考研英语阅读理解笔记

考研阅读英语比较与对比法在考研阅读英语中，比较与对比法是常见的一种文章结构和问答方式。

比较与对比法主要是通过对两个或多个事物的相似之处和不同之处进行分析和比较，来揭示事物的特点和关系。

在考研阅读中，比较与对比法常见的应用场景包括：1. 文章结构：某些文章的结构主要围绕两个或多个事物的比较和对比展开，通过列举相似和不同之处来说明观点和主题。

考生需要注意寻找文章中的比较与对比线索，并理清文章的逻辑结构。

2. 解题方式：考研阅读中的多选题、配对题、总结题等常常涉及到比较与对比。

考生需要通过分析题干和选项，找出与原文中被比较事物的相似与不同之处，从而确定正确答案。

在阅读理解中，考生可以采取以下策略应对比较与对比法题目：1. 注意题干关键词：仔细阅读题干，关注与比较和对比相关的关键词，比如"compared to"、"contrast"、"similar"、"different"等。

这些关键词可以帮助考生定位并理解文章中的比较与对比信息。

2. 通读全文：在阅读过程中，要通读整篇文章，全面了解文章内容和结构。

重点关注描述两个或多个事物相似和不同之处的段落，把握文章的比较与对比线索。

3. 划分事物要素：将文章中涉及到的被比较事物的相似和不同要素进行整理和归纳，可以通过制作表格、笔记等方式记录下来。

这有助于理清思路和找出问题的答案。

4. 关注转折词语：在文章中，转折词语常常会提示作者对被比较事物之间的相似和不同关系进行对比和阐述。

注意转折词语如"however"、"but"、"on the other hand"、"in contrast"等的出现，并解读其所在句子的意思。

5. 总结概括：根据文章内容和自己的理解，总结和概括被比较事物之间的主要相似和不同之处。

U ni t22A.单词识记discourage:【v.】阻止；使泄气；使失去信心形近词courage n.勇气，胆量courageous adj.勇敢的；无畏的encouragedevil:【n.】(犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教中的)魔王，撒旦；(用于强调)家伙，人；淘气鬼；冒失鬼elderly:【adj.】上了年纪的bulk:【n.】(大)体积；(大)量；庞大的身躯；巨大的体重；主体；大部分形近词b ul b n.电灯泡；球茎；鳞茎b yp ass:【v.】(通常为更快地实现某事)越过；避开；绕开；(道路)绕过c al ori e:【n.】卡，卡路里(热量单位)facilitate【v.】促进；使便利faint:【adj.】微弱的，暗淡的，虚弱的；不尽力的；敷衍的；半心半意的；晕眩的；虚弱无力的【v.】晕厥；晕倒【n.】昏厥，昏倒fashionable:【adj.】流行的；时髦的；时兴的gratitude:【n.】感恩之情；感谢engineering:【n.】工程；工程学alliance:【n.】(国家或政党的)联盟；同盟backward:【adj.】向后的，往后的；倒退的；不进反退的bait:【n.】饵；诱饵【v.】装饵于；给(鱼钩或陷阱等)上诱饵banquet:【n.】宴会；盛宴constitute:【v.】被视为；可算作；构成；组成copyright:【n.】版权；著作权costly:【adj.】昂贵的；价格高的；造成严重损失的；代价大的d am n:【ad j.】(用于加强语气)该死的；可恶的；十足的；完全的【v.】谴责；指责(政策、行动等) deputy:【n.】副职；副手；副主管；代表；议员C.单词应用D is cou rage[v]阻止2007年阅读新题型W he n a sk ed wh at the y wa nt to do,the y s ho ul d b e dis co uraged f ro m s ay ing“I ha ve no i de a.”Th ey ca n cha ng ecourageous[adj.]勇敢的；无畏的2014年翻译题2007年阅读新题型If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and p ar cel o f a gene ral e du cat io n,itsai ms an d met ho ds sh oul d a pp ea l d ir ect ly to j our nal is m edu ca tor w i s a dis ci pli ne wh ich e ncourag es[adj]上了年纪的2007年阅读Text3E ve n d em ogr ap hic s a re w ork in g aga ins t t he m idd le cl as s f ami ly,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant n ee d f or ph ys ica l a nd f ina nc ial a ssi sta nc e—h ave j ump ed ei ght fo ld i n2006年完型Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will g iv e t he m t hr ee mea ls a da y and a pl acethe bulkT hi s s ug ges ts th at di mm er bu lbs b urn lo ng er,t ha t t he re is an a dv ant ag e i n not be in g too2009年阅读Text1I ns tea d,the new ha bi ts we d eli be rat ely i ng rai n int o our sel ve s cre ate p ara ll el pat hw ay s t ha t c ancalorie[n]卡路里2008年阅读Text3G ro wth,whi ch ra rel y co nti nu es be yon d t he a ge of20,dem and s calories andfacilitate[v]促进2008年阅读Text2faint[adj]不尽力的；敷衍的2011年阅读Text1A s a d es cri ption of t he ne xt mu si c d irect or of a n o rc hes tra t ha t h as hi th ert o bee n l ed b y m us ici an sl ike G us tav M ahler an d P ie rre B ou lez,t hat s eem s l ik el y t o hav e str uck a t lea st so me Ti mes r ea der s as2007年阅读Text3Both the absolute cost of health care and the share of it borne by f am ili es ha ve ri sen—a nd newly f ashio nab le he al th-savings pl an s a re sp readi ng fr om le gisla ti ve ha lls to W al-Ma rt wo rk ers,w it h much2014年阅读Text32007年阅读Text1E ri css on gr ew up in S we den,and s tud ied n uc lea r eng in eering u nt il he realized he would have more2013年阅读Text2I n Feb ruary t he FTC a nd the Dig it al Adv er ti sin g All ia nce(D AA)agreed that the industry would getbackward[adj]向后的2009年完型Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species we’ve left in the dustI.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the r ea l cos ts of ou r o wn i nte ll ige nc e m igh t be.banquet[adj]宴会的2011年阅读Text1H il ton i s b ui ldi ng it s own h ote l the re,w hi ch yo u m ay be su re w ill b e dec or ate d w it h Ham le tH am bur ger B ar s,the L ea r L oun ge,t he Ba nq uet B anq uet in g Roo m,an d so for th,and w ill b e v ery2008年阅读Text2C op yri gh t r es ted wi th t he jo urn al pu bli sh er,a nd re se arc her s seeking knowledge of the resultsdamn[adj]该死的；可恶的2006年阅读Text42011年阅读Text2As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs m ay be m ore w ill ing t o mak e the j ump。

