!RhoA and RhoC have distinct roles in migration and

海洋地质学复习题第2章海洋构造地质学1.大洋中脊的特征主要有哪些？洋脊侧翼区，是地势崎岖的斜坡区，悬崖陡壁耸立；大洋中脊并不是连冠不断的，而是被众多的转换断层分割成一段一段，两段中轴错开甚远；大洋中脊高于两侧洋底，局部露出水面称为岛屿，多由海山群和深海丘陵组成，自脊顶向两缘地带，逐渐平缓，向下过渡为深海平原；大洋中脊轴部地震和火山活动频繁，故又称活动海岭。

地震分布在中脊轴部和中央裂谷，构成中脊地震带；洋脊斜坡或脊顶上的沉积物很薄或完全缺失，洋脊附近沉积物很年轻，多为新第三纪或第四纪；大洋中脊是海底扩张中心，热地幔物质沿中脊不断上升并形成新洋壳；2.无震海岭的特征与形成过程主要是什么？发育在大洋盆地之中，由海底火山链组成，按火山年龄新老依次呈线状排序，排列方向与大洋中脊垂直或相交。

成因：固定的地幔热点喷发的火山在板块拖曳移动的海底上逐步形成。

其轴部无中央裂谷；无横断海岭的转换断层；现代火山局限于海岭的一个端点；无地震活动或仅有火山活动引起的微弱地震。

3.试述大陆漂移的主要内容。

地球表层存在着大规模的水平运动，中生代以前地球上只存在一个巨大陆块（联合古陆或泛大陆）和一个广阔的海洋（泛大洋）。

中生代以来，联合古陆分裂，产生多个碎块，即为现在的各大洲，并逐步漂移到目前的位置。

由于各大陆分离、漂移，逐步形成了大西洋和印度洋，而泛大洋（古太平洋）则收缩成今日的太平洋。

4.驱动大陆漂移的动力主要是什么？两种大陆漂移驱动力：一是向西漂移的力，它来自日、月引力导生的潮汐摩擦力，尤其在地表最明显，致使地球表层或各大陆相对于地球由西往东的自转有滞后趋势，宏观表现为大陆缓慢向西漂移；二是指向赤道的“离极力”：魏格纳认为，南半球的冈瓦纳古陆原是以南极大陆为中心联结在一起，后经分裂而离开极地，必然有一种离开极地指向赤道的离极力。

离极力其来源主要是地球的离心力，除两极和赤道外，地球表面的任何一点，离心力的水平分力都是指向赤道。

•第一章：• 1.海洋化学的定义是什么，研究内容是什么？海洋化学是研究海洋各部分的化学组成、物质分布、化学性质和化学过程，以及海洋资源在开发利用中的化学问题的科学，是海洋科学的一个分支（学科定义）。

研究内容：含量、迁移、过程、通量即：①海洋环境中各种物质的含量、存在形式、化学组成及其迁移变化规律；②控制海洋物质循环的各种过程与通量，特别是海-气、海-底、海-陆、海-生等界面的地球化学过程与通量。

• 2.海洋化学和化学海洋学的定义与区别。

化学海洋学是研究海洋各部分的化学组成、物质分布、化学性质和化学过程的科学，是海洋化学的主要组成部分。

海洋化学包括：化学海洋学、海洋资源化学➢◆海洋化学是研究海水或是海洋里物质的化学，是以化学为主。

➢◆化学海洋学是用化学的方法来研究海洋。

• 3.海洋中广泛存在五大化学作用分别为：氧化还原作用、沉淀溶解作用、酸碱作用、络合作用、界面作用•第二章：• 1.海水中包含各种各样的物质，分为几类，分别是什么？(p16，元素存在形态）1）颗粒物质：包括由海洋生物碎屑等形成的颗粒有机物和各类矿物所构成的颗粒无机物；2）胶体物质：包括多糖、蛋白质等构成的胶体有机物个Fe、Al等无机胶体；3）气体：包括保守性气体（N2、Ar、Xe）和非保守气体（O2、CO2）；4）真正溶解物质：包括溶解于海水中的无机离子和分子以及小分子量的有机分子。

• 2.Marcet-Dittmar 恒比规律是什么？海水中常量元素基本保持恒定的原因是什么？影响海水中常量元素恒定性的原因是什么？Marcet-Dittmar 恒比规律，即表示海水的大部分常量元素，其含量比值基本上是不变的。

