托福OG听力文本

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福听力OG官方备考资料汇总整理摘要：新托福首先应以OG为准，OG-全称是official guide官方指南。

托福(TOEFL)考试中，OG是指ETS考试中心官方给出的应试指南，本文就将最新版的托福听力OG官方备考资料整理给大家，希望对你会有一定能够的帮助，托福听力OG官方备考资料汇总整理,OG3+OG4PDF文本格式下载，一直在寻找却从未找到的同学，在哪里? 就在这里，顶贴就能拿到你一直梦寐以求的OG4啦!何为OG?解释：Official Guide的缩写，“官方指南”。

比如在托福( TOEFL )考试中，OG即是指ETS考试中心官方给出的应试指南。

在 SAT 考试中，OG即是指collegeboard给出的官方应试指南，所以了解了以上信息，不言而喻，OG 非常重要，托福备考必选的经典资料托福听力 OG官方备考资料汇总部分内容Section 1【主旨】学生与宿舍管理员(对话)【内容】学生想问一下next year的住宿，提到了music house building，宿舍管理员陈述了住在music building 的好处，就是加入music club或参加music activity比较方便，因为很多music housing building举行的。

但也有不好的方面，比如不太安静，经常会有performance of music，但学生仍然坚持要加入，宿舍管理员让其填表，提供一些信息，比如what kind of contribution she can make to the music center of campus.Section 2【主旨】师生论文(对话)【内容】学生想写一个自己很感兴趣的topic，询问教授的意见。

Section 3【主旨】swarm behavior of animals 动物群居(讲座)【内容】文章前半部分拿ant举例子，说蚂蚁会在觅食和巢穴之间reinforce a trail,同时又说明这种行为还可人类应用。

托福og听力原文M:Excuse me,Prof.Thomson.I know your office hours are tomorrow but i wondering if you have a few minutes free now to discuss something. W Sure John What do you want to talk about?M:Well,I have some quick questions about how to write about the research project that I do this semester about Climate Variations.W:Oh,yes. You were looking for Variations in Climate in the G city are aright?How far along have you been gotten?M:I’ve gotten my data, so I’m starting to summarize it now preparing graph and stuff But just……I’m looking at it and I’m afraid that is not enough but not sure what else to put into the report.W:I hear the same thing from every student.You know, you have to remember now that you are the expert on what you have done So think about what you need to include if you’re going to explain your research project to someone with general or casual knowledge about the subjectlike your parents.That’s usually my rule_Would my parents understand this. M:Uh, I get it.W:I hope you can recognize by my thing how much you do know about the subject.M:Right I understand.I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journals you suggest I keep.W:Yes,definitely.You should use them to indicate what your evolution and thought was through time. So just set up you know what was the purpose of what you were doing.To try to understand the climate variability of this area.What you did and what your approach was.M:o.So.for example study meteorological records.I look at climate charts.I use different methods for analyzing the data like certain statistic tests and then I discuss the results.Is that what you mean?W:Yes.that’s right.You should include all of that.The statistical tests are specially important, and also be sure you include good reference section where all your published andunpublished data came from.Could you have a lot of unpublished climate data?M:Um.Something just came out of my mind and went out the other sideW:It happens to me a lot. So,I have come up with a pretty good memory management tool.] carry a little pad with me over time and jot down questions and ideas that I don’t want to forget For example, I went to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we know we wouldn’t remember everything we want to ask the d or so we actually made at least five things we want answers to.M:Notepad is a good idea.Since I’m so busy now, at the end of this semester I getting pretty forgetful these days.How can I just remember what I going to say be fore W:Good, I was hoping you come up with it.M:Yes. It ends up that I have data more than just in the area so I also include some regional data in the report.With everything else it should be a pretty good indicate of climate of this partof state.W: Sounds good.I'll be happy to look over a draft version before you hand the final copy if you wish.M:Great.I plan to get you the draft of paper by next Friday Thanks very much.Well see you W: O.。

M :I don’t like university’s plan .W :Really,? I have ridden those buses, and sometimes there were only a few people on the bus . it did seem like kind of a waste .M : I see you point . but I think the problem is the route’s out-of-date. It’s only goes the neighborhoods that’ve gotten too expensive for students to live in . It’s ridiculous that they haven’t already changed the route----you know so it goes where most off-campus students live now. I bet if they did that , they’d get plenty of students riding those buses .W ：Well , at least they’re adding more parking . It’s gotten really tough to find a space.M : That’s the other part I don’t like , actually . Cutting back the bus service and adding parking’s just gonna courage more student to drive on campus. And that’ll just add the noise around the campus and create more traffic…and that’ll increase the need for more parking spaces.W : Yeah , I guess I can see your point . Maybe it would be better if more students used the buses instead of driving.M : right . And the university should make it easier to do that, not harder .Ok , so we said that the way we interact with others has an impact on our behavior …In fact , there is some interesting research to suggest that in one type of interaction-when we were being observed specifically , when we know we’re being watched as we perform some activity- we tend to increase the speed at which we perform that activity .In one study , college students were asked to each other put on a pair of shoes-shores with lace they would have to tie . now one group of students was told that they would be observed . the second group , however , didn’t know they were observed . The students who were aware that they were being watched actually tied their shoes much faster than the students who were aware that they were alone .Other students confirm the same is the true even when we’re learning new activities . Let’s say someone is learning a new task – for example , learning how to type. When they’re conscious of being observed , they’ll likely begin typing at a much faster rate than would if they were alone.But , and this is interesting , the study also showed that the certain common behavior-things people typically do , like…making mistakes when you’re learning something new that behavior pattern will also increase. So in other words , when we’re learning to type ,and we know we’re being watched , we’ll type faster but we’ll also make more mistake .。