西安电子科技大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比西安电子科技大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题Text3In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me, here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed asincomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search. Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its[A]uncertainty and complexity.[B]misconception and deceptiveness.[C]logicality and objectivity.[D]systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that credibility process requires[A]strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C]individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph3shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A]has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C]has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gy??rgyi would most likely agree that[A]scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C]efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A]Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C]Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now36%do.In2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,more than half of public-sector workers but only about15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving.First,they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party,as its name implies,has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools,the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system,too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36.It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A]Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B]Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C]unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37.Which of the following is true of Paragraph2?[A]Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B]Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C]Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38.It can be learned from Paragraph4that the income in the state sector is[A]illegally secured.[B]indirectly augmented.[C]excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39.The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40.John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.。

考研英语阅读理解b答题技巧技巧一：理解主旨要义做阅读理解最重要的就是要理解文章的主旨要义，通常来讲，英语文章中的主旨句会出现在第一段以及每段的首句，考生在阅读文章的过程中一定要着重理解这些重点部位。

技巧二：理解文中的具体信息找到主旨句之后，就要在阅读过程中多加留意，找出文章中的具体信息。

大家在阅读时要注意两点，首先要先看问题在阅读，带着问题看文章;其次要注意把关键词圈出来，这样能有效帮助你理解文中的有用信息。

技巧三：理解文中的概念性含义阅读理解的文章中往往隐藏这一些概念性的含义，其中不仅包括关于名词的解释，还包括人物的介绍以及大背景的介绍。

一般来说，阅读理解的问题通常不会简单地询问字面上的意思，但答案往往是在这些概念性的阐述中推理出来的。

技巧四：进行有关的推断、推理和引申由于阅读理解的答案不会摆在桌面上任你采撷，必须要你通过推理获得，所以考生在阅读过程中要进行有关的推断、推理和引申。

推理的依据通常包括三种，时间、地点、人物，大家可以通过文章中这三点的变幻获得有用信息。

技巧五：依据上下文推测生词的词义生词也是阅读理解中让人头疼的事情，我们可以把不熟悉的词汇分为两种，面熟的和面生的。

关于面熟的词汇，那么你就把你熟悉的那一部分标记出来，如果这个词语不是超纲词汇的话，那么这个单词很可能是你所熟悉的那一部分的词的引申词汇，意义也可以由此推理一下。

关于面生的词汇，就只能通过学习上下文推测和揣度了，这就必须要你多读上下文，通过理解段落的含义，推敲出词汇的大致意思。

2考研英语阅读B新题型实战解题步骤(1)通读全文。

完成此类题型的第一步就是通读全文。

考生在第一次阅读的时候无必须过于关注文章的细枝末节，只要迅速浏览一下，争取对文章有个大概了解。

为了节省时间，考生可以把重点放在首段和尾段，以及个个段落的首句和尾句，从常理上讲，文章的大意和段落大意即主题应该在这两部分有充分的提示。

在阅读过程中，尤其要注意文章中的黑体字部分，这样在头脑中就可以形成对重点强调内容的一个初步印象为了防止在阅读过程中遗忘，考生可以用简单的词语对各个分论点进行概括总结。

王轶群考研英语“翻译&写作”笔记整理阅读及作文考查要点分析：阅读A——考查：词汇+语法+语言逻辑阅读B——考查：语言逻辑（新题型）阅读C——考查：词汇+语法（翻译）阅读A=阅读B+阅读 C 从翻译（长难句分析及表达）着手。

考研英语的实质用九篇文章（完型1+阅读6+写作2）来考查学生对英语词汇、语法、逻辑的掌握。

汉，写作：汉英，都是考查表达，是英汉思维的转换）王轶群翻译&写作（二者是相通的，翻译：英一、定语和定语从句（一）定语和定从的翻译（中心词为主要部分，修饰语为次要部分）1、一般定从——采用“形容词法”还是“补充成分法”取决于定从的长短一般定从：N +adj. 译成adj.+N; N1+of+N2 N2+of+N2; N1+prep.+N2 prep.+N2+N1;N+定从定从修饰ABCD 几部分并列结构的定从：①（A ，B，C，and D）+定从②A ，B ，C+定从，and D 定从只修饰C 部分③（A，B ，and C）+定从，and D 定从修饰ABC eg ：I have an apple that is red. 我有一个红苹果。

/ 我有一个苹果，苹果是红的。

定从基本翻译法则一：根据英语先主后次、汉语先次后主的原则，定从表修饰，可以将定从当作形容词，放在名词基本翻译法则一定从基本翻译法则一前面来翻译，称之为“形容词法” 。

定从基本翻译法则二：根据定从是不完整句原则，可以将其所缺成分补充完整，一个句子分译成两个分句，称之为基本翻译法则二定从基本翻译法则二“补充成分法” 。

2、嵌套定从（定从套定从/后置定语）——如：2003 年64 题& 2005 年47 题嵌套定从翻译原则：外面的大定从相对较长，采取“补充成分法” ；里面的小定从相对较短，采用“形容词法” 。

嵌套定从翻译原则3、后置定语——后置定语是定从中省略了关系词和be 动词（虚动词）之后形成的 e g ：2001 年71 题：There will be television chat shows (翻译时补充上that will be)hosted by…… 后置定语翻译法则：后置定语翻译法则：将后置定语补充上关系词和be 动词，按照定从的翻译法则来处理。

A：When it comes tothe slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling orpolishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend＄12 to ＄50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly Stopped showing up.biting her nails=scratch one’s head不知所措，束手无策；when it comes to名词，主谓。

a用法：引出文章topicb翻译为：当提到。

时当谈及。

时Writing： when it comes to 题目，opinions vary。

Many tend to claim that 。

Others，however，may contend thatclaim 主张，认为 some——some peopleHold many——many peopleArgue few——Contend those——注：日本人——Those who are from japan，（写作：简单问题复杂化。