（意味着不管盐度从一个地方到另一个地方如何变化，海水中常量元素的比值几乎是恒定的。

）海水常量成分恒定性成因：混合作用——大洋海水通过环流、潮流、垂直流等运动，连续不断地进行混合。

体积巨大——海水体积极大，它所拥有的多种成分的总量也十分巨大，外界的影响（如大陆径流等）很难使其相对组成发生明显的变化。

英文版植物生物学习题集（一）Introduction, Cell Structure Part A1. Plant life constitutes（组成）98% of the total biomass of the earth.A: True B: False正确答案是A2. Having formed during the twentieth century, plant anatomy（解剖学）and plant physiology are the most recently developed areas of botanical（植物学的）study.A: True B: False正确答案是B3. In order to survive beyond the twenty-first century, humans will need toA: recycle（使再循环, 反复应用）on a large scale（比例,数值范围）,B: stop the increase in human population.C: practice water and energy conservation（守恒）.D: all of the above.正确答案是D4. Which of the following is NOT a feature（特征，起重要作用）of the scientific method?A: hypothesis（假设）B: conjecture（推测,猜想）C: controls D: data collection正确答案是B5. The study of plant function is calledA: taxonomy.（分类学）B: physiology.（生理学）C: anatomy.（解剖学）D: morphology.（形态学）正确答案是D6. Dendrochronology（树木年代学）, or the study of tree rings, is an example of which branch of botany?A: taxonomy.（分类学）B: physiology.（生理学）C: anatomy.（解剖学）D: ecology正确答案是C7. Which botanist is credited（信用）with naming and classifying（分类）plants?A: von Helmont B: Carson C: Malpighi D: Linnaeus正确答案是D8. What is the name of the book credited with increasing public awareness（知道）of the field of ecology?A: Silent Spring B: Species Plantarum C: Origin of Species正确答案是A9. Gregor Mendel is considered the founder ofA: plant geography. B: plant genetics. C: cytology. D: plant systematics正确答案是B10. Cell biology is also referred to asA: genetic engineering. B: pteridology.（羊齿植物学）C: cytology（细胞学）D: systematics （=taxonomy分类学）正确答案是C11. Plants will play an important role in space exploration because of their ability toA: generate（产生）oxygen B: produce drugs. C: generate carbon dioxide（.二氧化物）D: produce fiber.正确答案是A12. The study of botany has its origins（起源, 由来）in which time period?A: Bronze（青铜）Age B: Victorian Period（维多利亚女王时代）C: Stone Age（石器时代）D: Industrial Revolution正确答案是CIntroduction Cell Structure Part B1. In contrast（对比, 对照）to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells:A: lack a nuclear envelope.（膜）B: lack genetic material C: have mitochondria（线粒体）D: have chloroplastsE: have complex chromosomes（染色体）正确答案是A2. When plants moved from the sea to the land, the most critical（危急的）environmental factor became:A: water. B: carbon dioxide C: minerals D: oxygen. E: light正确答案是A3. The two major components（组成成分）of the vascular system are the:A: epidermis and corkB: xylem and phloem.C: apical meristems and lateral meristemsD: cuticle（表皮）and stomata.E: embryo（胚芽）and seed正确答案是B4. Primary growth refers to growth:A: originating（起源, 发生）from apical meristems B: originating from the vascular cambium C: originating from the cork cambium D: that is of primary importance to the plant E: that results in the thickening of stems and roots正确答案是A5. Plant ______ is the study of the form of plants.A: physiology B: taxonomy（分类学）C: systematics（=taxonomy分类学）D: morphology（形态学）E: anatomy（解剖学）正确答案是D6. If each gamete（接合体, 配偶子）of a plant has 12 chromosomes, what is the haploid（单倍体,单一的）chromosome number of that plant?A: 3 B: 4 C: 6 D: 12 E: 24正确答案是D7. ______ are plastids（质体）that lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoid（类胡罗卜素）pigments. A: Etioplasts [白色(质)体]B: Chromoplasts（色素母细胞, 成色素细胞）C: Leucoplasts（白色体）D: Amyloplasts [造粉(质)体]E: Chloroplasts正确答案是B8. Most likely, mitochondria（线粒体）and chloroplasts evolved[由…发展(进化)]from:A: portions of the endoplasmic reticulum. （内质网）B: pieces of nucleiC: fragments（碎片）of the plasma（血浆）membrane.D: oil bodiesE: bacteria正确答案是E9. The ______ is the liquid material contained within the tonoplast.（液泡膜）A: matrix（基质）B: stroma（基质）C: cell sap（细胞液）D: nucleoplasm （核原形质, 核浆）E: cytosol（细胞溶质,胞液）正确答案是C10. A principal（主要的）function of the Golgi bodies is the:A: synthesis（合成）and secretion of cell wall polysaccharides（多醣,聚糖,多聚糖）other than cellulose（纤维素）B: formation（形成）of ATP by oxidation（氧化）of organic（有机的）fuels （能源物质）C: conversion（转化）of radiant energy （光能）to chemical energy.D: storage of lipids（脂质）as oil bodiesE: storage of water, ions（离子）, and secondary metabolites（代谢物）正确答案是A11. In the cell wall, ______ molecules（分子）are united to form microfibrils （微纤维）A: xylan（木聚糖）B: pectin（胶质）C: xyloglucan （glucan葡聚糖）D: celluloseE: glycoprotein（糖蛋白类, 醣蛋白）正确答案是D12. Which of the following statements about the secondary wall is false?A: It usually is deposited（存放, 堆积）after the cell has stopped growing.B: Glycoproteins（糖蛋白类, 醣蛋白）and enzymes（酶）are usually abundant constituents.