TOEFL听⼒⽂本及答案2000年5⽉TOEFL听⼒试题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) They don’t enjoy swimming.(B) They won’t go swimming in the lake today.(C) They don’t know how to swim.(D) They’ll swim in the lake tomorrow.2. (A) The style of sweater she’s wearin g is verycommon.(B) The man saw Jill wearing the sweater.(C) She wore the sweater for the first timeyesterday.(D) She usually doesn’t borrow clothes fromJill.3. (A) He went to see the dentist a week ago.(B) The woman should cancel her appointmentwith the dentist.(C) The woman’s toothache will go away byitself.(D) The woman should have seen the dentist bynow.4. (A) She’s planning a trip to Antarctica.(B) She thinks attending the lecture will behelpful to her.(C) Her geography class is required to attendthe lecture.(D)She has already finished writing her report.5. (A) The woman should join the chess club.(B) He’s not a very good chess player.(C) The woman needs a lot of time to playchess.(D) He’s willing to teach the woman how toplay chess.6. (A) Ask Alice if the man can borrow the novel.(B) Return the novel to Alice immediately.(C) Help the man find this own copy of thenovel.(D) Find out how much the novel costs.7. (A) He has already tasted the chocolatepudding.(B) Chocolate is his favorite flavor.(C) He doesn’t want any chocolate pudding(D) There is no more chocolate pudding left.8. (A) See the movie at a theater close by.(B) Wait until later to see the moive.(C) Consider seeing an English version of themovie.(D) Call the Pine Street Cinema to see whattime the movie starts. 9. (A) He doesn’t know how to find the student’s grade.(B) He doesn’t know if Dr. Wilson has finishedgrading the midterm exams.(C) He isn’t allowed to tell the student hergrade.(D) Dr. Wilson doesn’t want to be contactedwhile she’s away.10. (A) She had to wait even longer than the mandid to have her car inspected.(B)The man should have had his car inspectedsooner.(C)The auto inspection center will be closedat the end of the month.(D)The man doesn’t need to have his carinspected until next month.11. (A) He can act as a subject in the experiment.(B) He thinks the woman’s experiment isdifficult to understand.(C) He’s busy working on his own experment.(D) He’s willing to help the woman run theexperiment.12. (A) Look for the misplaced check.(B) Ask the bookstore for a refund.(C) Borrow some cash from the woman.(D) Repair his desk.13. (A) He hadn’t heard that Karen had a new roommate.(B) Karen wouldn’t give specific reasons for her feelings.(C) He thinks that Karen shouldn’t be angry.(D) Karen won’t be getting a new roommate after all.14. (A)The woman didn’t submit the thesis proposal to him on time.(B) He returned the thesis proposal to the woman a week ago.(C) He hasn’t read the thesis proposal yet.(D) The thes is proposal isn’t acceptable.15. (A) It only cost $400.(B) He bought it a year ago.(C) Write down the directions to the supermarket.(D) Check to see if the stew is ready.16. (A) Purchase some ingredients.(B) Give the man a recipe.(C) Write down the directions to the supermarket.(D) Check to see if the stew is ready.17. (A) He arrived at the theater late.(B) He left his watch in the theater.(C) The production seemed much shorter than it actually was.(D) He did not enjoy the production.18. (A) He can’t understand the instructions.(B) He doesn’t have a computer.(C) He has a degree in computer science.(D) He needs to take his computer to berepqired.19. (A) Arrange by phone to have a bucket delivered.(B) Deliver the papers herself.(C) Take her recycling to the town office.(D) Return the bucket to the recycling department.20. (A) She prefers her eggs fried.(B) She never eats breakfast.(C) She gets an allergic reaction when eating eggs.(D) She doesn’t eat a lot for breakfast.21.(A) He doesn’t know anything about engineering.(B) He wants the woman to postpone the talk.(C) He hasn’t finished preparing for his presentation.(D) He regularly gives talks to high school students.22. (A) He told the woman to take seven courses this semester.(B) He knew that the woman’s schedulewouldbe too difficult for her.(C) His current schedule is also very demanding.(D) Taking so many classes will enable the woman to graduate early.23. (A) He needs help repairing his truck.(B) He doesn’t want to use his truck for thefield trip.(C) The woman can use his truck if she agrees to drive.(D) He doesn’t think all the t elescopes will fitin his truck.24. (A) Dr. Luby won’t be taking students to New York this year.(B) She doesn’t know where the man can buy theater tickets.(C) Dr. Luby is performing in a play on Broadway.(D) She’s going on a thea ter trip with Dr. Luby. Elizabeth.25. (A) The woman’s source of information is reliable.(B) He didn’t enjoy taking history with Dr. Parker.(C) He thought Dr. Parker’s tests were easy.(D) Dr. Parker is no longer teaching history.26. (A) The man doesn’t have air-conditioning.(B)The man’s air conditioner is broken.(C) The man hasn’t been using his air conditioner.(D) The summer has been unusually hot.27. (A) He has decided how he’s going to spend the prize money.(B) He doesn’t know how much his rent is going to increase.(C) He’s already planning to enter next year’s essay contest.(D) He has already paid his landlord for next year’s rent.28. (A) He’ll probably postpone the test until after he talks(B) He usually tells the students ahead of time what will be on his tests.(C) He’ll probably talk about chapter 16 inclass today.(D) He might test the students on material not discussed in class29. (A) He has been applying only for advertisedjobs.(B) He’s conviced that there’s a shortage of jobs.(C) He doesn’t have time to read all the job ads.(D) He’ll help the woman find a job.30. (A) To make plans for the evening.(B) To ask her about the assignment.(C) To talk to her roommate.(D) To give her some information.31. (A) A class presentation they’re preparing.(B) A television program the man is watching.(C)Visiting a close fiend of theirs.(D) Studying for a test.32.(A) He’s taking a break from studying.(B) He has already finished studying.(C) He was assigned to watch a program byhis professor.(D) He’s finding out some information for a friend.33. (A) He didn’t know that she was enrolled in a linear algebra course.(B) He thought she preferred to study alone.(C) He thought she had made arrangements to study with(D) He had told her that he had done poorly ona recent test.34. (A) He and Elizabeth argued recently.(B) He heard Elizabeth did poorly on the last test.(C) He doesn’t want to bother Elizabeth solate in the evening.(D) He’d rather study in his own dormitory.35. (A) A more economical diesel fuel.(B) Characteristics of a new type of fuel.(C) Where a new energy source is located.(D) How to develop alternative energy sources.36. (A) He’s studying for a test.(B) He lost his notes.(C) He missed the class.(D) He’s doing research on alternative.37. (A) It will reduce the amount of pollutants in the air.(B) It will increase the amount of unpleasant odors from wehicles.(C) It will eventually destroy the ozone layer.(D) It will reduce the cost of running large vehicles.38. (A) It’s expensive to manufacture.(B) It’s hasn’t been adeq uately tested.(C) It damages car engines.(D) It’s dangerous to transport.39. (A) To help him explain the information to his roommate.(B) To help him write a paper.(C) To prepare for a test.(D) To tell her if the notes are accurate.40. (A) The life and times of an important modern poet.(B) How a poem’s images relate to its meaning.(C) The musical quality of modern poetry.(D) The poems of Gertrude Stein.41. (A) She’s the most famous of the modern poets.(B) She didn’t pu blish any of her works in her lifetime.(C) She was better known as a prose writerthan as a poet.(D) She began her career as a writer relatively late in her life.42. (A) It reflects poetic techniques that were rejected by modern poets.(B) It’s from a poem that the students have read.(C) It’s the title of a poem by John Ashbery.(D) It’s an example of a statement that is “empty” but pleasing to hear.43. (A) Read some poems out loud.(B) Research the life of Gertrude Stein.(C) Compare the poems of Gertrude Stein to the poems of John Ashbery.(D) Write a few lines of poetry.44. (A) Employment in the fishing and whaling industries.(B) Nineteenth-century sea captains.(C) The economic importance of sailing ships.(D) The development of the steamship.45. (A) They were protected by a strong United States Navy.(B) They were supported by a well-developed railroad(C) Most crew members had experience on foreign ships.(D) As part owners of the ships, captains got some of the profits.46. (A) They carried passengers ,but not cargo.(B) They were large, but surprisingly fast.(C) They were the first successfulsteam-powered ships.(D) They were more reliable than other shipsof the 1860’s.47. (A) It’s now taught with the aid of computers.(B) It isn’t considered as important today as it was in the past.(C) Children today learn it earlier than children did in the past.(D) A lot of times is spent teaching it.48. (A) To indicate the emphasis teachers onceplaced on penmanship.(B) To criticize a technique used to motivatechildren.(C) To illustrate the benefits of competition.(D) To suggest that teachers be recognized fortheir efforts.49. (A) How educators create a curriculum.(B) Why some parents object to the teachingof penmanship.(C) The standards for penmanship in statecurricula.(D) The effects of rewarding goodpenmanship.50. (A) The number of hours per week that mustbe spent teaching penmanship.(B) The level of penmanship a child isexpected to have.(C) The recommended method for teachingpenmanship.(D) The reason computers should be used tohelp in the teaching of penmanship答案：BBDBD ACACB DABCC BDAAD CBBDC CADBD DADCB CAACC CDACD BBACB童年时，家是⼀声呼唤。