）省略“people”Those who are from average universities。

Top university谓语。

B、This is an explosive situation（危急关头，可怕局面）for any industry（行业）, particularly a declining one.Slowing/Falling/Declining/Fading*slowing 减速的 *falling 日以下跌的，逐渐下跌的Acceleration加速falling communication costsSlowdown减速 falling transportation costs/spending/budgetGrowing industrial competitiveness of emerging economies*declining 衰退的，走下坡路的A declining industry global economic decline例：北师大now is on the decline while 东北师大is now on the riseIndustry 行业Energy-intensive industryAuto industryOne作代词仿：This is an explosive situation for any country，particularly for a developing one。

2014英语二Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is ________.[A] critical [B] supportive [C] sympathetic [D] ambiguous3323. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that ________.[A] consumers are sometimes irrational34[B] popularity35 usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are often effective[D] rarity36 generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money ________.[A] has left much room f or readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile37 purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement3825. This text mainly discusses how to ________.[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money39 won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable40 in spending on luxuries【干货笔记】1. emerge v. 出现；浮现emergence n. 出现；浮现2. undivided lottery jackpot 彩票头奖3. fortune n. 财富；命运；运气4. yield v. 屈服；生产；获利n. 投资收益；生产量yield lasting feelings of fulfillment 产生持久的满足感5. do worse than … 不妨试试…6. academic adj. 学术的; 理论的; 学院的n. 学者; 大学生, 大学教师7. an array of … 一组…8. rewarding adj. 有回报的；有益的；值得的9. counterintuitive adj. 违反直觉的intuitively adv. 直觉地；直观地10. ① visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes 幻想着豪华的汽车和奢华的房子② fancy n. 想象力fanciful adj. 幻想的；奇异的③ myth n. 神话mythical adj. 神话(式)的；幻想出来的④ extravagant adj. 奢侈的，奢华的11. satisfy v. 满足，使满意be satisfied with … 对...满意（= be content with …）satisfaction n. 满意; 满意度job satisfaction 工作满意度12. material purchases 物质购买13. wear off 磨损14. creep in 悄然而至15. this slim volume 这本薄薄的书【数量】①number n. 数量② amount n. 数量③quantity n. 数量④volume n. 量，总量；音量；体积；容量；(书的)卷，册16. be packed with 挤满17. tip n. 小费；尖端；小建议，小窍门18. slave n. 奴隶19. shorten their commutes to work 缩短他们上下班的路程commute n. 通勤20. whopping adj. 巨大的21. luxury n. 奢侈，豪华；奢侈品22. sparingly adv. 节俭地；保守地23. restricts the availability of its popular McRib 限制了其广受欢迎的烤汁猪扒堡的供应24. a marketing trick 种营销技巧25. an object of obsession 迷恋的对象26. privileged adj. 享有特权的; 特许的27. fulfillment n. 满足；完成；履行28.【缺乏，稀少，稀缺】①scarcity n. 不足，缺乏；稀少，稀缺性②rare adj. 稀有的，罕见的③ be short of…缺少…，缺乏…④lack of… 缺少…，缺乏…29. enhance v. 改善，提高，增加30.【授权】①mandate v. 授权；命令② be authorized to 授权③ empower v. 授权，准许；使能够④be entitled to…有权…；有资格…31. reducing tax incentive 减税的刺激32. homebuyer 购房者33. critical adj. 批判的，爱挑剔的；至关重要的supportive adj. 支持的sympathetic adj. 同情的ambiguous adj. 模糊不清的34.【理性vs感性】① rational adj. 合理的；理性的irrational adj. 不合理的；无理性的rational irrationality 理性胡闹② reasonable adj. 理性的，合理的③ emotional adj. 感情的, 情感的, 情绪的emotional and right-brained 情绪化，右脑的（感性的）35. popularity n. 普及，流行36. rarity n. 稀有；珍品；稀薄37. worthwhile adj. 值得做的，值得花时间的38. sense of achievement 成就感39. spend large sums of money 花了很多钱40. reasonable adj. 理性的；合理的( = rational )。