（要素）C: The protoplast（原生质体）may die after the secondary wall is laid down.D: It frequently has three distinct（清楚的）layersE: Pectins（胶质）are usually lacking.正确答案是BPlant Cells and Tissues Part A1. Apical meristems consist of:A: initials（最初的）only B: primary meristems only. C: immediate derivatives（派生物）only D: initials and primary meristems E: initials and their immediate derivatives正确答案是E2. What three overlapping（重叠, 搭接）processes are involved（有关的）in development? A: cell division, cell enlargement, and cell differentiationB: mitosis（有丝分裂）, meiosis（.减数分裂）and fertilization（授精）C: mitosis, meiosis, and differentiationD: growth, morphogenesis, and differentiationE: primary growth, secondary growth, and morphogenesis（形态发生, 形态形成）正确答案是D3. The tissue that makes up the pith（木髓）and cortex（皮层）is:A: collenchyma B: xylem C: parenchyma D: phloem E: sclerenchyma.正确答案是C4. ______ is a type of ground tissue composed of cells having thick, often lignified secondary cell walls.A: CollenchymaB: XylemC: ParenchymaD: PhloemE: Sclerenchyma正确答案是E5. Annular annular（环形的, 有环纹的）and helical（螺旋状的）thickenings in secondary cell walls are characteristic of:A: tracheids only.B: vessel elements onlyC: sieve elements only.D: both tracheids and vessel elements.E: tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve elements.正确答案是D6. A mature sieve element does NOT normally have:A: a nucleusB: a plasma membraneC: smooth endoplasmic reticulum.（内质网）D: plastids.E: mitochondria.（线粒体）正确答案是A7. The function of companion cells is thought to be:A: structural support.B: storage of starchC: delivery of substances to sieve-tube elementsD: conduction of food from one part of the plant to another.E: transport of water and minerals正确答案是C8. Trichomes（藻丝）are:A: a. cells associated with guard cells.B: cells that form the bulk（大多数）of the epidermis.C: waxy（蜡质的）deposits（堆积物, 沉淀物）on the epidermis.D: appendages（附属物）of epidermal cells.E: the cell walls of epidermal cells.正确答案是D9. The cuticle of the epidermis consists mainly of:A: cellulose and fats.B: cutin and wax.（蜡状物）C: cellulose and cutin（角质）D: cellulose and wax.E: lignin（木质素）and wax正确答案是B10. Which of the following is NOT a component of the periderm?A: phellem（木栓）B: epidermal tissueC: phelloderm（栓内层）D: cork cambiumE: cork正确答案是BPlant Cells and Tissues Part B1. The tissue found between the endodermis and the epidermis of plants is called the ___. A: xylemB: phloemC vascular cambiumD: cortex正确答案是D2. The food storage tissue of the root is the ___.A: cortexB: endodermisC: xylemD: phloem正确答案是A3. The cell type providing the greatest structural strength to plants is the ___.A: fiber cellB: collenchyma cellC: parenchyma cellD: sieve cell正确答案是A4. The cell type associated primarily with plant differentiation and growth is the ___. A: xylem cellB: meristematic（分生组织的）cellC: phloem cellD: epidermal cell正确答案是B5. Which organelle（细胞器官）is associated with protein synthesis in plants?A: mitochondrionB: Golgi body (dictyosome)C: ribosomeD: protocytoplasmic body正确答案是C6. Which structure is least related to the others?A: plastidB: nucleusC: cell wallD: mitochondrion正确答案是C7. The organelle that captures（俘获, 捕获）light energy is the ___.A: mitochondrionB: chloroplastC: nucleusD: leucoplast（白色体）正确答案是B8. Ribosomes are associated with the ___.A: rough endoplasmic reticulum （内质网）B: smooth endoplasmic reticulumC: nucleusD: vacuole（液泡）正确答案是A9. Cell support is provided by the ___.A: skeleton（骨架）B: fluid（流动的）matrix （基质）C: cytoskeletonD: exoskeleton（外骨骼）正确答案是C10. Movement of hydrogen ions [H+] across a plant membrane requires no ATP.A: True B: False正确答案是B11. Membranes facilitate（使容易,促进）cell-to-cell communication.A: True B: False正确答案是A12. The movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration is known as osmosis. （.渗透作用）A: True B: False正确答案是B13. Axillary（叶腋的, 腋生的）buds（芽）are associated with the tip of a shoot.