河海大学英语语言学2007年考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题

2007年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学（英语教育方向）考研真题I. Choose the one answer that best answers the question orcompletes/explains the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)1. ______ is a voiced bilabial stop.A. [p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [d]2. The number of morphemes in the word uninterrupted is ______.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five3. Politician and statesman differ in ______.A. denotative meaningB. social meaningC. affective meaningD. reflected meaning4. “I hereby declare the starting of the war!” The sentence displays the ______ function of language.A. informativeB. interpersonalC. performativeD. emotive5. “After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing.” The sentence is a case of ______.A. Faulty parallelismB. Dangling modifierC. Sentence fragmentD. Run-on sentence6. “We were travelling along a lazy road.” The figure of speech used in the sentence is ______.A. MetaphorB. PersonificationC. MetonymyD. Transferred epithet7. Which of the following is not an icon of England?A. StonehengeB. King James BibleC. Thanksgiving TurkeyD. A cup of tea8. Soon after the ______, foundations were laid of the trade, colonial empire, and seapower which made England “the mistress of the seas.”A. Wars of the RosesB. Hundred Years WarC. defeat of the Invincible ArmadaD. First Anglo-Dutch War9. Which of the following cities lies on the Pacific Coast of USA?A. New York CityB. ChicagoC. Los AngelesD. City of Vancouver10. Which of the following is not an American organization?A. SenateB. House of RepresentativesC. Department of DefenseD. House of Lords11. The Supreme Court of USA is composed of ______ Justices.A. fiveB. sevenC. nineD. twelve12. Geoffrey Chaucer, regarded as the first famous English poet in the history ofEnglish literature, wrote the following except ______.A. The Canterbury TalesB. The House of FameC. The Parliament of FowlesD. Boethius13. The Elizabethan age in the history of British literature represents the glory of theEnglish theatre. The greatest playwright produced in this age is ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Edmund SpencerC. Philip SydneyD. Christopher Marlowe14. The English novel as a genre began to prosper in ______.A. 16th centuryB. 17th centuryC. 18th centuryD. 19th century15. The subject matter in Jane Austen’s novels is very limited. It is confined to thedescription of ______.A. the life of English rural gentry classB. English urban peopleC. London societyD. English farmers16. In ______, captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale which shearedoff his leg on a previous voyage, and his crazy chasing of it eventually brings death to all on board the whaler except Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.A. TypeeB. White JacketC. Moby DickD. Billy Budd17. Which of the following novels is not written by Henry James?A. Daisy MillerB. The Golden BowlC. What Maisie KnewD. The Rise of Silas Lapham18. What is the translation criterion put forward by Eugene Nida?A. dynamic equivalenceB. semantic equivalenceC. contextual equivalenceD. flexible equivalence19. Which of the following falls into the category of pragmatic translation?A. novel translationB. drama translationC. peom translationD. advertisement translation20. What is the most distinguished feature of the DTS (descriptive translationstudies)?A. accuracyB. comprehensivenessC. toleranceD. strictnessII. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase to complete the sentence or passage. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)1. For many beginners, the basic difficulty in translation is whether to retain the content or to keep the ______.2. Comprehension of the source text and ______ in the target language are considered as the two basic skills of a translator.3. ______, who knew not a single word of any foreign language but translated many foreign novels into Chinese, is often regarded as a pioneer in modem translation history of China.4. Yan Fu did most of his translations in the field of ______ with the aim of introducing Western ideas into China at the turn to the last century.5. Professor Jin Di, who puts forward the theory of equivalent effects, translated into Chinese James Joyce’s novel ______.6. Assimilation is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a ______ sound.。

2007年硕士研究生入学考试试题试题代码：850 试题名称：英语语言学共 5 页第 1 页I. Define each of the following terms（每小题3分，共30分）.1.voicing2.allophone3. a minimal pair4.the paradigmatic relation5.an endocentric construction6.conversational implicature7.diphthongs8.Critical Period Hypothesis9.performatives10. referenceII.Fill in each blank with an appropriate word（每空1分，共20分）.1.Linguistics is a branch of science which takes ________as its object ofinvestigation.2.To make his analysis as scientific as possible, the linguist is usually guidedby four principles: ________, __________, economy, and __________.3.The branch of phonetics that studies the sounds from the speaker’s point ofview is labeled ___________ phonetics, the branch that studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view is c alled ___________ phonetics, and that which investigates the physical properties of the sounds is called ____________ phonetics.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上不给分。