新东方06年考研阅读笔记(金威)passion 激情,热情motivation 动力,动机inspiration 启迪,启发,灵感practice 练习1.further study English2.career objective3.to rebuild your self-confidence一．考研阅读的基本情况:1．重要性:”考研成败在于英语,英语成败在于阅读”——阅读40分,应拿到26分以上2．题型:见九大题型解题思路详解3．阅读思维的改变scanning→close reading(精读) 快速阅读→仔细阅读解题技巧要转变4．文章特点:三个特色⑴在内容上,分为三大类别:①科学即自然科学: 出题不多,主要涉及医学.生物学,科学史等②社会科学: 强调时效性※考查重点※从历年真题上看,出题以社会科学为主,特别强调时效性(hot spot 热点)社会科学涉及的领域-- a)经济学(每年必考):inflation通货膨胀deflation通货紧缩mortgage抵押贷款instalment分期付款b)教育学(每年考) c)心理学(隔年考) d)传播学一定不涉及的领域-- 政治科学.国际政治③人文科学: 出题不多,主要涉及文学评论.杂文.散文.essay等⑵在题材上,大纲要求四类文章: 议论文80% 说明文20% 记叙文应用文从历年真题上看,出题以议论文和说明文为主说明文:主要是科学类文章,要求抓住说明对象议论文:主要是以第一人称议论,要求抓住作者观点⑶在语言文化上,以美国英语和文化为主5．文章题材来源以社科文章为主,特别强调时效性,并文科文章为主四体裁-- 议论文(作者观点).说明文.记叙文.应用文(考研以前两种文体为主占考试90%,后两者几乎不考)新体裁-- 散文.文学评论(考研中占10%左右)主要来源--英美期刊杂志.学术文章.英美本科教材主要考查美国,通过《英美概况》《英美文化教程》了解相关文化背景及历史American dream 美国梦--freedom.opportunity decline 衰落,下降CIA=central intelligence agency 中央情报局filibuster v.阻碍,n.演说命题题材-- 经济学(每年必考) .教育学(基本每年一篇).心理学(每两年考一篇).传播学6．大纲对于阅读理解的基本要求⑴阅读速度:每分钟60个英文单词(要求进行close reading——精细阅读)⑵理解文章主旨要意⑶理解文章具体信息(要求理解长难句)⑷理解文章的概念性含义(concept)⑸能进行相关的判断.推理和引申(imply infer 推理题的答案为原文概念的转述)⑹能根据上下文推测生词的词意⑺理解文章的总体结构⑻理解作者的意图.观点和态度⑼能够区分论点和论据二．考研阅读的整体解题思路:四步走‘总原则1∶1原则(通读时间与做题时间对等)1.扫描题干,找出关键词.(获线索得框架)(1)文章叙述的主要内容(2)文章中有无题到核心概念(3)作者大致态度(赞同/反对/赞同&反对)2.第一步:通读全文,抓住中心.(不推荐采用先看题目后读文章的做法)阅读原则:A.首段原则:文章第一段必须逐字逐句理解透切,可以重读或回读首段的作用:①中心段②抛砖引玉B.首末句原则:除首段和末段,其余各段的首末句一定要读懂,其他各句正常阅读3.仔细审题,返回原文,关键定位做题三大原则:A.关键词定位原则:由题干出发,寻找题干关键词.首先大写字母.数字等,其次是表示时间.地点.人物的词B.自然定位原则:出题顺序与行文顺序基本保持一致C.长难句定位原则:长难句必出题4.第三步:重叠选项,得出答案.具体来讲,可以设原文意思为A,选项意思为B -- A.缩小范围既为答案 B.扩大范围不是答案A 为答案A 非答案A 非答案A 非答案若A=B,则B为正确答案；若A.B不相关,则B不为正确答案,即原文没有提到的,一定不是答案；若B为A的反面,即B与A矛盾,则B不为正确答案；若A的内容包含B,则B为正确答案；若B的内容包含A,则B不为正确答案,属于扩大范围的错误；若A.B有交集不重叠,则B不为正确答案.必须记住:选一个选项应有选的理由,不选一个选项也应有不选的理由.三．宏观阅读技巧:1．花开两朵,各表一枝: 即在文章开始提出两个核心概念,随后分段论述.这种文章关键是两个概念的定义,以及它们的区别和联系. 2．出现独句段: 即一个句子单独成段.特别是当其出现在文章最开始或结束的时候,它一般是文章的中心思想.3．层层递进: 文章整体或几个段落论述的问题有从抽象到具体.从初级到高级.从简单到复杂的过程,且各段开始都出现递进词.这种文章的中心或几段的核心观点必然出现在层层递进各段的最后一段.4．问题答案型(question-answer): 文章第一段中出现一个问题,在随后各段提供该问题的答案.这种文章的中心就是该问题最直接最主要的答案.5．时文的特点: ⑴耸人听闻,吸引眼球⑵貌似客观⑶抛砖引玉一般来说,时文的中心会出现在首段的最后一句话或第二段的首句.段落固有模式:(1)．中心句(段首句)--具体论述--中心句(段尾句)如果段首句和段尾句是呼应的话,那么它们之间的话是支持话,可能泛着说一下,但最终支持段首或段尾.(2)．中心句(段首句)--具体论述(3)．过渡句-----具体论述(4)．中心句(段首句)-----具体论述------转折------具体论述(5)．具体论述-----中心句(段尾句)(6)．句句展开式(无明显主题句)文章特点:(1)．一般来说任何文章都只有一个主题.(2)．注意看清文章时由几个自然段构成. 要注意文章的段与段之间是顺成结构还是转折结构.(3)．注意抓两类文体: A议论文抓作者中心观点和作者态度. B说明文抓说明对象和作者态度.(4)．注意文章的一些固有结构A起承转合型:注意抓出起.合的前后呼应. B花开两朵型:注意抓出两个核心概念的区别和联系.C文体答案型:一般来说,问题是文章的中心,阅读的目的是为了寻找答案.四．微观阅读技巧:1．句子中的标点符号的作用:(1)句号,分隔句子.以”.”为单位,把段分隔成块,而后逐个击破.(2)逗号,两个逗号之间是补充说明成份时,在阅读过程中可以跳过去不读.(3)冒号,后面进一步补充说明前面的内容,冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程.(4)分号,并列结构,语义上的并列,结构上的并列.(5)破折号,两个”——”之间是补充说明成份,可以先不去读.(6)引号,一种是引用别人观点,其作用要么是作为支持的观点,要么作为批判的对象；另一种是说反话,表示反语.(7)括号,补充说明,解释生词.2．长难句解析方法:先抓主干,找出复杂句最核心的成分,再层层扩展.常见的长难句种的基本语法结构:⑴形式主语或宾语⑵强调结构⑶非限定性定语从句⑷同位语从句⑸倒装结构⑹虚拟语气⑺省略3．类比关系:⑴可以把类比看作特殊的例证⑵识别一下,作者把什么比喻成了什么4．虚拟语气:表达一种反事实假设.例如:If you were/had come here yesterday, you would have seen that famous professor. 作者用虚拟语气一般表示建议.态度和观点. 五．九大题型解题思路详解:1．细节事实题:⑴标志: ①题干中明确提到的时间.地点.人物等细节信息②针对文章中的一句或几句发问③题干和选项之间是因果关系[以5个W(what,why,where,who,when),和一个H(how)提问的]⑵做题的关键在于返回原文①根据题干中的时间.地点.人物返回原文②根据出题顺序返回原文(60%的准度)③根据题干中的重点词或其同义词返回原文(如名词.动词.形容词,70%的准度)④找原文中的难句定位,一般来说,难句都是出题点.⑶迷惑人的手段: ①单词替换②颠倒因果③扩大范围④常识判断2．例证题:⑴标志:case example illustration demonstration exemplify demonstrate illustrate⑵做题的关键在于:是否能找到例子支持的论点,而不在于能否看懂例子⑶做题的步骤:①首先返回原文定位该例子②然后80%向上.20%向下搜索该例子支持的论点③在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致.意思最接近的一个才是正确答案3．词汇题:⑴标志:在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组,要求辨别其意思⑵做题的关键在于:该单词本身并不重要,重要的是该单词的上下文⑶如果该单词认识,并不超出大纲,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案,其正确答案是根据上下文推测的一个更加深刻的含义⑷做题的方法:可以使用两种方法从上下文进行推理: ①代入替换法②在上下文中寻找同词性的词或词组4．句子理解题:⑴标志:在题干中明确指出原文中的一句话,要求理解其意思⑵做题的关键在于:返回原文对出题的句子进行语法解析,要精确理解其涵义⑶做此类题目时重要的并不是上下文,而是句子本身⑷正确答案与原句之间是一种同义关系,其中没有任何推理过程5．指代题:⑴标志:在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词,要求辨别其指代关系. 常考的指代词有:it that one⑵做题的步骤:①首先返回原文定位该指代词,并且90%向上.10%向下搜索其指代的词.词组或句子②然后在四个选项中找出与所找到的词.词组或句子意思最接近的一个作为答案(3)错误的形成:①正反混淆/无中生有②过分绝对/扩大范围/因果倒置/推的过远/就事论事/常识判断6．推理题:⑴标志:关键词:infer imply⑵整体思路:①绝大多数推理题是原文意思的同义表达,正确答案与原文之间没有任何推理关系②做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系⑶如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤,那么与原文意思最接近.所用推理最少的选项即是正确答案4)注意: 话中话的间接表达句或比喻句或反语或长难句,这些含义深刻结构复杂的句子则为出题所在7．作者态度题:⑴标志:关键词:attitude believe deem consider regard⑵作者态度只分为三大类:①支持.赞同.乐观②客观.中立③反对.批评.怀疑.悲观常见的态度词有(除此之外,没有其他的作者态度)Opposition反对suspicion怀疑的Approval支持indifference冷漠(一般不选) Optimistic乐观的subjective主观的objective客观的pessimistic悲观的biased有偏见的impartial偏心的sensitive 敏感的⑶有些选项是固定不能作为正确答案的: indifferent subjective biased puzzling⑷识别作者态度有以下方法: ①找文中带有感情色彩的名次.动词.形容词.副词②根据作者举的例子判断8．判断题:⑴标志:①which of the following statement is not ture/correct/mentioned?②All of the following statements are ture /correct/mentioned except?⑵整体思路:①首先应判断是三错一对还是三对一错所谓”对”是指符合原文所谓”错”是指和原文有矛盾,或原文未提及②每一个选项都应力争返回原文,不能通过印象进行判断⑶特别关注: ①转折处②最高级③感情色彩的词(褒贬含义)9．主旨题:⑴标志:best title main idea main problem conclusion⑵整体思路:利用宏观阅读技巧做主旨题⑶特别要小心首段.末段陷阱⑷做题的方法:快速作文法:依据选项.快速作文.与原文核对考研文章难点:1.单词量不大,但是句型结构复杂.55002.作者的态度导出具有隐蔽性3.选项的设计具有迷惑性六．复习策略和方法:1．精读真题:要求做到①真题中没有任何一个单词是生词②真题中没有任何一个长句是难句③真题中每个选项都知道其在原文中的相应出处复习方法:⑴朗读和背诵⑵制作三套卡片:①单词:正面单词,背面音标及意思②长难句:正面原句,背面翻译③精彩表达的积累,用于写作2．快速重复背单词:强调背诵的”快”和”重复”⑴要降低一次背诵的期望值,重复是解决遗忘的最好办法⑵背单词不要利用黄金时间和整块时间3．定量定范围泛读⑴推荐刊物:①《China Daily》主要看的版面:business world economy culture opinion ②《21st Century》③《英语世界》《新东方英语》《经济学家(economist)》《US news and world reports》(2)推荐语法书:①《中学生英语语法》②《Cambridge English Grammar》(3)推荐字典:①《牛津高级学习者词典》《朗文当代英语词典》②《韦氏大学版词典》4．做少量模拟题⑴验证自己在真题中形成的解题思路⑵扩大阅读范围※注意:一定要做错误分析※。