2001年1月试题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) He can have more than four guests at hisgraduation.(B) His brother isn’t going to graduate thissemester.(C) He didn’t know that Jane wanted to beinvited.(D) He’s going to invite Jane.2. (A) Listen to the traffic report on the radio(B) Take a later train.(C) Ron to catch the next train.(D) Check the weekend schedule.3. (A) Pelivet the notebook to Kathy.(B) Pind out where Kathy put the notebook.(C) Ask Kathy to explain the chemistry notes.(D) Ask Kathy for the man’s notebook.4. (A) The walk is shorter than the woman thinks itis.(B) The lecture has already started.(C) They won’t have a problem getting seats.(D) The lecture may be canceled.5. (A) The woman should have studied French inParis.(B) He didn’t study French in high school.(C) Living in Paris helped improve the woman’s language skills.(D) The woman must have had a good French teacher.6. (A) Apologize to his roommate.(B) Give the notes to the woman.(C) Call the woman tonight.(D) Take the woman’s notes to his roommate. 7. (A) She doesn’t have time to talk to Dr. Foster.(B) She needs the additional time to finish her paper.(C) Dr. Foster hasn’t finished grading thepapers.(D) She wants the man to help her with herpaper.8. (A) Phone the Cliffside Inn for a reservation.(B) Ask her parents to come a differentweekend.(C) Call local hotels again in a few days.(D) Find a hotel again in a few days.9. (A) Main her some information about theconference.(B) Drive her to the conference.(C) Attend the conference in her place.(D) Collect her main while she’s at theconference.10. (A)The man should stop by the bookstore onthe way to class.(B) The man can return the books he doesn’tneed.(C) The man should have bought his booksearlier.(D) The man won’t need books on the first dayof class.11. (A) Help the man with his essay.(B) Ask Sue to rehearse with her.(C) Wait to rehearse until the man has finishedhis essay.(D) Meinerize her lines by herself.第 1 页共 17 页12. (A) Show her the newspaper that he’s talkingabout.(B) Think about getting an internship atanother place.(C) Sign up for more than one journalism class.(D) Call T he Times about the internship.13. (A)He isn’t as good a tennis player as he usedto be.(B) He hasn’t had time to play tennis recently.(C) He caught a cold shortly after thetournament.(D) He think he’s more important than he is.14. (A)He’ll graduate before the woman.(B) He hopes to graduate before the summer.(C) He doesn’t want to attend schoolyear-round.(D) The woman won’t be able to keep up thepace.15. (A) It’s too late to buy the morning newspaper.(B) He doesn’t want to go to the concert.(C) The box office is closed today.(D) All of the tickets have been sold.16. (A) The woman swims as well as he does.(B) He doesn’t have time to teach the womanto swim.(C) He doesn’t enjoy swimming.(D) He learned to swim at a young age.17. (A) She has already started working on herresearch project.(B) She can’t decide on a research topic.(C) She’d like to discuss her research with theman.(D) She has to change the subject of herresearch.18. (A) Introduce the woman to his neighbor.(B) Get a key from his neighbor.(C) Study in his neighbor’s apartment.(D) Borrow some books from his neighbor.19. (A) The man shouldn’t hire the same tutor thatshe had.(B) She isn’t prepared for the midterm exameither.(C) It’s too late to find a tutor.(D) The man should hire a tutor before themidterm exam20. (A) Stay in the hotel for at least two nights.(B) Leave the hotel the next morning.(C) Ask the hotel clerk for her room key.(D) Complain to the manager about the extracharges.21. (A) He doesn’t recommend going to CentralMountain.(B) He doesn’t plan to go skiing during springbreak.(C) He has never been to Central Mountain.(D) He isn’t an experienced skier.22. (A) She knows who the top history student is.(B) She hasn’t read the campus newspapertoday.(C) The man is mistaken.(D) It’s surprising that her roommate likeshistory.23. (A) He’s not qualified to proofread thewoman’s report.(B) He’ll be able to talk to the woman in a fewminutes.(C) He hadn’t noticed a lot of the woman’smistakes.(D) He thinks the woman should have askedhim sooner.24. (A) Practice her presentation in front of him.(B) Find out who her audience will betomorrow.第 2 页共 17 页(C) Try not to think about her audience.(D) Watch him make his presentation.25. (A) She’s also curious about who won thegame.(B) She didn’t go to the game.(C) She was sitting right behind the man at thegame.(D) She also left the game early.26. (A) Make a shopping list.(B) Buy some groceries.(C) Finish making the salad.(D) Wait for the woman to return.27. (A) He finds the dictionary very useful.(B) He knows where the woman put thedictionary.(C) he doesn’t expect the woman to replace thedictionary.(D) The woman should buy her own dictionary.28. (A) She plans to miss soccer practice.(B) She’ll arrive at the party after(C) Soccer practice will end later than usual.(D) She’ll go to soccer practice after the party.29. (A) Dr. Smith told her something important.(B) Dr. Smith didn’t understand what she said.(C) She wanted to protect Dr. Smith’s feelings.(D) She didn’t intend to say what she said.30. (A) He sells paint supplies.(B) He plans to take an art class with thewoman.(C) He works as an artist.(D)He works in an art museum.31. (A) The cost of meals in the cafeteria.(B) The size of the cafeteria.(C) Career opportunities in cafeterias.(D) The food served in the cafeteria. 32. (A) Giving advice on nutrition.(B) Cooking food for the students.(C) Listening to complaints about service.(D) Serving food to the students.33. (A) Find other students who will work in thecafeteria.(B) Collect students’ opinions about meals.(C) As students to try a new dish he has made.(D) Teach students about the disadvantages of frying food.34. (A) Stop serving hamburgers and friedchicken.(B) Use less sauce on the food.(C) Make some of the meals less fattening.(D) Buy less expensive food.35. (A) Somewhat curious.(B) Very skeptical.(C) Quite irritated.(D) Not at all interested.36. (A) That he’ll be performing in a concert.(B) That he had a conversation with thedirector of a choir.(C) That he heard a new musical composition by Barbara Johnson.(D) That he’s been translating some Latinpoems for a class.37. (A) They’re members of the Latin club oncampus.(B) They work as editors.(C) They attended the same concert.(D) Music is their major field of study.38. (A) She was upset.(B) She was confused.(C) She was amused.(D) She was grateful.第 3 页共 17 页39. (A) Some photographs that he took of herduring the concert.(B) A tape recording that he made of theconcert.(C) A review of the concert that he wrote for the campus paper.(D) The corrected text from the program of theconcert.40. (A) The skills cowboys learned on the range.(B) The evolution of rodeos.(C) The recent decline in the popularity ofrodeos.(D) The growth of the cattle industry.41. (A) They were small informal events.(B) Competitors were awarded large prizes.(C) Large audiences attended them.(D) There were standard rules for judgingevents.42. (A) It is the only traveling rodeo.(B) it is the largest agricultural fair.(C) It is the oldest annual rodeo.(D) It was the first rodeo to charge admission.43. (A) How animals react to frighteningsituations.(B) Why mice are particularly fearful animals.(C) Whether fearfulness is a genetic trait.(D) Why certain animals are feared by humans.44. (A) They fought with the other mice.(B) They stayed close to their mothers.(C) They ran back and forth constantly.(D) They remained close to one wall.45. (A) The extent of damage to the nervoussystem.(B) The presence or absence of certainnerve-cell receptors.(C) The size of nerve-cell receptors in thebrain.(D) The level of danger in the mammal’senvironment.46. (A) To show the relationship betweenfearfulness and environment.(B) To give examples of animals that aren’tfearful.(C) To compare fear in mammals to fear inother animals.(D) To identify the nerves that control fear in certain animals.47. (A) Why water flows from artesian springs.(B) How artesian wells are drilled.(C) Why artesian springs are important togeologic research.(D) How aquifers are formed.48. (A)They pump water from the aquifer.(B) They purify the water in the aquifer.(C) They store excess water from the aquifer.(D) They trap water in the aquifer.49. (A)By eroding layers of sediment above it.(B) By traveling through cracks in layers ofrock.(C) By reversing its flow down the aquicludes.(D) By boiling up through pores in the aquifer.50. (A) It pushes the water upward.(B) It keeps the water cool.(C) It holds the water underground.(D) It creates holes in the aquiclude.第 4 页共 17 页Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1. A three-foot octopus can crawl through a hole ------ in diameter.(A) than one inch less(B) less than one inch(C) one less inch than(D) tan less one inch2. ------adopted the decimal system of coinage in 1867.(A) Canada(B) When Canada(C) Canada, which(D) There was Canada3. Generally, the representatives ------ a legislature are constitutionally elected by a broad spectrum of the population.(A) who they compose(B) who compose(C) ad compose(D) compose4. The Actor’s Studio, a professional actors’ workshop in New York City, provides------where actors can work together without the pressure of commercial production.(A) a place and(B) a place(C) so that a place(D) a place is5. ------ that life began billions of years ago in thewater.(A) It is believed(B) In the belief(C) The belief(D) Believing6. by 1872 the United States had 70 engineering colleges, ------ astonishing expansion credited largely to the Morrill Act of 1862.(A) because(B) an(C) to which(D) was7. The artist Romare Bcarden was ------ whose yellows, deep blues, and fuchsias contrasted strongly with photographic gray in his brightcollages.(A) with a gift for color(B) a gifted colorist(C) a gift with colorful(D) gifted with coloring8. The most important chemical catalyst on thisplanet is chlorophyll, -------carbon dioxide and water react to form carbohydrates.(A) whose presence(B) which is present(C) presenting(D) in the presence of which9. One theory of the origin of the universe is-------from the explosion of a tiny, extremely dense fireball several billion years ago.(A) because what formed(B) the formation that(C) that it formed(D) when forming10. Roads in the United States remained crude,------- with graved or wood planks, until thebeginning of the twentieth century.(A) were unsurefaced or they covered them(B) which unsureface or covered(C) unsurfaced or covered them(D) unsurfaced or covered第 5 页共 17 页11. portrait prints were the first reproductions ofAmerican paintings ------- widely distributed in the United States.(A) were(B) that which(C) that being(D) to be12. Abigail Adams was prodigious letter writer,------- many editions of her letters have been published.(A) who(B) and(C) in addition to(D) due to13. In geometry, an ellipse may be defined asthe locus of all points -------distances fromtwo fixed points is constant.(A) which as the sum of(B) of the sum which(C) whose sum of whose(D) whose sum that the 14. -------at the site of a fort established by theNorthwest Mounted Police, Calgary is now one of Canada’s fastest growing cities.(A) Built(B) It is built(C) To build(D) Having built15. An image on a national flag can symbolizepolitical ideals that -------express.(A) take many words to otherwise would.