北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试历年真题系列- 2007年英语学院基础英语试题及参考答案北京外国语大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题Please w rite all the ans w ers on the ans w er sheets.Tim e Limit：3 hoursThe total points for this exam are 150 pointsI. Reading Com prehension (50 points)A Multiple Choice (24 points)Please read the passages and choose A、B、C or D to best complete the statements about them.The Q uiet CrisisClose gam es for th e Am erican s w ere rare in p rev iou s Olym p ics, bu t n ow it ap p ears to be som eth in g th e Am erican s sh ou ld get u sed to.You cou ld fin d n o better m etap h or for th e w ay th e rest of th e w orld can n ow com p ete h ead-to-h ead m ore effectiv ely th an ev er w ith Am erica th an th e stru ggles of th e U.S. Olym p ic basketball team in2004. Th e Am erican team, m ad e u p of N BA stars, lim p ed h om e to a bron ze m ed al after losin g to Pu erto Rico, Lith u an ia, an d Ar gen tin a. Prev iou sly, th e Un ited States Olym p ic basketball team h ad lost on ly on e gam e in th e h istory of th e m od ern Olym p ics. Rem em ber w h en Am erica sen t on ly N CAA stars to th e Olym p ic basketball ev en ts? For a lon g tim e th ese team s totally d om in ated all corn ers. Th en th ey started gettin g ch allen ged. So w e sen t ou r p ros. An d th ey started gettin g ch allen ged. Becau se th e w orld keep s learn in g, th e d iffu sion of kn ow led ge h ap p en s faste r; coach es in oth er cou n tries n ow d ow n load Am erican coach in g m eth od s off th e In tern et an d w atch N BA gam es in th eir ow n liv in g room s on satellite TV. Man y of th em can ev en get ESPN an d w atch th e h igh ligh t reels. An d th an ks to th e trip le con v er gen ce, th ere is a lot of n ew raw talen t w alkin g on to th e N BA cou r ts from all ov er th e w orld—in clu d in g m an y n ew stars from Ch in a, Latin Am erica, an d Easter n Eu rop e. Th ey go back an d p lay for th eir n ation al team s in th e Olym p ics, u sin g th e skills th ey h on ed in Am erica. So th e au tom atic Am erican su p eriority of tw en ty years ago is n ow gon e in Olym p ic basketball. Th e N BA stan d ard is in creasin gly becom in g a global com m od ity—p u re van illa. If th e Un ited States w an ts to con tin u e to d om in ate in Olym p ic basketball, w e m u st, in th at great sp orts cliché, step it u p a n otch. Th e old stan d ard w on’t d o an ym ore. As Joel Caw ley of IBM rem arked to m e, “Star for star, th e basketball team s from p laces like Lith u an ia or Pu erto Rico still d on't ran k w ell v ersu s th e Am erican s, bu t w h en th ey p lay as a team—w h en th ey collaborate better th an w e d o, th ey are extrem ely com p etitiv e.”Th ere is som eth in g abou t p ost-w orld W arⅡAm erica th at rem in d s m e of th e classic w ealth y fam ily th at by th e th ird gen eration starts to squ an d er its w ealth. Th e m em bers of th e first gen eration are n ose-to-th e-grin d ston e in n ov ators, th e secon d gen eration h old s it all togeth er th en th eir kid s com e alon g an d get fat, d u m b, an d lazy an d slow ly squ an d er it all. I kn ow th at is both ov erly h arsh an d a gross gen eralization, bu t th ere is, n ev erth eless, som e tru th in it. Am erican society started to coast in th e 1990s, w h en ou r th ird p ostw ar gen eration cam e of age. Th e d ot-com boom left too m an y p eop le w ith th e im p ression th at th ey cou ld get rich w ith ou t in v estin g in h ard w ork. All it took w as an M BA an d a q u ick IPO, or on e N BA con tract, an d y ou w ere set for life. Bu t w h ile w e w ere ad m irin g th e flat w orld w e h ad created, a lot of p eop le in In d ia, Ch in a, an donly economy standing after W orld W ar Ⅱ, and we had no serious com petition for forty years. That gave us a huge head of steam but also a huge sense of entitlem ent and com placency—not to m ention a certain tendency in recent years to extol consum ption over hard work, investm ent, and long-term thinking. When we got hit with 9／11, it was a once-in-a-generation opportunity to summ on the nation to sacrifice, to address som e of its pressing fiscal, energy, science, and education shortfalls—all the things that we had let slide. But our presid ent did not summ on us to sacrifice. He sum m oned us to go shopping.The truth is, we are in a crisis now, but it is a crisis that is unfolding very slowly and very quietly. It is a quiet crisis and this quiet crisis involves the steady erosion of Am erica's scientific and engineering base, which has always been the source of Am erican innovation and our rising standard of living.“The sky is not falling, nothing horrible is going to happen today, ” said Jackson, a physicist by training who chooses her words carefully. “The U.S. is still the leading engine for innovation in the world. It has the best graduate program s, the best scientific infrastructure, and the capital m arkets to exploit it. But there is a quiet crisis in U.S. science and technology that we have to wake up to. The U.S. today is in a truly global environm ent, and those com petitor countries are not only wide awake, they are running a m arathon while we are running sprints. If left unchecked, this could challenge our preem inence and capacity to innovate. ”And it is our ability to constantly innovate new products, services, and com panies that has been the source of Am erica's horn of plenty and steadily widening middle class for the last two centuries. It was Am erican innovators who started Google, Intel, HP, Dell, Microsoft, and Cisco, and it m atters where innovation happens. The fact that all these com panies are headquartered in Am erica m eans that m ost of the high-paying jobs are here, even if these com panies outsource or offshore som e functions. The executives, the departm ent heads, the sales force, and the senior researchers are all located in the cities where the innovation happened. And their jobs create m ore jobs. The shrinking of the pool of young people with the knowledge skills to innovate won't shrink our standard of living overnight. It will be felt only in fifteen or twenty years, when we discover we have a critical shortage of scientists and engineers capable of doing innovation or even just high-value-added technology work. Then this won’t be a quiet crisis anym ore, said Jackson, "it will be the real McCoy."Today, Am ericans are feeling the gradual and subtle effects of globalization that challenge the econom ic and strategic leadership that the United States has enjoyed since W orld war Ⅱ.A substantial portion of our work-force finds itself in direct com petition for jobs with lower-wage workers around the globe, and leading-edge scientific and engineering work is being accom plished in m any parts of the world. Thanks to globalization, driven by m odern comm unications and other advances, workers in virtually every sector m ust now face com petitors who live just a m ouse-click away in Ireland, Finland, China, India, or dozens of other nations whose econom ies are growing. This has been aptly referred to as “the Death of Distance.”(1)Why NBA was m entioned in this passage?A. It serves as a m etaphor to illustrate how the globe is com peting head-to-head with U.S.B. It presents a fact that NBA is now perform ing very poorly.C. It sends a m essage that the U.S. overall strength is dropping.D. It warns the Am ericans of the grave situation that the status of its super power does not exist any longer.(2) “Star for star, the basketball team s from places like Lithuania or Puerto Rico still don't rank well versus the Am ericans, but when they play as a team—when they collaborate better than we do—they are extrem ely competitive. In this sentence, “Star for star...”m eans＿＿＿＿.A. when one team plays against anotherB. The place of the stars in a teamC. The tim e the star is on the courtD. When individual players of the team s are playing against each other(3) It is stated in paragraph 3 that people are adm iring the flat world. What does “flat” m ean?A. It m eans that the world is getting bigger and bigger and people are losing a lot of choices.B. It m eans that the world is getting sm aller and globalization is the dom inant trend.C. It m eans that the world is getting sm aller and easier to control.D. It m eans that the world stops being a round globe.