2016英语二Text1It’s true that high-school coding classes1aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses2, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s Schoo l of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure3is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of4 letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses5. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes6 as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks7 and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field8 and help fill the jobs gap9, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim10, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students11 away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming12, started as one of the many coding bootcamps13that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum14, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in15,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance16, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron clas s probably won’t drop out of high school17 and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover18, so the “Ruby on Rails” language19 they learned may not even be relevant20 by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn —how to think logically21through a problem and organize the results —apply to22any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant23 for the state of North Carolina.Indeed24, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole25purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by26 computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives27. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to ________.A. complete future job trainingB. remodel the way of thinking28C. formulate logical hypotheses29D. perfect artwork production22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers30, Flatiron has considered their ________.A. experienceB. interestC. career prospectsD. academic backgrounds3123. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________.A. help students learn other computer languagesB. have to be upgraded32 when new technologies comeC. need improving when students look for jobsD. enable students to make big quick money24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ________.A. bring forth33 innovative computer technologiesB. stay longer in the information technology industryC. become better prepared for the digitalized34 worldD. compete with a future army of programmers25. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________.A. persuade35B. frighten36C. misguide37D. challenge【干货笔记】1. coding classes 编码课程2. introductory courses 入门课程3. exposure n. 暴露; 曝光; 揭露; 陈列4. a confusing, endless string of … 一连串令人困惑，无穷无尽的…5. hypotheses n. 假说( hypothesis的名词复数)；假设；（凭空的）猜想；猜测6. transform their thought processes 改变他们的思维过程7. bite-sized chunks 小块8. 【领域】① land n. 陆地; 国土; 国家; [法] 包含地上物的地域v. 使登岸(陆)；使降落; [口]陷入, 到达; 依靠② field n. 田地；活动场地; 领域③ area n. 地面; 面积; 地区; 空地; 庭院; 范围; 平地; 领域④ domain n. 领土；范围；领域in the public domain 在公共领域内⑤ realm n. 领域9. fill the jobs gap 填补工作空缺10. packed to the brim 塞得满满的11. less-experienced or -determined students 经验不足或意志薄弱的学生12. programming n. 规划, 设计; 编程13. coding bootcamps 编程训练营14. curriculum n. (全部)课程15. gear lessons toward things they’re interested in 教他们学习他们感兴趣的东西16. For in stance, … = For example, … 例如, … (写作亮点）17. drop out of high school 高中辍学18. turnover n. 营业额; 流动; 成交量; 翻覆19. “Ruby on Rails” language （一种编程语言）20. relevant adj. 相关的21. logic n. 逻辑logical adj. 合乎逻辑的logically adv. 逻辑上；合乎逻辑logicality n. 逻辑性；合理性22. apply to … 应用于…; 适用于…23. consultant n. 顾问24. Indeed adv. 确实，的确（表并列、顺承关系）25. sole adj. 仅仅；只是26. be surrounded by 被... 包围surround v. 包围；环绕surroundings n. (周围的)环境27. rest n. 休息; 剩余的…, 其余的…for the rest of their lives 在他们的余生里28. remodel the way of thinking 改变思维方式29. formulate logical hypotheses 提出逻辑假设30. deliver lessons for high-schoolers 给高中生上课31. academic backgrounds 学术背景32. upgraded adj. 提高的；改善的33. bring forth 提出34. digital adj. 数字的digital products 数码产品digital economy 数字经济digital divide 数字鸿沟digitalize v. 数字化digitalized world 数字化世界35. persuade v. 说服；劝说36. frighten v. 使惊吓；吓唬…37. misguide v. 误导。

