Brief Summary of Stylistics
General
Stylistics is the science which explores
how readers interact with the languages of
texts in order to explain how we
understand and are affected by texts when
we read them. The stylistic mainly
concerns about the examination of
grammar, lexis, semantics, as well as
phonological properties and discursive
devices. It’s developing and not come
to maturity now.
According to different standards, the
stylistics mainly divide into two major
types ：linguistic stylistics and literary
stylistics. And there are many school of
stylistics such as lingvo-stylistics, literary
stylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive
stylistics, applied stylistics and so on.
In the basic notions of stylistics, the
通述
文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶段。
根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，比较文体学等。
在文体学的基本概念中，
expressive means and the stylistic devices
should be noticed. Expressive means of
the language are units of different
language levels: phonetic, morphological,
word-building, syntactic, lexical,
phraseological, which serve the purpose
of logical and emotional intensification of
the utterances. A stylistic device is a
generalized pattern, which activates a
conscious and intentional intensification
of a certain property of a language unit,
designed to achieve a particular artistic
effect.
Stylistics origins from the ancient
classical rhetoric, especially the
rhetoric
of Aristotle. But the modern
stylistics
roots in Russian Formalism and the related Prague School of the
early
twentieth century. In the early
twentieth
century, the famous person of stylistics is
Charles Bally and in the late
twentieth
century is Roman Jakobson.
值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特定的语言方法，手段。文体手段为达成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的特定组合。
文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学，特别是亚里士多德的修辞论.但现代文体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和20世纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。20世纪早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利，20世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。
It is clear that the Stylistics has
much
contacts with Rhetoric,. Rhetoric is the art
of discourse, an art that aims to improve
the capability of writers or speakers to
inform, persuade, or motivate particular
audiences in specific situations. Its best
known definition comes from Aristotle,
who considers it a counterpart of both
logic and politics, and calls it “the faculty
of observing in any given case the
available means of persuasion.”
Rhetoric
About the history of Rhetoric, Rhetoric
has its origins in Mesopotamia. And In
ancient Egypt, rhetoric had existed since at least the Middle Kingdom period .The
Egyptians held eloquent speaking in high
esteem, and it was a skill that had a very
high value in their society.
文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞，是依据题旨情景，运用各种表现手段方法，对语言材料进行加工，提高语言表达效果的一种活动，而研究这种提高语言表达效果规律的科学，就叫做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上，真正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里士多德，他将修辞学界定为”在每一件事上发现可用的说服手段的能力。”
修辞学
修辞起源于美索不达米亚.在古埃及，修辞学自中王国时期就存在，古埃及人关注雄辩，认为修辞学在社会生活中具有重大价值。
The “Egyptian rules of rhetoric” also
clearly specified that “knowing when not
to speak is essential, and very respected,
rhetorical knowledge.” Their “approach
to rhetoric” was thus a “balance
between eloquence and wise silence.”
Their rules of speech also strongly
emphasized “adherence to social
behaviors that support a conservative
status quo” and they held that “skilled
speech should support, not question,
society.” In ancient China, rhetoric dates
back to the Chinese philosopher,
Confucius. In ancient Greece, the earliest
mention of oratorical skill occurs in
Homer's Iliad. At the turn of the 20th
century, there was a revival of rhetorical study manifested in the establishment of
departments of rhetoric and speech at
academic institutions, as well as the
formation of national and international
professional organizations.
埃及的修辞原则明确定义：知道什么时候不说话是必不可少的，而且了解非常受人尊敬和修辞的知识.
古埃及的修辞手法是雄辩和智慧的沉默的平衡。他们演讲的原则强调坚持保持现状的社会行为，并且他们认为好的演讲应该是受人支持的，有利于社会的，而不是被人质疑的。在古中国，修辞回溯到中国的哲学家孔子和他的追随者。在古希腊，最早涉及的是河马的伊利亚特。20世纪见证了修辞学的再次兴起。当代学者继续在数世纪的修辞传统上添砖加瓦，重新解释修辞学来说明人类交流的重要性