(B) would take to many otherwise words(C) many words to take would otherwise(D) would otherwise take many words to16. A variation of collodion photography was the tintype, which captured images on a black or darkA B Cbrown metal plate instead from on glass.D17. In cases of minor injury to the brain. Amnesia is likely to be a temporarily condition.A B C D18. The system of chemical symbols, first devised about 1800. gives a concise and instantly recognizableA Bdescription of a element or compound.C D19. The fact that white light is light composed of various wavelengths may be demonstrating byA B Cdispersing a beam of such light through a prism.D20. Over the course of history, much civilizations developed their own number systems.A B C D21. In the United States during the Second World War, each trade unions and employers avoided federalA Blimits on wages by offering employees nontaxable medical benefits.C D22. Philosophy is the study of the nature of reality, knowledge, existent, and ethics by means of rationalA B C Dinquiry.23. Poems vary in length from brief lyric poems to narrative or epic poems, which can be as broad inA B C第 6 页共 17 页scope than a novel.D24. The population of California more than doubled during the period 1940-1960, creating problems inA Broad-building and provide water for its arid southern section.C D25. Although based it on feudal models, the colony of Pennsylvania developed a reputation for aA B Cprogressive political and social outlook.D26. Hard and resistant to corrosion, bronze is traditionally used in bell casting and is the material usedA Bwidely most for metal sculpture.C D27. The Appalachian Mountains formation a natural barrier between the eastern seaboard and the vastA Blowlands of the continental interior of North America.C D28. The United States census for 1970 showed that the French-speaking residents of Louisiana were oneA B Cof the country’s most compact regional linguistic minority.D29. When used as food additives, antioxidants prevent fats and oils from become rancid when exposedA B Cto air, and thus extend their shelf life.D31. Copper was the first metallic used by humans and is second only to iron in its utility throughA B Cthe ages.D32. Despite the fact that lemurs are general nocturnal, the ring-tailed lemur travels by day in bands ofA B Cfour to twelve individuals.D33. The Western world is beset with the range of problem that characterize mature, postindustrialA B Csocieties.D34. Acrylic paints are either applied using a knife or diluted and spreading with a paintbrush.A B C D35. Some marine invertebrates, such as the sea urchin and the starfish, migrates from deep water toA Bshallow during spring and early summer to spawn.C D36. Marshes, wetland areas characterized by plant grassy growth, are distinguished from swamps,A B Cwetlands where trees grown.D37. Wampum, beads used as a form of exchange by some Native Americans, was made of bits ofA B Cseashells cut, drill, and strung into belts.C38. Kangaroos use their long and powerful tails for balance themselves when sitting upright orA B C Djumping.39. Proper city planning provides for the distribution of public utilities, public buildings, parks, andA Brecreation centers, and for adequate and the inexpensive housing.C D40. Most traditional dances are made up of a prearranged series of steps and movements, but modernA Bdancers are generally free to move as they choice.C D第 7 页共 17 页Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 1-9In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar To that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an areas 5) a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. Peopleare permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed.The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce.10) Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decadeslater, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after1978. They range in size from the very small (less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National MarineSanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.15) The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new managementpractices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, areoffered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.20) Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and othercountries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the UnitedStates government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves.Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range 25) from the well-known Australian Great Barrer Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parksin countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come torecognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas.whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Differences among marine parks,sanctuaries, and reserves(B) Various marine conservation programs(C) International agreements on coastalprotection(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments2. The word “intent” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) repetition(B) approval(C) goal(D) revision第 8 页共 17 页3. The word “administered” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) managed(B) recognized(C) opposed(D) justified4. The word “these” in line 11 refers to(A) sites(B) candidates(C) decades(D) sanctuaries5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an example of a sanctuary that(A) is not well know(B) covers a large area(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuarystatus6. According to the passage, when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Programestablished?(A) Before 1972(B) After 1987(C) One hundred years before national parks were established(D) One hundred years after YellowstoneNational Park was established 7. According to the passage, all of the following are achievements of the National MarineSanctuaries Program EXCEPT(A) the discovery of several new marineorganisms(B) the preservation of connections betweenindividual marine species(C) the protection of coastal habitats(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life8. The word “periphery” in line 24 is closest inmeaning to(A) depth(B) landmass(C) warm habitat(D) outer edge9. The passage mentions which of the following asa threat to marine areas outside the UnitedStates?(A) Limitations in financial support(B) The use of marine species as food(C) Variability of the climate(D) Increases in tourismQuestions 10-17From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork, Where stone was the local building material, a5) mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice asan assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s第 9 页共 17 页field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables 10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches fromcow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were 15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisanscould afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and toregularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials, While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, 20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, andapplying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ asmany shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.10. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Farming practices(B) The work of artisans(C) The character of rural neighborhoods(D) Types of furniture that were popular11. The word “inception” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) investigation(B) location(C) beginning(D) records12. The word “fabricating” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) constructing(B) altering(C) selecting(D) demonstrating13. It can be inferied from the from the passagethat the use of artificial light in colonial timeswas(A) especially helpful to woodworkers(B) popular in rural areas(C) continuous in winter(D) expensive14. Why did colonial artisans want to “regularizetheir schedules their schedules” (line 18)? (A) To enable them to produce high qualityproducts(B) To enable them to duplicate an item manytimes(C) To impress their customers(D) To keep expenses low15. The phrase “resort to” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) protecting with(B) moving toward(C) manufacturing(D) using16. The word “few’ in lines 23 refers to第 10 页共 17 页(A) woodworkers(B) finished pieces(C) customers(D) chests17. It can inferred that the artisans referred to inthe passage usually produced products thatwere(A) simple(B) delicate(C) beautifully decorated(D) exceptionally long-lastingQuestions 18-28Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to thecity and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make 5) a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the generalposition in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physicalcharacteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important tothe continuing prosperity of a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost 10) unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-westtransportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world’s finest largefarming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding 15) during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadephia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New York’s location at the western end of one of the world’s most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an 20) easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwesternhinterland. This account does not alone explain New York’s primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seemsparticularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power25) resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help todetermine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stagesof city development than later.第 11 页共 17 页18. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The development of trade routes throughUnited States cities(B) Contrasts in settlement patterns in UnitedStates(C) Historical differences among three largeUnited States cities(D) The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities19. The word “ingenuity” in line 2. is closest inmeaning to(A) wealth(B) resourcefulness(C) traditions(D) organization20. The passage suggests that a geographer wouldconsider a city’s soil type part of its(A) hinterland(B) situation(C) site(D) function21. According to the passage, a city’s situation ismore important than its site in regard to thecity’s.(A) long-term growth and prosperity(B) ability to protect its citizenry(C) possession of favorable weather conditions(D) need to import food supplies22. The author mentions each of the following asan advantage of Chicago’s location EXCEPTits.(A) hinterland(B) nearness to a large lake(C) position in regard to transport routes(D) flat terrain23. The word “characteristics” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) choices(B) attitudes(C) qualities(D) inhabitants24. The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to(A) summarize past research and introduceanew study(B) describe a historical period(C) emphasize the advantages of one theory over another(D) define a term and illustrate it with anexample25. According to the passage, Philadelphia andBoston are similar to New York City in(A) size of population(B) age(C) site(D) availability of rail transportation26. The word “functional” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) alternate(B) unknown(C) original(D) usable27. The word “it” in line 21 refers to(A) account(B) primacy(C) connection(D) hinterland28. The word “significant” in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) threatening(B) meaningful(C) obvious(D) available第 12 页共 17 页。