题目：2020年考研英语(一)阅读 text 4精读精讲一、文章背景介绍2020年考研英语(一)试卷中的阅读部分包含了多篇文章，其中的text 4是考查考生阅读理解能力的重要部分。

text 4通常会涉及一些社会热点话题或者学术性较强的文章，考生在备考时需要对该文章进行精读精讲，掌握其中的语言知识和阅读技巧。

二、文章内容解析1.文章主题text 4的主题通常会涉及社会、政治、文化等方面的内容，对考生的综合能力提出了一定的要求。

考生需要通过对文章的理解和分析，把握文章的中心思想，理清文中的脉络，找出文章的主题是什么，作者想要表达的观点是什么。

2.文章结构文章的结构是文章理解的关键，它决定了考生在阅读时应该如何去理解文章的脉络和逻辑关系。

一般来说，文章的结构可以分为引子、主体和结论三部分。

引子部分主要是引出文章的主题，主体部分是对主题的展开和阐释，结论部分是对整篇文章做一个总结和概括。

在阅读text 4时，考生需要注意文章的结构，做好结构分析。

3.文章语言考研英语text 4的语言较为严谨，使用了大量的学术性表达和复杂的句型结构。

考生需要通过精读精讲，掌握文章中的重点词汇和句式，增加自己的词汇量和语言表达能力。

三、文章解读技巧1.注重细节在阅读text 4时，考生需要注重文章中的细节，通过细节提取能够更好地理解文章的主旨，加深对文章的理解。

2.善用语境在阅读时，考生需要善用语境，通过上下文的逻辑关系来理解文章中的难句，增加阅读的效率。

3.多角度分析阅读text 4时，考生需要通过多角度的分析来解读文章，从不同的角度去理解文章，找出文章中的深层含义。

四、文章解读步骤1.预读在开始阅读text 4之前，考生需要先对文章进行预读，把握文章的主题和结构，增加对文章的整体把握。

2.精读精讲考生需要对文章进行精读精讲，理清文章的逻辑思路，找出文章的重点和难点。

3.总结归纳精读完毕后，考生需要对文章进行总结归纳，把握文章的关键信息，做好笔记和归纳。

考研英语长难句刘晓燕基础班笔记-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1第一节、句子的成分（词性）1谓语1)谓语的成分 Your mother must （be）very beautiful情态动词不能做谓语一定要具备时态有时态的实意动词（主谓宾结构）或系动词（主系表结构）充当谓语。

2)一句话当中能不能多？绝对不能，一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在，并且充当谓语，多余的动词全部都要变成非谓语动词。

独立主格（主语不一致）-分词作状语（）谓语只能是动词；动词只能做谓语，所以，我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成不是动词，把动词变成不是动词，在动词后加v-ing主动，v-ed被动，to do目的，这三个有一个共同的名字叫非谓语动词，非谓语动词可以在句子中充当所有成分，除了谓语一句话当中有多个动词，选意思最重要的那个动词充当句子的谓语一句话当中只能有一个动词充当谓语，其他动词要变成非谓语动词3)一句话当中动词能不能少（句子必须具备主谓）绝对不能，当一句话当中需要动词而又没有动词的时候，永远都加be动词，并且be动词没有意思。

非谓语动词充当主语时谓语动词用单数谓语的总结：一句话当中有且只能有一个有时太的实意动词或系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。

2主语1）主语的成分名词、代词（只替代名词的出现）、非谓语动词、从句（引导词加句子）2）主语能不能少3）绝对不能，那一句话没有主语时应该怎么办呢？A.加it作为主语：必须和天气温度时间有关系哦B.There be“有”be=exist，remain，seem-有C.被动作文中所有用人称代词打头的句子，都可以考虑写成被动。

以下三种情况没有被动：a)当动词的后面有介词的时候，这个动词没有被动b)所有的系动词都没有被动c)当have翻译成有的时候，have没有被动D.人称代词不到万不得已千万不要用人称代词I、You、We如果有梦想，就应该会成功If there seems a dream,glories are supposed to be attained3宾语1)宾语的成分名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句4表语1）表语的成分名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语四、简单句在写作中的使用1.所有写不来的单词都可以写成自己会的词汇，反正老师也不知道我想表达的意思2.所有不来的长难句暂时先写成简单句，一定要保证语法正确越来越多的大学生自杀，这个事实表明我们应该关注这个话题了An increasing amount of university students killed themselves ，so weshould care about the problem作业：第一章全部看一遍，15个练习题做完第一章练习题的后面第二节并列句一、什么是并列句二、并列句：就是在两个句子中间加个连词三、常见的连词1.平行关系：and、not only…but alsoSimilarly、equally、likewise、 at the same time2.转折关系：but、yet、while、whereasHowever、nevertheless、conversely、unfortunately、by contrast、on the contrary3.递进（顺承）关系：thenBesides、furthermore、moreover、additionally、subsequently4.因果关系：for；soThus、therefore、as a result、consequently5.选择关系：orAlternatively四、并列句在写作中的使用：写作中只要上下句之间有逻辑关系就一定要用逻辑关系词逻辑关系词：连词、副词、介词短语“，”不能连接两个句子，当使用副词，介词短语不能连接两个句子连词和其他的逻辑关系词的区别在于：连词的前面有没有“。

