icalroles.RecentstudiesindicatethatPPAR␣andPPAR␥
ligandsregulateendothelialcellgrowth,migration,andangio-
genesis(12–15)andinfluencetheprogressionofvascular
inflammationandtumorigenesis(16–18).Inthisregard,pro-
andanti-tumorigenicactivitieshavebeendescribedforPPAR␣
anditsligands.Inrodents,extendedexposuretofibratescauses
PPAR␣-mediatedliverhypertrophyandhepatocarcinomas(1,
19),howevertheseeffectshavenotbeenobservedinhumans,
evenafterextendeduse(19).Onotherhand,PPAR␣ligands
decreaseintestinalpolypformationinApc-deficientmice(18),
andinhibitvascularsmoothmusclecellproliferationbypro-
motingtheexpressionofthetumorsuppressorp16gene(16).
TheCYP2CepoxygenasebranchoftheP450arachidonic
acid(AA)monooxgenasescatalyzestheepoxidationofarachi-
donicacid(AA)to5,6-,8,9-,11,12-,and14,15-epoxyeicosatrie-
noicacids(EETs)(20,21).Thepresenceofendogenouspoolsof
epoxyeicosatrienoicacids(EETs)inhumanandrodentorgans
andplasma(20)andtheirbiosynthesisbyendothelialcellsiso-
latedfromvariousvascularbeds(21)havebeendocumented.
NumerousstudieshavecharacterizedtheEETsaspowerful
mitogensandpro-angiogeniclipids(22–24)andsuggested
rolesfortheminthepathophysiologyofinflammation(25)and
cancer(26).Morerecently,mouseCyp2c44wasidentifiedasan
endothelialAAepoxygenase,andits5,6-and8,9-EETmetabo-
liteswereshowntohaveinvivoangiogenicproperties(24).In
ratandmouseliver,thetranscriptionofseveralCYP2C
AA*ThisworkwassupportedbyNationalInstitutesofHealthGrantsR01-CA94849(toA.P.),R01-DK74359(toA.P.),R01-GM37922(toJ.H.C.),R01-GM31278(toJ.R.F.),P01-DK38226(toJ.C.H.andJ.R.F.),theRobertA.WelchFoundation(toJ.R.F.),andbyVanderbiltUniversityMassSpectrom-etryCenter,supportedinpartbyCancerCenterGrantCA-68485.Thecostsofpublicationofthisarticleweredefrayedinpartbythepaymentofpagecharges.Thisarticlemustthereforebeherebymarked“advertisement”inaccordancewith18U.S.C.Section1734solelytoindicatethisfact.1Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed:Dept.ofMedicine,VanderbiltUniversityMedicalSchool,MedicalCenterNorthS-3223,Nashville,TN37232.Tel.:615-322-4968;Fax:615-343-4704;E-mail:jorge.capdevila@vanderbilt.edu.2Theabbreviationsusedare:PPAR,peroxisomalproliferatoractivatednuclearreceptor;AA,arachidonicacid;EET,epoxyeicosatrienoicacids;DHETs,dihydroxyeicosatrienoicacids;Cyp2candCyp4A,membersof