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO1-30听力原文文本全集18 版整理摘要：托福TPO听力1-30听力原文文本全集1.8 版整理!大家都知道托福听力TPO试题都来源于历年考试机经，对于该试题内容的权威性和仿真性自不用说，为方便大家更深入的研究小编特给出了托福TPO听力1-30听力原文文本全集1.8 版资料，同学们可以好好练习一下。

托福 TPO听力1-30听力原文文本全集1.8 版整理!大家都知道托福听力 TPO试题都来源于历年考试机经，对于该试题内容的权威性和仿真性自不用说，为方便大家更深入的研究小编特给出了托福TPO听力1-30听力原文文本全集1.8 版资料，同学们可以好好练习一下。

1.Why does the student go to see the librarian? #To sign up for a seminar on using electronic sources for research #To report that a journal is missing from the reference area #To find out the procedure for checking out journal articles #To ask about how to look for resources for a class paper #2.What does the librarian say about the availability of journals and articles in the library? #They are not easy to find if a professor put them on reserve #Most of them are accessible in an electronic format #Most of them can be checked out for three weeks #Printed versions from the past three years are located in the reference section #3.What does the librarian suggest the student should do to save time? #Choose an easier research topic#Concentrate on five journals#Read the summaries of the articles first#Install a new program on her home computer#4.What can be inferred about why the woman decides to use the computer in the library?#She thinks she might need additional help from the man#She does not have a computer at home#She has to hand in her assignment by the end of the day#She will be meeting a friend in the library later on#5.Why does the woman say this #She had forgotten about the information#She is surprised she was not aware of the information#She is annoyed that the information was published only recently#She is concerned that the librarian gave her incorrect information针对大家托福听力提分困难的复习处境，小马有开发出模拟托福听力考场环境的托福听力APP,小马托福听力APP中涵盖了TPO1-34听力真题全部内容的，答案解析应有尽有。