考研英语笔记｜刘晓艳语法和长难句｜第二章并列句●一、什么是并列句●就是用连词连接两个句子。

●eg. He always takes everything seriously, so he can achieve success effortlessly.（so是并列连词，表因果关系，连接了两个简单句。

）●二、并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词●1.常见的并列连词●1⃣️ 平行关系（并且、而且）：and，not only…but also，both…and…，either…or…，neither…nor…等●2⃣️ 转折关系（然而、但是）：but，while，yet，whereas等●3⃣️ 选择关系（或者、要么）：or，whether…or…等●4⃣️ 因果关系（因为、所以）：for，so等●5⃣️ 递进关系（然后、再者）：then等●2.与并列连词同义的逻辑关系词●1⃣️ 平行关系：●副词：similarly，equally，likewise等●介词短语：at the same time，in the meanwhile等●2⃣️ 转折关系：●副词：however，nevertheless，conversely，unexpectedly，unfortunately等●介词短语：on the contrary，by contrast等●3⃣️ 选择关系：●副词：alternatively等●4⃣️ 因果关系：●副词：therefore，thus，consequently等●介词短语：as a result，as aconsequence等●5⃣️ 递进关系：●副词：besides，addition，subsequently等●介词短语：in addition等●⚠️注：当在写作中用这些非连词替换并列连词时，一定要记住它们前面不能用逗号，而要写成句号，因为副词或介词短语是不能直接连接两个句子的。

●3.连词与逻辑关系词的区别●1⃣️ 使用连词时，可以加逗号，也可以不加●I love you，but you love my money.或I love you but you love my money.●2⃣️ 使用副词或介词时，必须把逗号变句号，或者是在副词或介词短语前加连词and。

考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解附译文1. Hunting for a job late last year , lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder , a job database on the Internet . He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “ personal search agent ”.结构：•Hunting for a job late last year [状] ,•lawyer Gant Redmon [主] stumbled across [谓] CareerBuilder , a job database on the Internet [宾] .•He [主] searched [谓1] it with no success [宾1] but was attracted [谓2] by the site’s “ personal search agent ” [宾2]单词：Stumble vi.踉跄绊脚词组：Hunt for 寻找Stumble across 偶然遇见意外发现解析：•but连接两个并列句，共用主语he直译：去年年末找工作的时候，；律师GR意外发现了CB，一个互联网上的工作数据库。

他在这上面并没有找到工作，但是他被网站的“个人搜索代理”吸引了。

译文：去年年底，在找工作时，甘特雷德曼律师偶然发现了CB这样一个网上求职资料库。

他搜索了一下没什么收获，但却被该网站的“个人搜索代理”所吸引重点：•Stumble across 偶然遇见意外发现•but连接两个并列句，共用主语he2. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location , title , and salary , then E-mail them when a matching position is posted in the database .结构：•It’s an interactive feature [主1]•同位语从句：that lets visitors [主] key in [谓] job criteria such as location , title , and salary [宾],•then E-mail [谓1] them [宾1]•时间状语从句：when a matching position [主] is posted [谓（被动）] in the database [状]单词：Feature n.特点特征功能criteria n.标准条件词组：Such as 例如解析：•that引导同位语从句，补充说明interactive feature•Then...的主语是interactive feature•When 引导时间状语从句直译：这是一个互动的功能，让访问者输入工作条件，例如位置，岗位和薪水等等，之后，当在数据库中贴出了合适的岗位时，就给他们发电子邮件译文：其所具有的互动性让访问者输入求职标准，比如工作地点，工作职位以及薪水等。

东南大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比东南大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题Text3Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely-though by no means uniformly-glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years-so why shouldn't we?Take a broader look at our species'place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the"Red List"of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature(IUCN),and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable, currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example,the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.That's one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.As so often,the past holds the key to the future:wehave now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure,the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A]our desire for lives of fulfillment[B]our faith in science and technology[C]our awareness of potential risks[D]our belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCN’s“Red List”suggest that human being are[A]a sustained species[B]a threaten to the environment[C]the world’s dominant power[D]a misplaced race33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph5?[A]Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B]Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C]The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D]Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to[A]explore our planet’s abundant resources[B]adopt an optimistic view of the world[C]draw on our experience from the past[D]curb our ambition to reshape history35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Uncertainty about Our Future[B]Evolution of the Human Species[C]The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D]Science,Technology and HumanityText4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The8-0objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36.Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B]disturbed the power balance between different states.[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies.37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A]Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants‘information.[B]States’independence from federal immigration law.[C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A]violated the Constitution.[B]undermined the states’interests.[C]supported the federal statute.[D]stood in favor of the states.39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A]outweighs that held by the states.[B]is dependent on the states’support.[C]is established by federal statutes.[D]rarely goes against state laws.40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world,working both inside and outside academia.According to the World Social Science Report2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about11%every year since2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change,security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger,from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.Here, too,the problems are social:the organization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. Today,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or“climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues,their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example.And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding(44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.Social scientistswho complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon2020,a new program to be enacted in2014,would not have such a category,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A]It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B]However,the numbers are still small:in2010,about1,600of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C]the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security,marine research and the bio-economy,clear,efficient energy;and inclusive,innovative and secure societies.[D]the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community,and what it considers to be its main goal.Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists,especially the young ones.[E]These issues all have root causes in human behavior.All require behavioral change and social innovations,as well as technological development.Stemming climate change,for example,is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F]Despite these factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.And in Europe,some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it withincross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G]During the late1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate-varied from around 4%to25%;in most European nations,it is about15%.。