（嫩芽）A: True B: False正确答案是B14. The cell type that is alive at maturity and involved（与…有关的）with food storage and/or photosynthesis is parenchyma.A: True B: False正确答案是A15. An example of an undifferentiated plant tissue would be the procambium.（原形成层）A: True B: False正确答案是A16. A trichome（毛状体）is an extension（.扩充）of an epidermal cell.A: True B: False正确答案是A17. An apical meristem can be found in an axillary bud.（腋芽）A: True B: False正确答案是APlant Cells and Tissues Part C1. The helical（螺旋状的）structure of a DNA molecule（分子）can be viewed with a stereomicroscope.（立体显微镜）A: True B: False正确答案是B2. In plant cells, the secondary wall is deposited （堆积）to the inside of the primary wall.A: True B: False正确答案是A3. Cytoplasmic（细胞质的）streaming（流动）is the process whereby（为何）organelles move ina current（趋势,）within the cytosol.（细胞溶质,胞液）A: True B: False正确答案是A4. Vacuoles（液泡）are membrane-bound, empty air spaces, which make up to 90% or more of the cell's volume.A: True B: False正确答案是B5. In higher plants, mitosis occurs in the vascular cambium and the meristems.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. During anaphase (细胞分裂的后期), the vesicles（小泡）of the phragmoplast（成膜体）fuse （融合）into a flattened（平的）hollow cell plate.A: True B: False正确答案是B7. The endoplasmic reticulum（内质网）is a system of flattened sacs（囊）and tubes（管子）associated with the storage and transport of proteins.A: True B: False正确答案是A8. The cytoplasm of a cell consists ofA: the cytosol（细胞液）and organelles.B: only saltsC: cell fragments（碎片）D: the plasma membrane and cell wall正确答案是A9. What is the name given to the tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells?A: nuclear poresB: middle lamellaC: plasmodesmata（胞间连丝）D: microfibrils正确答案是C10. Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of ribosomal（核醣体的）RNA?A: vacuole（液泡）B: nucleolusC: leucoplast l（白色体）D: mitochondrion正确答案是B11. Which plastid synthesizes and stores starch?A: proplastid（原生质体）B: chloroplastC: chromoplast （有色体）D: amyloplast （造粉体）正确答案是D12. Microtubules（微管）and microfilaments（微丝,微纤丝）constitute which part of the cell's ultrastructure（超微结构,亚显微结构）?A: cytoskeleton（细胞骨架）B: nucleusC: cell wallD: all of the above正确答案是A13. Which organelle is associated with the synthesis, secretion, and storage of proteins?A: leucoplastB: ribosomeC: vacuoleD: chromatin （染色质）正确答案是B14. Why are mitochondria（线粒体）called the powerhouses（发电站）of the cell?A: They make carbon and fats readily容易地available to the cell.B: They accumulate（积聚, 堆积）where energy is needed.C: They release（释放）energy from respiration（呼吸作用）D: All of the above.正确答案是D15. During which interval（时间间隔）of interphase（细胞的间期）does DNA replication.（复制）take place?A: cytokinesis（细胞浆移动, 原浆移动）B: G2C: SD: G1正确答案是C16. During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles? A: metaphase（中期）B: prophase（前期）C: telophase（末期）D: none of the above正确答案是C17. What is the name given to the two coiled（盘绕）, thick strands of a chromosome, which are united by a centromere（着丝点, 着丝粒）?A: chromatids（染色单体）B: kinetochores（动粒, 着丝粒, 着丝点）C: spindle fibers（纺锤体）D: homologous（同源的）chromosomes正确答案是A18. Which of the following statements about animal cells is true?A: They do not form cell plates during mitosis.B: They do not have plastidsC: They form centrioles（中心体）during mitosisD: All of the above正确答案是D19. The microtubules that extend from the centromeres（着丝点, 着丝粒）to the poles during mitosis are calledA: dictyosomes.（高尔基体）B: endoplasmic reticulumC: spindle fibers （纺锤体）D: satellites （星射线）正确答案是CPlant Cells and Tissues Part D1. Parenchyma cells containing numerous许多的chloroplasts are called sclerenchyma.A: True B: False正确答案是B2. Lateral conduction of water occurs in long-lived, horizontal（水平的）parenchyma cells called rays. A: True B: False正确答案是A3. Water movement between tracheid cells occurs only when the torus（花托, 花床, 圆环面）is in the center of the pit pair.A: True B: False正确答案是A4. Specialized epidermal cells called lenticels（皮孔）border（与...接近）stomata on the surface of leaves.A: True B: False正确答案是B5. The periderm is composed of cork cells, replaces the epidermis, and constitutes组成the outer bark （树皮）in woody plants.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. Which of the following is NOT a primary meristem?A: ground meristemB: protodermC: cork cambiumD: procambium正确答案是C7. Which type of meristem develops at intervals（时间间隔）along the stem in the vicinity（邻近, 附近）of nodes节点？