(4) The author thinks that the third generation of Am ericans＿＿＿＿.A. are nose-to-the-grindstone innovatorsB. are holding the wealth all togetherC. are becom ing m ore diligent and hard w orkingD. are starting to squander their wealth(5) What can be inferred of the author’s feeling about the fact that m any big com panies are headquartered in Am erica?A. Negative.B. Indifferent.C. Positive.D. W orried.(6) What does the word aptly in paragraph 7 m ean?A. Suitably.B. Fortunately.C. Adaptively.D. Inappropriately.(7)The“ Death of Distance” refers to＿＿＿＿.A. the dying economy in the U.S. because of the com petitions from Ireland, Finland, China andIndiaB. the intensified com petition between the U.S. and other countries due to globalization andadvanced Comm unicationsC. the econom ies in Ireland and Finland that outperform those in China and IndiaD. the closeness of countries like Ireland and Finland, China and India(8)The title of this passage “The Quiet Crisis” suggests that＿＿＿＿.A. the crisis that the U S. faces is seen clearlyB. the U. S. is not yet in a crisisC. the crisis that the U. S. faces unfolds very quicklyD. the current crisis develops slowlyThe Nature of CivilizationsDuring the cold war the world was divided into the First, Second and Third W orld s. Those divisions are no longer relevant. It is far m ore m eaningful now to group countries not in term s of their political or econom ic system s or in term s of their level of econom ic development but rather in term s of their culture and civilization.What do we m ean when we talk of a civilization? A civilization is a cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, religious groups, all have distinct cultures at different levels of cultural heterogeneity. The culture of a village in southern Italy m ay be different from that of a village in northern Italy, but both will share in a common Italian culture that distinguishes them from Germ an villages. European com m unities, in turn, will share cultural features that distinguish them from Arab or Chinese comm unities. Arabs, Chinese and W esterners, however, are not part of any broader cultural entity. They constitute civilizations. A civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes hum ans from other species. It is defined both by comm on objective elem ents, such as language, history, religion, custom s, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people. People have levels of identity: a resident of Rom e m ay define him self with varying degrees of intensity as a Rom an, an Italian, a Catholic, a Christian, a European, or a W esterner. The civilization to which he belongs is the broadest level of identification with which he intensely identifies. People can and do redefine their identities and. as a result, the com position and boundaries of civilizations change.Civilizations m ay involve a large num ber of people, as with China (“a civilization pretending to be a state, " as Lucian Pye put it), or a very sm all num ber of people, such as the Anglophone Caribbean. A civilization may include several nation states, as is the case with W estern, Latin Am erican and Arab civilizations, or only one, as is the case with Japanese civilization. Civilizations obviously blend and overlap, and m ay include subcivilizations. W estern civilization has two m ajor variants, European and North Am erican, and Islam has its Arab, Turkic and Malay subdivisions. Civilizations are nonetheless m eaningful entities, and while the lines between them are seldom sharp, they are real. Civilizations are dynam ic; they rise and fall; they divide and m erge. And, as any student of history knows, civilizations disappear and are buried in the sands of tim e.W esterners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs. They have been that, however, for only a few centuries. The broader reaches of hum an history have been the history of civilizations. In A Study of History, Arnold Toynbee identified 21 m ajor civilizations; only six of them exist in the contem porary world.(9) According to the passage, what is a m ore m eaningful way now to group countries as com pared with the Cold W ar period?A. In term s of political system s.B. In term s of the level of econom ic developm ent.C. In term s of the culture only.D. In term s of culture and civilization.(10)The author states that a civilization isA. a cultural entityB. a custom practiced in villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, or religious groupsC. not with any cultural heterogeneityD. not blending or overlapping with other civilizations(11) According to this passage, how m any subdivisions does the Islam Civilization have?A. None.B. One.C. Two.D. Three.(12) It can be inferred from the passage that the author of this passage＿＿＿＿the following statem ent：”W esterners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs.”A. agrees withB. disagrees withC. detestsD. d oes not m ention if he agrees or not withB True or False (12 points)Below is a passage followed by six statements. Read the passage carefully and then decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F)The American CharacterThe Am erican is wonderfully alive; and his vitality, not having often found a suitable outlet, m akes him appear agitated on the surface; he is always letting off an unnecessarily loud blast of incidental steam. Yet his vitality is not superficial; it is inwardly prom pted, and as sensitive and quick as a m agnetic needle. He is inquisitive, and read y with an answer to any question that he m ay put to himself of his own accord; but if you try to pour instruction into him, on m atters that do not touch his own spontaneous life, he shows the m ost extraordinary powers of resistance and forgetfulness; so that he often is rem arkably expert in som e directions and surprisingly slow in others. He seem s to bear lightly the sorrowful burden of hum an knowledge. In a word, he is young.What sense is there in this feeling, which we all have that the Am erican is young? His country is blessed with as m any elderly people as any other, and his descent from Adam, or from the Darwinian rival of Adam, cannot be shorter than that of his European cousins. Nor are his ideas always very fresh. 0ld conventions and rigid bits of m orality and religion, with m uch seem ly and antique political understanding, rem ain clear-cut in him, as in the m ind of a child; he m ay carry all this about with an unquestioning fam iliarity which does not com port understanding. To keep traditional sentim ents in this way untouched and uncriticised is itself a sign of youth. A good young m an is naturally conservative and loyal on all those subjects which his experience has not brought to a test; advanced opinions on politics, m arriage, or literature are com paratively rare in Am erica; they are left for the ladies to discuss, and usually to condem n, while the m en get on with their work. In spite of what is old fashioned in his m ore general ideas, the Am erican is unm istakably young；and this I should say for two reasons：one that he is chiefly occupied withhis imm ediate environm ent, and the other, that his reactions upon it are inwardly prom pted, spontaneous, and full of vivacity and self-trust. His views are not yet lengthened; his will is not yet broken or transform ed. The present m om ent, however, in this, as in other things, m ay m ark a great change in him; he is perhaps now reaching his m ajority, and all I say m ay hardly apply today, and m ay not apply at all tom orrow. I speak of him as I have known him; and whatever m oral strength m ay occur to him later, I am not sorry to have known him in his youth. The charm of youth, even when it is a 1ittle boisterous, obvious obedience to that pure, sem inal principle which, having form ed the body and its organs, always directs their m ovem ent, unless it is forced by vice or necessity to m ake them crooked, or rem ains young, and, wherever it is able to break through, sprouts into som ething green and tender. W e are all as young at heart as the most youthful Am erican, but the seed in his case has fallen upon virgin soil, where it m ay spring up m ore bravely and with less respect for the giants of the wood. People seem older when their perennial natural youth is encum bered with m ore possessions and prepossessions, and they are m indful of the m any things they have lost or m issed. The Am erican is not m indful to them.