考研英语超级精读笔记猫叔摘要：I.引言- 介绍考研英语的重要性- 提出精读笔记的概念II.猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记- 介绍猫叔的背景和经验- 阐述猫叔精读笔记的特点- 注重语法和词汇- 强调阅读理解- 针对考研英语新题型III.猫叔精读笔记的使用方法- 阅读前的准备工作- 选择合适的教材- 了解自己的薄弱环节- 阅读过程中的技巧- 注重速度和效率- 及时总结和复习- 阅读后的反思和总结- 分析自己的错误原因- 制定针对性的改进措施IV.猫叔精读笔记的效果和评价- 提高考生的阅读理解能力- 帮助考生掌握考研英语新题型- 受到广大考生的好评和认可正文：考研英语超级精读笔记猫叔随着考研英语的重要性日益凸显，越来越多的考生开始寻找有效的备考方法。

其中，精读笔记被认为是一种非常有效的学习方式。

本文将为大家介绍一位备受推崇的考研英语精读笔记专家——猫叔，以及他的超级精读笔记。

猫叔是一位有着丰富考研英语辅导经验的专家，他的精读笔记以注重语法和词汇、强调阅读理解、针对考研英语新题型而著称。

猫叔认为，语法和词汇是英语学习的基础，只有掌握了这两点，才能在考研英语中取得高分。

因此，他的精读笔记特别注重这两方面的讲解，旨在帮助考生打牢基础。

此外，猫叔的精读笔记还强调阅读理解。

他认为，阅读理解是考研英语的重要组成部分，只有通过大量阅读，才能提高阅读速度和理解能力。

因此，他的精读笔记选取了大量的真题和模拟题进行讲解，让考生在实战中提高阅读理解能力。

针对考研英语新题型，猫叔的精读笔记也给出了独特的见解。

他结合自己的辅导经验，总结出了一套应对新题型的方法和技巧，帮助考生在考试中游刃有余。

那么，如何使用猫叔的精读笔记呢？首先，考生在阅读前要进行充分的准备工作，如选择合适的教材、了解自己的薄弱环节等。

阅读过程中，要注重速度和效率，及时总结和复习所学内容。

阅读后，要反思和总结自己的阅读经历，分析错误原因，并制定针对性的改进措施。

总之，猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记为考生提供了一种有效的备考方法。

考研英语超级精读笔记猫叔（最新版）目录1.猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记概述2.笔记的主要内容和价值3.猫叔的推荐网课和公众号4.猫叔的考研英语翻译笔记5.猫叔的建议和提醒正文猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记概述猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记是一份非常实用且详细的考研英语学习资料。

这份笔记是猫叔在准备考研过程中自己整理出来的，不仅参考了教材的讲解，还融入了自己的做题方法和经验。

猫叔的笔记涵盖了考研英语的各个方面，从词汇到语法，从阅读理解到写作，都有详细的讲解和实例。

对于考研英语的学习，这份笔记具有很高的参考价值。

笔记的主要内容和价值猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记主要包括以下几个方面：1.阅读理解：猫叔根据自己的做题经验，总结出了阅读理解的解题技巧和方法，这些方法不仅简单易懂，而且十分实用。

同时，猫叔还提供了大量的阅读理解练习题，帮助考生提高阅读理解能力。

2.完形填空：猫叔在完形填空部分详细介绍了题型特点和解题技巧，并且为考生提供了很多实用的做题方法。

3.新题型：猫叔对考研英语新题型的解题方法进行了深入研究，并整理出了一套完整的解题笔记。

这些笔记对考生来说非常有价值，可以帮助他们在考试中迅速找到解题思路。

4.翻译：猫叔的翻译笔记主要包括翻译技巧和实例分析。

这些内容对考生提高翻译能力非常有帮助。

猫叔的推荐网课和公众号猫叔在文章中推荐了一些网课和公众号，这些课程和公众号可以为考生提供更多的学习资源和帮助。

以下是猫叔推荐的课程和公众号：1.考研英语新题型做题方法讲解视频2.一烫公众号：这个公众号上有很多真题分栏整理资料，方便考生做题。

猫叔的考研英语翻译笔记猫叔的考研英语翻译笔记是一份非常实用的学习资料。

猫叔在笔记中详细介绍了考研英语翻译的技巧和方法，并且为考生提供了大量的实例分析。

这些内容对考生提高翻译能力非常有帮助。

猫叔的建议和提醒猫叔在文章中为考生提供了一些建议和提醒，这些建议和提醒可以帮助考生更好地备考考研英语。

以下是猫叔的一些建议和提醒：1.做题过程中要注意时间管理，不要过分追求速度而忽略了正确率。

考研英语笔记长难句分析找连接词 断句并列连词并列:and;not only ...but also;both...and;选择 or;neither...nor;转折 but;yet;while;因果 for;so;连接有着“并列的，同等语法地位的”单词，词组或句子。

从属连词引导名词性从句that引导主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句时：只起连接作用；在句中无实际意义；在宾语从句中可省略。

if；whether表达是否的意义，但不做句子成分。

引导副词性从句(状语从句)找动词 主谓找逻辑关系词+指示代词英语阅读做题步骤重点阅读，抓住中心。

(读文章首尾段和其他段落的首尾句)文中叙述的主要内容；文中核心词汇；(同义替换)作者大概态度；仔细审题，返回原文定位。

定位词可能被同义替换；定位原则关键词定位时间、数字、人名等专有名词普通名词动词顺序定位看清楚题目问的是谁的看法；重叠选项，得出答案。

做题方法细节题关键词定位按照题目出题顺序定位中心主旨题主旨句位置开篇点题型—主旨开篇第一句。

先破后立型—主旨一般位于开篇(p1或p2)转折处[特殊情况：开篇转折句+最后一段观点句—基本通篇都在驳斥他人观点。

]事例引出型—主旨在细节描述之后。

自问自答型—开篇处设问,答案就是全文主旨(除去答案特别细节)花开两朵p1主旨；p2论据；p3:but对论据内部转折。

p1主旨；p2论据；p3:but对主旨递进转折。

作者态度题首尾句串读关注形容词或副词（带有明显感情色彩）转折后情态动词之后推理题出题标志infer，imply，learn，indicate，suggest解题思路最近原则：与主旨意思最接近。

中心句同义替换推理题遵循最近原则，直接定位，不作替换。

猜词题、猜句子题根据定位句子联系上下文来找同义词或近义词，根据情感色彩来判断。

例证题例子本身不重要，重要的是例子支持的观点。

观点一般出现在例子之前。