A: apical meristemB: intercalary（居间的）meristemC: lateral meristemD: vascular cambium正确答案是B8. Sclerids and fibers are two forms ofA: sclerenchymaB: epidermal tissueC: parenchymaD: transfer cells正确答案是A9. Celery（芹菜）strings are an example ofA: periderm.B: collenchymaC: xylemD: none of the above正确答案是B10. In tracheid cells, pits areA: areas in which no secondary walls have developedB: formed wherever two tracheids are in contact with one another.C: necessary for water transfer.D: all of the above正确答案是D11. What is the name of the cell that is closely associated with sieve tube members in phloem tissue? A: sieve plateB: lumen（内腔）C: companion cellD: chlorenchyma（绿色组织）正确答案是C12. What is the name of the multi-layered（多层）epidermis covering the aerial（气生的）roots of an orchid （兰花）?A: procambiumB: root capC: root hairD: velamen（根被）正确答案是D13. Cutin（角质）is defined.（定义）asA: the cells surrounding the stomata.B: a fatty substance secreted by epidermal cellsC: a type of multi-layered epidermisD: specialized parenchyma正确答案是B14. Which of the following is a function of the epidermis?A: resistance（抵抗, 阻抗）to water lossB: resistance to pollutionC: resistance to pathogens（病原体(物)）D: all of the above正确答案是D15. The function of lenticels（皮孔）is toA: prevent water lossB: provide gas exchangeC: produce new bark.D: produce suberin正确答案是B16. Which of the following is an example of a secretory substance?A: suberin（软木脂）B: latex（乳汁, 乳胶, 橡胶）C: albumin（清蛋白, 白蛋白）D: all of the above正确答案是BRoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part A1. Which of the following is NOT a function generally associated with roots? A: storageB: anchorage （固着）C: photosynthesisD: conductionE: absorption正确答案是C2. The columella（囊轴）is:A: a component of the mucigel （粘胶质）B: a component of the amyloplast（造粉体）C: a column（柱壮物）of cells in the root apical meristemD: responsible for the absorption of water and mineralsE: the central column of cells in the rootcap.正确答案是E3. The region of cell division in a growing root:A: is responsible for most of the increase in length of the root.B: contains the apical meristem and nearby cells.C: contains most of the cells that are differentiating.D: contains root hairs.E: is sharply delimited from the adjacent region.正确答案是B4. Root hairs arise from cells of the:A: vascular cylinder. （维管柱）B: pericycle.（中柱鞘）D: epidermis.E: endodermis.正确答案是D5. In what root tissue are Casparian strips located?A: cortexB: epidermisC: xylem and phloemD: xylem onlyE: phloem only正确答案是A6. Lateral roots arise in the:A: xylemB: epidermis.C: pericycleD: root hairsE: rootcap.正确答案是C7. In roots, phloem most commonly occurs: cork正确答案是C9. Which of the following statements about aerial roots is FALSE?A: They are adventitious （不定的）rootsB: Some serve as prop（支持）roots.C: They are produced from below ground structures.D: If in contact with the soil they absorb water and minerals.E: Red mangrove（红树林）and ivy（常春藤）produce aerial（气生的）roots正确答案是C10. Fleshy roots have an abundance of:A: xylem.B: phloemC: parenchyma.D: pericycle.（中柱鞘）E: endodermis正确答案是CRoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part B1. A short, upright（垂直的）, subterranean（地下的）stem covered by fleshy leaf bases is a ___. A: corm（球茎, 球根）B: bulb（鳞茎）C: rhizome（根茎, 根状茎）D: stolon （匍匐茎）正确答案是B2. Roots that arise from leaves are termed ___.A: rhizomes （根茎, 根状茎）C: adventitious rootsD: stolons （匍匐茎）正确答案是C3. Mucigel （粘胶质）formed by the root cap functions in ___.A: lubrication（润滑）B: water absorptionC: protectionD: lubrication, water absorption and protection正确答案是D4. The region(s) of the root in which root hairs form is (are) the ___.A: region of maturationB: region of cell divisionC: region of elongationD: regions of maturation, cell division and elongation正确答案是A5. The Casparian strip is associated with the ___.A: pericycleB: cambiumC: endodermisD: cortex正确答案是C6. Branch or lateral roots form from the ___.A: division of the cambiumB: pericyleC: parenchyma of the cortexD: specialized region of the endodermis正确答案是B7. A dicot（双子叶植物）root is characterized by the ___.A: cambium forming xylem toward the central part of the root and phloem toward the outside B: cambium forming phloem toward the central