(13) Am ericans’ vitality is fairly superficial because deep down in their heart, they are very young.(14) Am ericans tend to be resistant to the things they are told to do and to the things they do notfeel very strongly about.(15) Am ericans are young because in their country, there are not as m any elderly people as thosein any other European countries.(16) A good young m an here is generally quite avant-garde, refuting all conventions and traditions.(17) W e are all as young at heart as the m ost youthful Am ericans but our seed is growing uponvirgin soil.(18) In general, the Am erican character is am biguous and mysterious.C Gap Filling (14 points)Please choose the best sentence from the list after the passage to fill each of the gaps in the text.Selling out to the StudentsUniversity faculties involve them selves unwittingly in the destruction of the university when they bow to all the pressures of their students and loosen up on requirem ents. (19)＿＿＿＿.The students will organize a vote and abolish the language requirem ent and abolish the science requirem ent, and then they'll decide they ought to get two units or five units for learning the sitar. As a faculty m em ber my feeling about all this nonsense is that it's not worth fighting for the innovations the students want because they’re utterly trivial.(20)＿＿＿＿.what he wants is to avoid som e obvious difficulty, like reading som ething he doesn't like to read, or having a sadistic exam, or having to sit still for three hours a week listening to som e bore talk about something the student feels he ought not to be required to 1isten to in the first place. It's stupid to expect genuine ed ucational insights to com e from kids who are the products of this system. (21)＿＿＿＿.But the faculties will do it. They'll do it because they feel guilty about their approach to teaching. They'll do it in ways that won't interfere with what their departm ents are doing. (22)＿＿＿＿.A good teacher is som ebody who is not interested in his own ideas, he is interested in som ebody else's m ind but the young faculty m em ber in a university typically is bursting with hisown ideas, and his notion of teaching is to tell those ideas to other people. This has nothing to do with teaching. (23)＿＿＿＿.Say that a faculty m eeting is scheduled to discuss som e utterly m eaningless provisions of the curriculum. The students com e in with a charm ing protest against it and a rather neat solution：(24)＿＿＿＿.This presupposes the continued existence of courses. With student-initiated courses being ad ded all the tim e, it only strengthens the course system. But the real aim should be to get rid of the course system altogether. A teacher gives it another decade of life by saying to a student, “O. K, you object to the course system? What do you want a course in?” And he says, “African bead, ” or what not. "Sold! Go to it." And so the student goes to it and earns three units. (25)＿＿＿＿.The fact is, however, that he winds up with contem pt for a faculty that permits this sort of thing to go on. The depressing thing is to see, under the guise of revolution, sim ply the old middle class individualistic free market being pushed to its ultim ate absurdity in the name of student consum er dem and. To confuse this with revolution in education is tragic.In the m eantim e he has stopped objecting to courses for a while.They want anything but things taught at universities.To turn academ ic decisions over to them is ludicrous.The kids will get what they think they want, which isn’t really what they want.Confronted with student power the faculty m em ber gives in, and it doesn't bother him because he gets to be a hero by voting yes for freedom."The courses ought to be divided into three groups: a third in the m ajor, a third not in the m ajor, and the other third the student can d o anything he wants with."Teaching is the art of developing or cultivating another m ind, and helping it to increase its powers.The ed ucational im agination of a product for a student of a university is not very significant. II. Please read the following passage and translate the underlined parts into Chinese. (50 points, 5 points each)A Journey by Train：Making Tracks in EuropeW e’re taking a train across Europe, from the coast of France all the way to Athens, a trip that has our friends expressing their concern. (26)The general feeling seem s to be that France and Italy are free—but the ferry from Italy and the train ride across Greece? They call it “travelin g rough.”The first leg is easy, from the French port of Calais to Paris. And very com fortable too. (27) One of the benefits of a Eurail pass is that you get to travel first class (unless you’re using a youth pass), and for the first tim e in our lives we ride a train in a “com partm ent” just as in the m ovies. These com partm ents seat six but today we’re the only occupants so we spread ourselves and our luggage around.(28)Our reward: three days in Paris. W e thrill to all the things you're supposed to thrill to—the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, the Arc de Triom phe. But the really m em orable m om ent in this city is one of those spontaneous hum an events you can never plan for. The trick of traveling, I guess, is to be ready to savor whatever happens.I’m standing on the corner by one of the fam ous bridges across the River Seine the PontNeuf. (29)There's nothing special about it. In a city battered by the roar of endless cars, it s just another crossroads where two large stream s of traffic m eet. All roar, m ore roar and uproar. (Cars are the great bane of Europe. The inner city streets of m ost of the old cities were never designed for this sort of traffic—and it shows.)(30)I pause am ong the surging pedestrians to ease my weary feet. That’s when I hear it. Rising trium phantly above the howl of the traffic, catchy m usic jingles in the air. I look around m e. It's com ing from...an organ grinder(街头手风琴师).(31)Everyone is hurrying and straining to be som ewhere else. But my wiry little organ grinder pours his heart into bringing this corner alive with his m usic. Old favourite songs dance gaily above our heads—“Can Can”, “Lara's Theme”, “Funiculi-Funicula”—these popular songs from past decades have a European father than an Am erican flavour.(32) Am azingly, a furry cat is fast asleep on top of the m usic m achine ignoring everything around it as if this was som e peaceful garden rather than a precarious perch that shakes with every turn of its owner's arm. And in a basket by the organ's pram wheels, a dog dreams peacefully while comm uters pour out from an underground station.My organ grinder has discovered the miracle of perpetual m otion. Round and round goes his arm, his body rocking to the effort. (33)Casually he transfers the handle from one hand to the other, catching it as it twirls, the m usic leaping around him as if it would whisk him and his m achine over the rooftops and away past Notre Dam e Cathedral (巴黎圣母院) or along the Cham ps Elysees (香榭丽舍大道).Mind you, he’s not the only one presiding over this noisy com er. Two police officers are here as well, charged with m aintaining order. One is m ale, youthful and confident. (34) The other i s... well, a police girl. Her gun is alm ost as big as she is. Her weapon belt sags on her hips. Maybe in a couple of years she’ll develop into a police-wom an, but it’ll take at least that long to grow into her official-issue trousers.But, petite as she is, this Parisienne carries with her all the authority of the French gendarm erie. The traffic at the corner is clogging up-as it does repeatedly during my half-hour here. Boldly she blows her whistle and strides out into the surge of traffic. (35)Angry cars growl to a halt and sullenly crouch at her feet, snarling their annoyance, fretting to be away. But, cowed by her tiny arm they bite back their frustration and wait till this uniform ed child waves them on.III. Translate the following passage into English. (50 points)学问与趣味由小学到中学, 所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