1TPO 19 Listening ScriptV3.1(Final)Should you find any mistake in this script, please contact me here.Check for the Latest Version.Updated: 2010-11-30目录Conversation1 (2)Lecture1-Linguistics(Proto-Indo-European) ................................................................................................... (5)Lecture 2-Astronomy(Radio Astronomy & Optical Astronomy) (7)Conversation2 (10)Lecture 3-Marine Biology(Plant Life in Salt Marshes) (13)Lecture 4-Art History(Cecilia Beaux) (15)2Conversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and the professor.StudentHi, professor Handerson. That was a really interesting lecture in class today.ProfessorThanks, Tom. Yeah, animals’ use of deception, ways they play tricks on other animals, that’s a fascinating area.One we are really just starting to understand.StudentYeah, you know, selective adaptations over time are one thing. Oh, like, non-poisonous butterflies, that havecome to look like poisonous ones. But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other,I have never heard that before.ProfessorRight, like, there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.StudentSo they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory ?ProfessorRight, bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice. Well ...StudentYeah, I can see how that might do the trick. But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talkingabout game theory. Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.3ProfessorYeah, it is fairly new to biology. Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certaincircumstances. Um...For example, a buisness sells, oh, computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to abig university. But there is another company bidding too. So, what should they do?StudentWell, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.ProfessorRight, they are competing, like a game, like the frogs. There are risks with pricing too high, the other companymight get the sale, there is also the number and type of computers to consider. Each company has to find abalance between the cost and benefits. Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze differentconditions like this to predict outcomes.StudentOk, I get that. But how does it apply to animals ?ProfessorWell, you know, if you are interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper.StudentThe literature review ?ProfessorYeah, find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them. If there is aconfict in the conclusions or something, that would be important to discuss.StudentWell, from what I have looked at dealing with game theory, I can’t say I understan d much of the statistics end.4ProfessorWell, I can point you to some that present fairly basic studies, that don’t assume much background knowledge.You’ll just need to answer a few specific questions: What was the researchers’ hypothesi s? What did they wantto find out? And how did they conduct their research? An then the conclusions they came to. Learning tointerpret these statistics will come later.5Lecture 1-Linguistics(Proto-Indo-European)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class.ProfessorAll right, so far we have been looking at some of the core areas of linguistics, like syntax, phonology, semantics,and these are things that we can study by looking at one language at a time, how sounds, and words, andsentences work in a given language. But the branch of historical linguistics, involves the comparison of severaldifferent languages, or the comparison of different stages of a single language.Now, if you are comparing different languages, and you notice that they have a lot in common. Maybe they havesimilar sounds and words that correspond to one another, that have the same meaning and that sound similar.Let’s use a real-world example. In the 18thcentury, scholars who have studied the ancient languages, Sanskrit,Latin and Greek, noticed that these three languages had many similarities. And there might be several reasonswhy languages such as these had so much in common. Maybe it happened by chance, maybe one language washeavily influenced by borrowed words from the other. Or maybe, maybe the languages developed from the samesource language long ago, that is, maybe they are genetically related, that was what happened with Sanskrit,Latin and Greek. These languages had so many similarities that it was concluded that they must have all comefrom the same source. And talk about important discoveries in linguistics, this was certainly one of them.The scholars referred to that source language as Proto-Indo-European. Proto-Indo-European is a reconstructedlanguage. Meaning, it is what linguists concluded a parent language of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek would have tobe like. And Proto-Indo-European branched out into other languages, which evolved into others, so in the end,many languages spoken all over the world today can trace their ancestryback to one language,Proto-Indo-European, which was spoken several thousand years ago.Now, one way of representing the evolution of languages, showing the way languages are related to each other,is with the family tree model. Like a family tree that you might use to trace back through generations ofancestors, only it’s showing a family of geneticall related languages instead of people. A tree model for alanguage family starts with one language, which we call a mother language, for example, Proto-Indo-European.The mother language is the line on the top of this diagram, over time, it branches off into new daughterlanguages, which branch into daughter languages of their own. And languages that have the same source, thesame mother, are called sisters, they share a lot of characteristics, and this went on until we are looking at a bigupside down tree languages like this. It is incomplete of cours e, just to give you an idea. So that’s the family treemodel, basically.6Now, the tree model is a convenient way of representing the development of a language family and of showinghow closely related two of more languages are. But it is obviously very simplified, having a whole languagerepresented by just one branch on a tree doesn’t really do justice to all the variation within that language. Youknow, Spanish that’s spoken in Spain isn’t exactly the same as Spanish that is spoken in Mexi co, for example.Another issue is that languages evolve very gradually, but the tree model makes it look like they evolve over night,like there was a distinct moment in time when a mother language clearly broke off into daughter languages. Butit se ems to me it probably wasn’t quite like that.Recommended Reading:The Origin and Evolution of Sankrit7Lecture 2-Astronomy(Radio Astronomy & Optical Astronomy)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.ProfessorSo how many of you have seen the ... the Milky Way, the Milky Galaxy in the sky? You, you have?StudentYeah, I was camping, and there was no moon that night, it was super dark.ProfessorAnybody else? Not too many. Isn’t that strange that the Milky Way is the galaxy that the planet earth is in, andmost of us have never seen it? Now, what’s the problem here?StudentLight pollution, right? From street lights and stuff ...ProfessorYes, especially unshielded street lights, you know, ones that aren’t pointed downward. Now, here’s an irony, thebuiding we are in now, the astronomy building not far from our observatory, has unshielded lights.StudentSo the problem is pretty widespread.ProfessorIt is basically beyond control, as far as expecting to view the night sky anywhere near city, I mean.I have livedaround here my whole life. And I have never seen the Milky Way within city limits, and I probably never will.There is a price for progress, eh?But let’s think beyond light pullution, that’s only one kind of a technological advance that has interfered withastronomical research. Can anyone think of another? No?8Ok, let’s look at it this way, we don’t only gain information by looking at the stars, for the past 70 years or so, wehave also used radio astronomy1, which lets us study radio waves from the sky.StudentHow can you observe radio waves? I mean, tell anything about the stars from that.ProfessorWell, in optical astronomy, using a telescope and observing the stars that way, we rely on visible light waves.What we are seeing from earth is actually electromagnetic radiation that’s coming from stars. And just one part of it is visible light. But there are problems with that.When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets, oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on. These objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the moon, all these ambient light. And on top of that, when that visible radiation bounces off those molecules, it scatters in all directions. And well, light from stars, even nearby in our own galaxy, doesn’t stand a chance against that. Basically the light bouncing off al l these objects close to earth is brighter than what’s coming from the stars.Now, radio waves are electromagnetic radiation that we can’t see. Nearly all astronomical objects in space emit radio waves, whether nearby stars, objects in far away galaxies, they all give off radio waves. And unlike visible light waves, these radio waves can get through the various gases and dusts in space, and through our own earth’s atmosphere comparatively easily.StudentOk, then we might as well give up on optical astronomy and go with radio astronomy.ProfessorWell, the thing is, with the radio astronomy, you can’t just set up a telescope in you backyard and observe stars. One problem is that radio waves from these far away objects, even though they can get through, are extremely faint. So we need to use radio telescopes, specially designed to receive these waves and then, well, we can use computers to create pictures based on the information we receive.StudentThat sounds cool. So, how do they do that?1Radio astronomy is a branch of science in which radio telescopes are used to receive andanalyse radio waves from space. 2A photon is a particle of light.ProfessorWell, it is kind of like the same way a satellite dish3receives its signal, if you are familiar with that. But radiotelescopes are sometimes grouped together, it’s the same effect as having one really big telescope to increase radio wave gathering power. And they use electronics, quite sophisticated. Yeah, it is neat how they do it, but for now, why don’t we just stick with what we can learn from it.Some very important discoveries have been made by this technology, especially if you consider that some objects in space give off radio waves but don’t emit any light. We have trouble discovering those sorts of bodies, much less studying them using just optical telescopes.StudentWell, If the radio waves are so good at getting throught the universe, wha t’s the problem?ProfessorWell, answer this. How come people have to turn off their cell phones and all our electronic devices when an airplane is about to take off?StudentThe phones interfere with the radio communication at the airport, right?StudentOh, so our radio waves here on earth interfere with the waves from space?ProfessorYes, signal from radios, cell phones, TV stations, remote controls, you name it. All these things cause interference. We don’t think about that as often as we think about light pollution. But all those electrical gadgets4 pollute the skies, just in a different way.3A satellite dish is a piece of equipment which people need to have on their house in order to receive satellite television.4An often small mechanical or electronic device with a practical use but often thought of as a novelty.10Conversation 2NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and the director of the student cafeteria.StudentHi, I... I am sorry to interrupt, could I ask you a few questions?DirectorSure, but if it is about you meal plan, you’ll need to go to Room 45, just down the hall.StudentUm, no, I am OK with my meal plan. I am actually here about the food in the student cafeteria.DirectorOh, we do feed a lot of students, so we can’t always honor individual requests. I am sure you understand.StudentOf course. It is just that I am a little concerned, I mean, a lot of us are, that a lot of the food you serve isn’t reallythat healthy. Like there are so many deep-fried foods.DirectorAs a matter of fact, we recently changed the type of oil we use in our fryer. It is the healthiest available. Andwould you believe that at least ten students have already complaint that their french fries and fried chicken don’ttaste as good since we switched?StudentOh, I try not to eat too many fried foods anyway. I am just aware that, um...You see, I used to work in a naturalfood store. They had all these literature5advising people to eat fresh organic growing food. Working there reallyopen my eyes.5Merriam Webster: printed matter (as leaflets or circulars);Collins: Literature is written information produced by people who want to sell you something or give you advice.11DirectorDid you come to the organic food festival we had to celebrate Earth Day?StudentOh, sorry, I must have missed that.DirectorWe served only certified organic food, most of which was from local farms. It is not something we can afford todo on a daily basis, and there aren’t too many organic farms around here. But sometimes the produce we offer isorganically grown. It depends on the season and the prices of course.StudentThat’s good to know. I like the fact that organic farms don’t use chemical pesticides or anything that can pollutethe soil or the water.DirectorI do too. But let me ask you this. Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certifiedas organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California,three thousand mile away. What abo ut fossil fuels burned by the trucks’ engine. Plus the expense of shippingfood across long distances. And nutritionally speaking, an apple is an apple however it is grown.StudentI see your point. It is not so clear-cut6.DirectorWhy don’t you visit our cafeteria’s website? We list all our food suppliers. You know, where we buy the food thatwe serve. And the site also suggests ways to make your overall diet a healthy one. You can also find some chartslisting fat and calorie content for different types of seafood, meats and the other major food groups.6Clear-cut=distinct, unambiguous12StudentI didn’t realize you thought about all these things so carefully, I just noticed all the high-calorie food in thecafeteria.DirectorWell, we have to give choices so everyone is satisfied. But if you wish to pursue this further, I suggest that youtalk to my boss.StudentThat’s OK, seems like you are doing what you can.13Lecture 3-Marine Biology(Plant Life in Salt Marshes)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class.ProfessorOk, today we are going to continue our discussion of plant life in coastal salt marshes7 of North America.Salt marshes are among the least inviting environments for plants. The water is salty, there is little shade and the ocean tide comes in and out, constantly flooding the marsh, so the variety of plants found in salt marshes is limited, but there is a plant genus that thrives there, the Spartina.In fact, the Spartina genus is the dominant plant found in salt marshes. You can find one type of the Spartina, Saltmarsh Cordgrass, growing in low marsh areas. In higher marsh areas, you are likely to find a Spartina commonly called Salt-meadow Hay. So how is the Spartina able to survive in an envrionment that would kill most plants? well, it is because salt marsh grasses have found ways to adapt to the conditions there.First of all, they are able to withstand highly saline conditions. One really interesting adaptation is the ability to reverse the process of osmosis8. Typically, the process of osmosis works... Well, when water moves through the wall of a plant cell, it will move from the side containing water with the lowest amount of salt into the side containing the highest amount of salt. So imagine what would happen if a typical plant suddenly found itself in salt water, the water contained in the plant cells, that’s w ater with very little salt, would be drawn out toward the seawater, water with a lot of salt. So you can see the fresh water contained in the plant will be removed and the plant will quickly lose all its water and dehydrate. But what about the Spartinas, well, they allow a certain amount of salt to enter their cells, bringing the salt content of the water within the plant, to a slightly higher concentration than that of the surrounding seawater. So instead of fresh water moving out of the plant cells, salt from the seawater enters, reverse osmosis, and this actually strengthens the cells.Another adaptation to the salty environment is the ability to excrete excess salt back to the environment. That’s why you might see a Spartina shimmering in the sunlig ht. What’s reflecting the light is not salt from seawater that has evaporated, although that’s a good guess.But it is actually the salt that came from within the plant. Pretty cool, eh? You can really impress your friends and family with that little tidbit9 the next time you are in a salt marsh.7A salt marsh is an area of flat, wet ground which is sometimes covered by salt water or contains areas of salt water.8Osmosis is the process by which a liquid passes through a thin piece of solid substance such as the roots of a plant. 渗透作用9a choice or pleasing bit (as of information). 趣闻，花絮But coping with salt is not the only challenge for plants in the salt marsh. Soil there is dense and very low in oxygen, so Spartinas have air tubes, air enters through tiny openings on the leaves, the tubes provide direct pipe line for oxygen, carrying it down the leaves, through the stems and into the roots, where it is needed. If you pull up a Spartina, you might even notice some reddish mud on some of the roots, this is caused by oxygen reacting with iron sulfide in the soil, and it produces iron oxide or rust.Now, although the Spartinas have adapted several chemical and physical mechanisms that allow them to thrive in salt water and to feed oxygen to their roots. There is yet another aspect of the harsh environment that they have to adapt to, the force of the tides and occasional violent storms. Wind and water are constantly crashing into these plants. So as you might have guessed, they have developed a means of solidly anchoring themselves into the soil. How? Well, they have tough sort of um ... underground stems called rhizomes10, rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will survive and perish together. Because alone as single plants, they cannot survive. Of course the plants in these colonies also need tough resilient stems above the soil, stems that can bent a lot but not break as water constantly crashes into them.So in addtion to the interlocking underground rhizomes, they have yet another adaptation, and it’s ... well, we are back to reverse osmosis again, by adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure befor snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an evironment in which most other plants will wilt11 and die within hours.Recommended Reading:Salt Marsh LifeLife in New Hampshire Salt MarshesDynamics of the Salt Marsh10a somewhat elongate usually horizontal subterranean plant stem that is often thickened by deposits of reserve food material,produces shoots above and roots below, and is distinguished from a true root in possessing buds, nodes, and usually scalelike leaves.(Merriam Webster)11If a plant wilts, it gradually bends downwards and becomes weak because it needs more wateror is dying.15Lecture 4-Art History(Cecilia Beaux)NarratorListen to part of a discussion in an art history class.ProfessorAll right, let’s continue our discussion of portrait artists(portraitist) and portraiture. Who remembers any of the important points we made last time? Sandra?StudentWell, artists have done portraits of people for centuries, of famous people and regular people, and um ... most portraits convey the artists’ personal vision, like their feelings and insights about a person.ProfessorGreat, that’s a crucial point, and I’d like to explore that a little today.A great example of that, that vision in portraiture, is Cecilia Beaux.Cecilia Beaux was born in 1854, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States. She was very successful. She even did portraits of the wife and children of Theodore Roosevelt, while he was president. So it didn’t get much more prestiges than that.Now, those portraits also reflect the kind of subjects that Beaux tended to use, which were mostly women and children. For example, in her first major work, her subjects were ... The painting featured her sister and her nephew. Yes, Mark?StudentYeah, it just seems interesting. Um... I was wondering if that was unusual to have a portrait artist who is a woman become so well-known and successful in the 19th century.ProfessorGreat question. Yeah, she really stood out back in the 1800s. And today, she is still considered one of the greatest portrait painters of her time, male or female. In fact, she was the first full-time female instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and she was a full member of the National Academy of Design. These are pretty important institutions, so, yeah, she definitely made headway for women artists.Ok, so let’s look at one of her portraits now, this painting is called The Dreamer. It is one of my favorites. And I think it is especially characteristic of Beaux’s work. So what y ou see here is a portrait of a close friend of Cecilia Beaux.So tell me, what’s the first thing that draws you to this painting? What catches your eye first.StudentWell, for me, it is her face and hands, I think they are really expressive, and also, they make the woman seem very comtemplative, seems like she is thinking pretty seriously about something.StudentYeah, her eyes kind of draw you in. But what strikes me is the contrasting colors, the white dress and the dark background. It kind of reminds me of that painting we discussed a few weeks ago, by ...um... John Singer Sargent. I think it was called MadameX?ProfessorI agree, good point. Yes, Beaux had high regard for Sargent’s work. And this is something, a technique you will find in both of their work.Ok, but the painting is called The Dreamer. What do you see that’s dreamlike about it?StudentWell, the background behind the woman is pretty vague. Like, maybe there is no real context, like no definite surroundings, expecially compared to the woman herself, since she is so clear and well-defined.ProfessorYes, the unclear background definitely contributes to that dreaminess. It is meant to show a sense of isolation I think. With the woman is deep in a daydream and not really aware of anything eale. This painting shows how insightful Cecilia Beaux was as a portrait artist. Besides her excellent technical skills, like her use of brush strokes and color to make an impression, both perspectives come through. Her port raits reveal her own interpretation of her subject’s state of mind. This is what it is all about, not just likenesses12.Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter. Beaux used some impressionist techniques and share much of their philosophy, but her style, it was all her own.12Likeness=similarityBeaux 教授读的时候把z轻读了[bəuz]n. 喜修饰者,纨绔子弟,情郎,求爱者新托福综合写作高分十大句型十大经典句型博得新托福综合写作高分第一，定语从句。