part of the root and xylem toward the outside C: location of discrete（不连续的, 离散的）vascular strands near the epidermis of the root D: random scattering（散射）of vascular strands throughout the root正确答案是A8. Roots that contain large amounts of aerenchyma are associated with ___.A: desert conditionsB: stagnant（停滞的）waterC: deep lakesD: alpine（高山的）regions正确答案是B9. Which term is least related to the others?A: epiphytes（附生植物, 真菌）B: epiphylls（叶附生植物）C: parasites（寄生虫）D: saprophytes（腐生物）正确答案是D10. The macronutrient（大量营养素）that regulates the osmotic（渗透的）pressure of guard cells is ___.A: nitrogen（氮）B: sulfur （硫）C: potassium（钾）D: magnesium （镁）正确答案是C11. Which is a root?A: Irish（爱尔兰的）potatoB: rhizome（根茎, 根状茎）C: sweet potatoD: russet（黄褐色的, 赤褐色的）potato正确答案是C12. Iron is considered a macronutrient（常量营养元素）because it is needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll.A: True B: False正确答案是B13. The topsoil（表层土）of most fertile（肥沃的）, soils has a pH near 7.0.A: True B: False正确答案是A14. The tissue between the epidermis and the central vascular cylinder of the root is the cortex.A: True B: False正确答案是A15. Mycorrhizae function in absorption and are associated with roots.A: True B: False正确答案是ARoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part C1. Monocotyledonous plants （单子叶植物）generally have taproot（主根, 直根）systems with one or more primary and secondary roots.A: True B: False正确答案是B2. The root hair zone develops in the region of elongation.A: True B: False正确答案是B3. The enlarged root of the mainroot plant is specifically adapted for the storage of starch and other carbohydrates.（碳水化合物, 醣类）A: True B: False正确答案是B4. Lily bulbs are pulled deep into the soil by the action of contractile（会缩的, 有收缩性的）roots. A: True B: False正确答案是A5. In the root cap, amyloplasts（造粉体）function as gravity（重力）sensors（传感器）to keep the root growing downward.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. Roots that develop from a stem, leaf, or other plant part are calledA: root hairsB: adventitious roots.C: taproots（主根）D: fibrous roots. （须根）正确答案是B7. In which region of the root is the apical meristem found?A: region of elongationB: region of maturationC: region of cell divisionD: root cap正确答案是C8. Which of the following statements about root hairs is NOT true?A: They are tubular（管状的）extensions（延长, 扩充）, of epidermal cells.B: They develop into secondary roots.C: They greatly increase the root's absorptive surfaceD: All of the above.正确答案是B9. What is the name given to the band of suberin（软木脂）surrounding the cells of the endodermis? A: pneumatophore（呼吸根）B: cortexC: casparian stripD: endomycorrhizae正确答案是C10. Under what environmental conditions do pneumatophores（呼吸根）develop?A: swampy（沼泽的, 湿地的）B: dry and arid（干旱的, 贫瘠的）C: areas with permanently frozen ground （永冻土）D: none of the above正确答案是A11. Which of the following is NOT an example of an aerial （气生根）root?A: prop root of cornB: food storage root of dandelion（蒲公英）C: photosynthetic root of orchid（兰花）D: none of the above正确答案是B12. What is the name given to the mutualistic（依生生物）relationship existing between fungi and roots?A: haustoriaB: infection threadsC: adventitious rootsD: mycorrhizae正确答案是DStems Part A1. Which of the following statements about the shoot is FALSE?A: In an embryo（胚芽）it is represented by the plumule（幼芽）or an apical meristem.B: It has nodes（节点）and internodes.（节间）C: Its apex（顶点）produces leaves and axillary buds （腋芽）D: It is structurally（在结构上）less complex than the rootE: It consists of the stem and its leaves.正确答案是D2. The term tunica-corpus refers to the organization of:A: the shoot apex.（顶点）B: leaf primordia.（叶原基）C: bud primordia（芽原基）D: internodes（节间）E: nodes （节点）正确答案是A3. A localized meristematic（局部分生组织的）region in an elongating internode is called a(n)A: pith meristemB: peripheral（外围的）meristem.C: Intercalary （居间的）meristemD: central mother cell zoneE: meristematic cap正确答案是C4. Unlike the Tilia（椴树属）stem, the Sambucus stem:A: has wide interfascicular（维管束间的）regions called pith rays.B: has a central pith without air spacesC: lacks a cortex.D: lacks primary xylemE: has scattered（离散的，分散的）vascular bundles.正确答案是A5. Open vascular bundles:A: are usually surrounded by a sheath（鞘）of sclerenchyma.B: give rise to a cambium.C: lose their potential（能力）for further growth.D: are characteristic of most monocots.E: do not produce procambium.