语言综合考研试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项不是汉语中的声母？A. bB. cC. dD. g答案：B2. “不翼而飞”这个成语的意思是？A. 翅膀没有长出来B. 突然不见了C. 飞得很高D. 翅膀受伤了答案：B3. 下列哪个词组不是由动词和宾语构成的？A. 看书B. 跑步C. 学习D. 唱歌答案：C4. “他昨天去了图书馆。

”这句话的正确语序是？A. 他昨天图书馆去了。

B. 图书馆昨天他去了。

C. 去了图书馆昨天他。

D. 他昨天去了图书馆。

答案：D5. 下列哪个词不是形容词？A. 高兴B. 漂亮C. 快速D. 跑步答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 汉语中的声母包括______、______、______等。

答案：b、p、m2. 成语“对牛弹琴”的意思是比喻对不懂道理的人讲道理，白费口舌，也可以指对不理解的人讲______。

答案：道理3. 汉语中，动词和宾语构成的词组有“______”、“______”等。

答案：看书、跑步4. 汉语句子“他昨天去了图书馆。

”的正确语序是：______。

答案：主语+时间+动词+宾语5. “高兴”、“漂亮”、“快速”是形容词，而“______”是动词。

答案：跑步三、阅读理解题（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，回答问题。

在古代，人们认为月亮上住着一位美丽的仙女，她的名字叫做嫦娥。

传说嫦娥偷吃了长生不老药，从此就住在了月亮上。

每年的中秋节，人们都会赏月、吃月饼，以此来纪念嫦娥。

1. 嫦娥为什么会住在月亮上？答案：因为她偷吃了长生不老药。

2. 人们在中秋节会做什么？答案：赏月、吃月饼。

四、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）1. 请将“他今天没有来上课。

”翻译成英文。

答案：He did not come to class today.2. 请将“我非常喜欢阅读。

”翻译成英文。

答案：I really enjoy reading.五、写作题（20分）请以“我的梦想”为题，写一篇不少于300字的短文。

目　录第1章　全国院校英语专业基础英语考研真题分析1.1　基础英语考研真题分析1.2　重点院校基础英语考研真题比较第2章　名校英语专业基础英语考研真题及详解1．北京大学专业能力考研真题及参考答案（2007）2．北京外国语大学英语基础测试（技能）考研真题及详解（2013～2014）3．中国人民大学基础英语考研真题及参考答案（2006～2007）5．北京第二外国语学院基础英语考研真题及详解（2013）6．北京航空航天大学基础英语考研真题及详解（2013～2014）7．上海外国语大学英语综合考研真题及参考答案（2006-2008）8．武汉大学基础英语考研真题及详解（2013～2014）9．南京大学基础英语考研真题及参考答案（2009）10．中山大学基础英语考研真题及详解（2012～2014）11．四川大学英语专业基础考研真题及详解（2010～2011）12．四川外语学院基础英语考研真题及详解（2012～2013）13．南开大学基础英语考研真题及详解（2011～2012）14．天津外国语大学基础英语考研真题及详解（2012～2013）15．西安外国语学院基础英语考研真题及详解（2009）第1章　全国院校英语专业基础英语考研真题分析对于绝大多数报考英语专业的考生而言，“基础英语”是全国各院校英语专业研究生入学考试必考的科目。