托福口语听力文本1、W:I'm not swimming in the lake unless it warms up outside today.M:Me neither.Unfortunately I think it's supposed to stay as cold all day.Q:What can be inferred about the speakers?2、M:that sweater is so unusual,and yet it looks familiar.Did I just see you wearing it yesterday?W:Well,not me.but see,it belongs to my roommate Jill,and she is in your chemistry class.Q:What does the woman imply?3、W:This toothache is killing me!i was hoping it would just go away but it's getting worse by the minute.what did you say the name of your dentin was?M:I told you last week to make that appointment.Q:what does the man imply?4、M:you wanna go to a lecture tonight over int he science auditorium?it's some guy who spent a year living in antarctic.W:no kidding!I'm doing a report on Antarctica for my geography class.maybe i can get some good information to add to it.Q:what does the woman mean?5、W:I'd really like to learn how to play chess,but it looks so complicated.it seems like it will take a really long time to learn.M:well,it takes a long time to get good at it.but we can go over the basics the afternoon if you want.Q:what does the man imply?6、M:Do you think u can lend me that novel when you are finished with it?I've been looking all over for a copy,but apparently it sold out at all the bookstores.W:oh,it's not mine.it belongs to Alive.but i'll see what she says.Q:what will the woman probably do?7、W:Hmm are you going to try some of this chocolate pudding?it's incredible.M:well,to be honest with you,I've never been a big fan of chocolate.Q:what does the man imply?8、W:why don't we go catch the new Italian film at the Pin Street cinema?M:that's a little out of the way,don't u think?it's playing just up the street of the Grow of Two,you know.Q:what does the man suggest they do?。