正确答案是B6. A plant with adjacent pairs of opposite leaves at right angles to one another is said to have a ______ leaf arrangement.A: spiral螺旋形的B: helical（螺旋状的）C: distichous（二列的, 二分的）D: whorled（有涡漩的, 有螺纹的）E: decussate （交叉着的）正确答案是E7. By definition, a simple leaf:A: has a petiole（叶柄）that is not divided into distinct （明显的）partsB: has a blade（叶片）that is not divided into distinct parts.C: has a rachis.（叶轴, 花轴）D: lacks a blade. （叶片）E: lacks a petiole正确答案是B8. The ______ of leaves is structurally and functionally（机能上地）most closely related to the endodermis of the root.A: epidermisB: major vein（叶脉）C: midrib（叶的中脉）D: bundle-sheath（维管束鞘）E: bundle-sheath extension正确答案是D9. The leaf scar（叶痕）develops from the:A: abscission（切断, 除去）layerB: separation .（分离, 分开）layer.C: protective （保护的）layer.D: top of the petiole（.叶柄）E: base of the blade.正确答案是C10. Which of the following floral花的parts are usually initiated（开始, 发起）first?A: petals （花瓣）B: sepals （萼片）C: stamens（雄蕊）D: carpels（心皮）E: stigmas（柱头）正确答案是B11. The meristematic cells of the vascular cambium are:A: the tunica（被膜）and corpus.B: fusiform（纺锭状的）initials and ray initialsC: fusiform initials and axial cells.D: ray cells and fusiform cells.E: axial（轴向的）cells and radial（放射状的）cells.正确答案是B12. Fascicular（维管束的）cambium is located:A: inside the fascicular regions.B: outside the procambiumC: in the pith rays.D: between the xylem and phloem outside the vascular bundles.E: between the xylem and phloem within the vascular bundles正确答案是E13. During secondary growth, periderm replaces the:A: epidermisB: cortex.C: cork cambium.D: primary phloem.E: primary xylem正确答案是A14. Which of the following statements about cork cells is FALSE?A: They are dead at maturityB: They are the most abundant cells in the periderm.C: Their inner wall surfaces are lined by suberin lamellae.D: They are highly permeable to water and gases.E: Their walls may be lignified.正确答案是D15. Which of the following statements about the outer bark is FALSE?A: It may include phloem tissue.B: It may include cortex.C: It does not include a periderm.D: It consists entirely of dead cells.E: It includes all tissues outside the innermost（最里面的）cork cambium. 正确答案是C16. In contrast to amigosperm wood, most conifer（松类, 针叶树）wood: A: has long vessels.B: has no tracheids in its axial system.C: has relatively small amounts of axial parenchyma.D: lacks resin（树脂）ducts.（管）E: lacks pits.正确答案是C17. In radial section of conifer wood, the:A: cut is made at right angles（角）to the long axis轴of the stemB: cut is made at right angles to the rays.C: tracheids appear squarish.D: width and height of the rays can be determined.E: rays appear as sheets of cells at right angles to the tracheids.正确答案是E18. Unlike heartwood, sapwood （边材:）A: contains dead cellsB: is infiltrated（渗透）by resins..（树脂）C: accumulates（积聚）secondary metabolites.代谢物D: conducts water and minerals.E: loses its reserve（储备的）foods.正确答案是D19. The single most important（指示器）of the strength of wood is its:A: texture（.纹理）B: color.C: grain.D: density..（密度）E: figure..（外形）正确答案是DStems Part B1. Secondary growth in trees is accomplished完成的primarily by the division of the ___.A: pithB: xylemC: phloemD: cambium正确答案是D2. The monocot stem is characterized by ___.A: vascular bundles arranged in a concentric ring （同心环）B: vascular bundles located in discrete（不连续的, 离散的）strands and randomly（不规则的）scattered（离散的，分散的）throughout the cortexC: vascular bundles confined to the stem centerD: three vascular bundles正确答案是B3. Food can move laterally within the phloem by means of ___.A: translocation poresB: cytoplasmic streamingC: sieve platesD: companion cells正确答案是C4. A ___ is not an example of a modified改进的stem.A: cladophyll（扁平的叶状茎）B: thorn（刺, 棘, 荆棘）C: potatoD: petiole （叶柄, 柄部）正确答案是D5. The reactivation（再生作用)of the vascular cambium following a winter period is due to the ___. A: action of auxin （生长素）B: sensitivity（灵敏度）of the vascular cambium to auxinC: sensitivity of the vascular cambium to gibberillin （赤霉素）D: sensitivity of the vascular cambium to auxin and gibberillin正确答案是B6. Which best characterizes growth rings?A: Each ring consists of one year's growth.B: Each ring is about 1 to 10 millimeters wide.。