一般来说，报考英语专业研究生的考核科目为：政治（分值100分）、第二外语（分值100分）、基础英语（分值150分）以及专业课（包括英美文学、语言学与应用语言学、翻译理论及实践等）（分值150分）。

需要说明的是，有些院校对此科目的考试名称有所不同：例如北京大学称之为“专业能力”，上海外国语大学称之为“英语综合”，北京外国语大学称之为“英语基础测试（技能）”，上海交通大学、广东外语外贸大学等称之为“英语水平考试”，四川大学称之为“英语专业基础”，山东大学称之为“实践英语”。

上述院校的科目名称和大多数院校所用的“基础英语”名称虽有差别，但实质是一样的，都是由各学校自主命题、考核英语专业考生基本功底的考试科目。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编6(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Concord(or; Agreement)(武汉大学2008研；中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：It may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories). For example, the syntactic relationship between that girl and she in the following dialogue; A; Who is that girl? B; Oh, she is my sister.)解析：ernment（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a hook to him. In other words, the verb, or the preposition, determines, or governs, the form of the pronoun after it.)解析：3.Paradigmatic relations（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Paradigmatic relation, Saussure originally called associative, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.)解析：4.Syntax（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：It is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, it is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words, word groups and phrases are joined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between sentential elements.)解析：5.Constituent（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction: for example, in the sentence " The boy ate the apple" , S(A), the boy(B), ate the apple(C), each part is a constituent.)解析：6.Logical subject(中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Logical subject is the subject of a sentence that expresses the actual agent of an expressed or implied action. In passive voice such as "John was bitten by a dog", we have two terms "grammatical subject" and "logical subject". Since the core object noun {John in this case)sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called grammatical subject, for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb, the space that a subject normally occupies; the core subject(A dog), now the object of a preposition(by a dog), is called the logical subject, since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does: it performs an action.)解析：7.Semantic Triangle（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Ogden and Richards presented the classic "Semantic Triangle" as manifested in the following diagram , in which the " symbol" or " form" refers to the linguistic elements(word, sentence, etc.), the "referent" refers to the object in the world of experience, and "thought" or "reference" refers to concept or notion. According to this view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, that is, between language and the world. The link is via thought, the concept)解析：8.Gradable antonym（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.)解析：9.Semantic feature（四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Semantic feature. The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components which are called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising the features of + HUAMN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE.)解析：ponential analysis(浙江大学2005研；北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Componential analysis. It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.) 解析：11.Entailment（武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Entailment. It is a type of meaning dependence between sentences. It is concerned with the meaning of the sentence itself. If X is true, Y is necessarily true, and if X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, the sentence "He has been to France" entails "He has been to Europe".)解析：12.Presupposition（武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The speaker or writer always assumes that the reader or hearer already knows something of what he is going to say or write. This something often becomes the presupposition of a sentence. For example, John didn"t pass chemistry presupposes that John took chemistry.) 解析：13.Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北京交通大学2005研；武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking. A locutionary act is the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterance. Therefore, when somebody says "Morning" , we can ask a question like "What did he do?" , and the answer could be "He offered a greeting. " An illocutionary act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of the literal meaning. Therefore, for the same example, we can say " He meant it as a greeting". A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance on the hearer. Thus, by saying " Morning!" the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer.)解析：14.Conversational Implicature（武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For example, the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger.)解析：15.Cooperative principle（北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. It goes like this: " make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". This principle can be further specified as the four following maxims; Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner.)解析：16.Violation of maxims（北京交通大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like " No comment" in response to a question. Although it is typically not " as informative as is required" in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicating more than is said(i. e. the speaker knows the answer). This typical reaction to any apparent violation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature. When we violate any of these maxims , our language becomes indirect. In this way, we can convey morethan is literally said. For example, there is violation of the first maxim of Quantity, and sometimes the first Quantity maxim can be in conflict with the Quality maxim.)解析：17.coherence /cohesion(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence. It can be achieved by cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Coherence, on the other hand, refers to the quality of a discourse which makes it a connected text coherent to the context, not a series of juxtaposed sentences.)解析：18.adjacency pairs（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Adjacency pair is a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The second utterance is always a response to the first. It has five properties: ① Adjacency pairs consist of two utterances, a first part and a second part. ② The two parts are spoken by di fferent speakers. ③ The first and second parts belong to specific types, for example, question and answer, or greeting and greeting. ④ The form and content of the second part depends on the type of the first part. ⑤ Given that a speaker has produced a firs t part, the second part is relevant and expectable as the next utterance.)解析：19.preference structure（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：There are many responses to questions which are not answers but which count as second parts. This structural likelihood is called preference. Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred. The preferred is the structurally expected next act and the dispref-erred is the structurally unexpected next act. The preferred second parts are more usual, more normal and less specific.)解析：20.Intercultural communication(南开大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Intercultural communication, also known as cross-cultural communication, is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. It is frequently used to refer to communication between people from different cultures, which implies a comparison between cultures.)解析：21.Linguistic determinism（上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic determinism, is one of the two points of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and has developed into the strong version of this hypothesis. It could be summarized as follows:(1)One"s thinking is completely determined by his native language because one cannot but perceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in the language.(2)The categories and distinctions encoded in one language system are unique to that system andincommensurable with those of other systems. Therefore, the following statement could represent this hypothesis " If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different".)解析：22.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis（武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts; linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around, they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine people"s thinking and behavior; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far, many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.)解析：23.Linguistic relativity（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic relativity is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of "blue".)解析：24.Diglossia（南开大学2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation(e. g. doctors, lawyers)or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions(e. g. legal language).) 解析：25.Speech community(北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums , often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group"s special purposes and priorities.)解析：。