2019年TPO1托福听力Lecture2原文文本TPO1托福听力Lecture2原文文本Uranium-Lead DatingProfessor: Ok, let’s get started. Great, today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is - dating techniques. I’m going to talk about a particular dating technique. Why? Good dating is a key to good analysis. In other words, if you want to know how a land formation was formed, the first thing you probably want to know is how old it is. It’s fundamental.Um…Take the Grand Canyon for instance. Now, we geologists thought we had a pretty good idea of how the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States was formed. We knew that it was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago. Before it solidified, it was just regular sand. Essentially, it was part of a vast desert.And until just recently, most of us thought the sand had come from an ancient mountain range fairly close by that flattened out over time. That’s been the conventional wisdom among geologists for quite some time. But now we’ve learned something different, and quite surprising, using a technique called Uranium-Lead Dating.I should say that Uranium-Lead Dating has been around for quite awhile. But there have been some recent refinements. I will get into this in a minute. Anyway, Uranium-Lead Dating has produced some surprises. Two geologists discovered that about half of the sand from the Grand Canyon was actually once part of the Appalachian Mountains. That’s really eye-opening news, since the Appalachian Mountain Range is, of course, thousands of kilometers to the east of the Grand Canyon. Sounds pretty unbelievable, right?Of course, the obvious question is how did that sand end up so far west? The theory is that huge rivers and wind carried the sand west where it mixed in with the sand that was already there. Well, this was a pretty revolutionary finding. Um…and it was basically because of Uranium-Lead Dating. Why?Well, as everyone in this class should know, we usually look at the grain type within sandstone, meaning the actual particles in the sandstone, to determine where it came from. You can do other things too, like look at the wind or water that brought the grains to their location and figure out which way it was flowing. But that’s only useful up to a point, and that’s not what these two geologists did.Uranium-Lead Dating allowed them to go about it in an entirely different way. What they did was: they looked at the grains of Zircon in the sandstone. Zircon is a material that contains radioactive Uranium, which makes it very useful for dating purposes.Zircon starts off as molten magma, the hot lava from volcanoes. This magma then crystallizes. And when Zircon crystallizes, the Uranium inside it begins to change into Lead. So if you measure the amount of Lead in the Zircon grain, you can figure out when the grain was formed. After that, you can determine the age of Zircon from different mountain ranges.Once you do that, you can compare the age of the Zircon in the sandstone in your sample to the age of the Zircon in the mountains. If the age of the Zircon matches the age of one of your mountain ranges, then it means the sandstone actually used to be part of that particular mountain range. Is everybody with me on that? Good, so, in this case, Uranium-Lead Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed.So because of this, this new way of doing Uranium-Lead Dating, we’ve been able to determine that one of our major assumptions about the Grand Canyon was wrong. Like I said before, Uranium-Lead Dating has been with us for a while. But, um…until recently, in order to do it, you really had to study many individual grains. And it took a long time before you got results. It just wasn’t very efficient. And it wasn’t very accurate.But technical advances have cut down on the number of grains you have to study, so you get your results faster. So I’ll predict thatUranium-Lead Dating is going to become an increasingly popular dating method. There are a few pretty exciting possibilities for Uranium-Lead Dating.Here is one that comes to mind. You know the theory that earth’s continents were once joined together and only split apart relatively recently? Well, with Uranium-Lead Dating, we could prove that more conclusively. If they show evidence of once having been joined, that could really tell us a lot about the early history of the planet’s geology.1.What does the professor mainly discuss?a) The difference in age among American mountain rangesb) The importance of a technique used for dating geological materialsc) The recent discovery of an ancient canyond) A comparison of various minerals used for dating2.Before the use of uranium-lead analysis, where did most geologists think the Grand Canyon sandstone came from?a) An ancient lake located in the American Southwestb) A desert that once connected two continentsc) Sands carried by a river from the Appalachian Mountainsd) A nearby mountain range that had flattened out over time3.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting theTHREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.In the talk, the professor describes the sequence of uranium-lead dating.Summarize the sequence by putting the events in the correct order.Answer Choicesa) Zircon in the sandstone is matched to the zircon in a particular mountain range.b) The amount of lead in sandstone zircon is measured.c) The age of zircon in a sandstone sample is determined.4.According to the professor, what change has caused uranium-lead dating to gain popularity recently?a) It can be performed outside a laboratory.b) It can now be done more efficiently.c) It no longer involves radioactive elements.d) It can be used in fields other than geology.5.Why does the professor talk about the breaking apart of Earth's continents?a) To give another example of how uranium-lead dating might be usefulb) To explain how the Grand Canyon was formedc) To demonstrate how difficult uranium-lead dating isd) To disprove a theory about the age of Earth's first mountain ranges6.What does the professor imply when he says this?a) The class is easier than other geology classesb) The class has already studied the information he is discussingc) Some students should take a course in geological dating techniquesd) He will discuss the topic later in the class第1题：正确答案：B 主旨题对应原文：0'8"-0'36"Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is - dating techniques. I’m going to talk about a particular dating technique. Why? Good dating is a key to good analysis. In other words, if you want to know how a land formation was formed, the first thing you probably want to know is how old it is. It’s fundamental.解析：这篇讲座的主题是年代测定技术。