第一篇概论1.1 细胞生物学概述1.1.1 选择题1.1.1.1 A型题1．利用现代技术和手段从分子、亚细胞和整体水平等不同层次上研究细胞生命活动及其基本规律的科学称BA 细胞遗传学B 细胞生物学C 细胞病理学D 细胞生理学E 细胞形态学2．细胞学说的创始人是BA R．HookB Schleiden and SchwannC R．ＢrownD W．FlemmingE C．Darwin3．最早发现细胞并将其命名为“cell”的学者是AA R．HookB A．LeeuwenhookC R．ＢrownD W．FlemmingE C．Darwin4．最早观察到活细胞的学者是BA R．HookB A．LeeuwenhookC R．ＢrownD W．FlemmingE C．Darwin5．在1858年首先提出“细胞来自细胞”这一著名论断的学者是CA R．HookB A．LeeuwenhookC VirchowD W．FlemmingE C．Darwin6．最早自制显微镜并用于观察细胞的学者是BA Schleiden and SchwannB R．Hook and A．LeeuwenhookC VirchowD R．ＢrownE C．Darwin7．最早发现细胞的遗传物质DNA分子为双螺旋结构的学者是CA Schleiden and SchwannB R．Hook and A．LeeuwenhookC Watson and CrickD R．ＢrownE C．Darwin8．在1933年底设计制造了世界上第一台电子显微镜（投射式）的学者是AA．德国的鲁斯卡(Ruska) B．英国的马丁(Martin) C．比利时的马顿(Marton)D．德国的赫尔穆特(Helmut) E．德国的德里斯特(Driest)9．世界上第一台扫描电镜是由下列哪位科学家研制出来的A．英国的马丁 B．比利时的马顿 C．德国的鲁斯卡 D．德国的克诺尔(Knoll)E．德国的赫尔穆特10．在1944年首次证实 DNA分子为细胞的遗传物质的学者是A．沃森 B．克里克 C．埃弗里(Avery) D．福尔根(Feulgen) E．摩尔根11．在1975年有人将小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行融合获得能分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤，这种单克隆抗体制备技术的发明者是A．柯勒(Kohler) B．奥林斯(Olins) C．罗伯逊(Roberson) D．桑格(Sanger) E．尼伦伯格(Nirenberg)1.1.1.2 X型题12．现代的细胞生物学在哪些层次上来研究细胞的生命活动A．分子水平 B．亚细胞水平 C．细胞整体水平 D．组织水平13．活细胞的基本生命活动有A．生长发育 B．分裂增殖 C．遗传变异 D．衰老与死亡14．19世纪自然科学的三大发现包括A．进化论 B．细胞学说 C．能量守恒定律 D．重演率1.1.2 填空题1．细胞生物学是从、和等3个水平上研究细胞生命活动的科学。