2018 年上外高翻 MTI 研究生统考《汉语百科知识》考题完整版百科知识（一）选择题1.能表演“掌上舞”是古代哪位美女？（几个选项是：貂蝉，西施，赵飞燕，杨玉环）2.《史记》中“世家”是给什么人做的传？（帝王，王侯，将士，还有一个忘了。

）3.“孔雀东南飞”和___并称诗歌史上的“双壁：4.“菊月”是指哪一个月？5.“红肥绿瘦”是指什么季节？6.“司空见惯”中“司空”是指？ A唐朝的一位诗人 B唐朝的一位高僧 C一个官职7.下面哪一个是武松所为？A倒拔垂杨柳 B汴京城卖刀 C醉打蒋门神8.“名花解语”是指什么？9.“程门立雪”是为了什么？A拜访 B请罪 C道谢 D拜别10.一知半解又爱炫耀的人我们通常用什么词语形容？A半截剑 B半段枪 C半面 D半瓶醋11.“七月流火”形容的是？ A炎炎夏日 B夏去秋来 C春去秋来 D秋去冬来12.“汗流浃背”是为了什么？13.京剧中，性格活泼的青年女性是？ A青衣 B花旦 C彩旦14. “杨柳”是？ A一种植物 B两种植物 C与植物无关15“成也萧何败萧何”指的是哪位历史人物？（二）成语解释精卫填海来龙去脉初出茅庐韬光养晦斯芬克之谜2018英语专业考研备考精华资料史上最全最有效大家论坛原创基础英语英汉互译二外语言学英美文学英美文化学校真题汇总等热门必备的辅导书：基础与综合英语[基础英语] 2018英语专业考研考点精梳与精练基础英语[大家网]英语专业考研名校全真试卷基础英语 07到 10年真卷与解读下载[大家网]2018英语专业基础英语考研真题详解.圣才.2018年版[大家网]2018英语专业基础英语考研真题详解.金圣才. 2009出版[大家网]09年版.英语专业考研基础英语高分突破.吴中东.宫玉波[大家网]10年题解英语专业考研过关必备 3000词 PDF.金圣才版1[大家网]英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版[大家网]题解英语专业考研过关必备 3000词[大家网]读者的选择阅读手册[大家网]读者的选择第 4版英文版[大家网]谈语言写作读本英汉互译：[大家网]2018英语专业英汉互译考研真题与典型题详解.圣才考研网编[大家网]星火英语专业考研名校全真试卷精解英汉互译（2018）[大家网]2018年英语专业考研名校全真题精解.英汉互译.郭棲庆.10年版重点推荐资料：点击下载！英语专业考研（最全最新！） /thread-2407892-1-1.html 基础英语汇总：各校基础英语真题资料汇总英美文学：各校英美文学真题汇总二外：英研二外资料——日语、法语、德语、俄语、西班牙语等汇总学校真题汇总：中国人民大学英语专业考研真题汇总！中国矿业大学英语专业考研资料汇总！上海外国语大学北京外语国大学资料汇总华中师范大学英语专业考研--汇总华中科技大学英语专业考研资料汇总广东外语外贸大学深圳大学的真题汇总南开大学英语专业考研真题汇总中山大学资料汇总暨南大学资料北京航空航天大学英语专业考研真题资料西安外国语大学英语专业考研真题汇总河海大学英语专业考研真题资料汇总中国海洋大学英语专业考研资料小汇武汉理工大学英语专业考研资料汇总武汉大学英语专业考研资料汇总苏州大学英语专业考研资料北京师范大学英语专业考研资料汇总西安外国语大学英语专业考研真题汇总四川大学英语专业考研真题资料汇总！2南京大学英语专业考研资料中南大学二外法语 01年到 07年真题 pdf翻译资料：全日制翻译硕士专业学位 MTI研究生入学考试指南外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载[大家网]新编当代翻译理论刘宓庆著下载[大家网]英汉翻译综合教程[大家网]西方译学理论辑要下载[大家网]英语翻译理论与实践论文集下载[大家网]外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载汉语成语典故谚语与歇后语英语翻译全国 68所院校英汉互译试卷分析英语专业考研翻译超全面的笔记~英语专业考研各大院校题型对比分析 pdf英语修辞手法经济学人文本许渊冲与翻译艺术.张智中.扫描版散文佳作 108篇汉英英汉对照报刊英语单词精华经济指标名词解释真题：基础英语汇总：各校基础英语真题资料汇总英美文学：各校英美文学真题汇总二外：英研二外资料——日语法语德语俄语西班牙语等汇总语言学方面真题：汇总中中南大学 2006年英语语言文学与文化综合知识真题四川外语学院 01-06年英语语言文学真题长安大学 2007年英语语言学真题四川外国语大学英语专业 2006年考研真题翻译真题：汇总中广外英语专业历年初试真题水平+翻译与写作武汉大学 2009综合英语汉译英真题及参考答案南京大学 2007基础英语汉译英及参考答案文本及 pdf广外 10年写作与翻译真题3上外 01-08年英汉互译真题外交学院翻译真题及答案杭州师范大学 2018年硕士生招生入学考试科目和参考书目9.天津地区院校英专考研翻译真题8.上海地区院校英专考研翻译真题7.陕西地区院校英专考研翻译真题6.江苏地区院校英专考研翻译真题5.湖北地区院校英专考研翻译真题4.广东地区院校英专考研翻译真题3.福建地区院校英专考研翻译真题[大家网]2.东北地区院校英专考研翻译真题.pdf[大家网]1.北京地区院校英专考研翻译真题.pdf[大家网]高级英语第一册第二册教材及教师用书 rar下载孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一册第二册第三册 pdf下载【大家论坛】传播学原理 2009年版张国良全日制翻译硕士专业学位 MTI研究生入学考试指南英语专业考研名校全真试卷基础英语 07到年真卷与解读下载英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一册第二册第三册 pdf下载高级英语第二册教材及教师用书第一册 rar下载MTI之 2018中文百科-keys（杭州小蚩尤尝鲜版）1.汉宫飞燕赵飞燕身材轻盈，有人认为是古代芭蕾的雏形。

2007年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷I. 将下列短文译成汉语(25分)After 28 years of reform, China faces challenges of an unprecedented scale, complexity, and importance. China has already liberalized its markets, opened up to foreign trade and investment, and become a global economic powerhouse. Now its leaders and people must deal with popular dissatisfaction with local government, environmental degradation, scarce natural resources, an underdeveloped financial system, an inadequate health-care system, a restless rural population, urbanization on a massive scale, and increasing social inequality. Most of these problems, of course, have existed throughout the period of reform. What is different now is that the pace of change is accelerating while the ability of the state to manage that change is not keeping pace.Solving any one of these problems by itself would be a formidable task. And the Chinese government today finds it harder than ever to attract, develop, and retain talent. Graduates from the country's top universities, who once would have filled government posts, are instead choosing to take jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the structure of the country's bureaucracy stifles initiative and promotes mediocrity. Worse, many officials, from the village to the central government, are corrupt, eroding the government's effectiveness and feeding popular discontent.Of all of China's challenges, none is more critical -- or more daunting -- than that of nurturing a new generation of leaders who are skilled, honest, committed to p ublic service, and accountable to the Chinese people as a whole.II. 将下列文章译成汉语(50分)The New Middle EastJust over two centuries since Napoleon's arrival in Egypt heralded the advent of the modern Middle East -- some 80 years after the demise of the Ottoman Empire, 50 years after the end of colonialism, and less than 20 years after the end of the Cold War -- the American era in the Middle East, the fourth in the region's modern history, has ended. Visions of a new, Europe-like region--peaceful, prosperous, democratic--will not be realized. Much more likely is the emergence of a new Middle East that will cause great harm to itself, the United States, and the world.The modern Middle East was born in the late eighteenth century. For some historians, the signal event was the 1774 signing of the treaty that ended the war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia; a stronger case can be made for the importance of Napoleon's relatively easy entry into Egypt in 1798, which showed Europeans that the region was ripe for conquest and prompted Arab and Muslim intellectuals to ask -- as many continue to do today -- why their civilization had fallen so far behind that of Christian Europe. Ottoman decline combined with European penetration into the region gave rise to the "Eastern Question," regarding how to deal with the effects ofthe decline of the Ottoman Empire, which various parties have tried to answer to their own advantage ever since.The first era ended with World War I, the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of the Turkish republic, and the division of the spoils of war among the European victors. What ensued was an age of colonial rule, dominated by France and the United Kingdom. This second era ended some four decades later, after another world war had drained the Europeans of much of their strength, Arab nationalism had risen, and the two superpowers had begun to lock horns. "He who rules the Near East rules the world; and he who has interests in the world is bound to concern himself with the Near East," wrote a historian, who correctly saw the 1956 Suez crisis as marking the end of the colonial era and the beginning of the Cold War era in the region.。

2007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 大1 家of these nations looked 大2 家to the future. Born in the crisisof the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 大3 家theideals of representative government, careers 大4 家to talent, freedom of commerce and trade,the 大5 家to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.大6 家there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 大7 家set of laws.On the issue of 大8 家of religion and the position of the church, 大9 家, there wasless agreement 大10 家the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and theonly one 大11 家by the Spanish crown. 大12 家most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism大13 家the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 大14 家of otherfaiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 大15 家for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equalityof everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 大16家in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 大17 家colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origincame much 大18 家because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 大19 家.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was大20 家self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals1232007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题142. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted5. [A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return6. [A] Presumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover10. [A] with1242007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题15[C] among[D] by11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence15. [A] support[C] plea[D] wish16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher1252007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1619. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C],or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examinedthe European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above. Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research ifhe switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “Hekept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercisethan an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes”the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide rangeof pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data theycan, not justperformance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high 1262007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题17achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talentis highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had testedat a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper afterit has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. Soit is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical1272007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题18patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets andphilosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean tobe smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even thoughIQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given onlyby psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based ona statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills butfail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess orwhat questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.1282007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题19[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hardwork and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risenas well. Today’s fami lies have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. Asa result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruptionto family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the shareof it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant needfor physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less likean opportunity toexercise more financial responsibility, and a gooddeal more like afrightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.1292007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题20[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, toodd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries suchas banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agendain businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering intotheir intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other ass et,” saysHaim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer datais the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s1302007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题21Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, andre covery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obviousto the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust thana company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by thelack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accountsin America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts cor porate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.1312007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题22[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the textare not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult isready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes,that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”大41 家You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emergingstrengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep comingback to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.大42 家Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, popstars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourageyour kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they shouldbe discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.大43 家Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing timeand setting priorities.2007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题23大44 家Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with cannedlaughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay insidetheir bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growthof important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop thekind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.大45 家They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skillsto everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlesslythrough early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naiveor ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve oflawyers, rather than anecessary part ofthe intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal educationis establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as theycover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, 1332007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题24the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists whodo not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjectsfor journalists. While the quality oflegal journalism varies greatly, there is anundue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from awell-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1342007 年考研英语真题答案252007 年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C6. D7. B8. A9. B 10. C11. A 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. DSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B36. D 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. DPart B (10 points)41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. EPart C (10 points)46. 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编18(总分：162.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：33，分数：66.00)1.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and 1 of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Conventionality）解析：解析：语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。

2.In Saussure's view, the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is 1(北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Arbitrary）解析：解析：索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

3.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Meaning）解析：解析：索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。