英语句子结构(主谓宾定状补的划分)

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1 词性 词性 英语名称及缩写形式 定义 例句

实 词

名词 Noun ( n. ) 表示人或事物的名称 I bought a book. (书) She is a student. (学生)

代词 Pronoun ( pron. ) 代替名词、数词等 He likes that book because it is very useful to him.

动词 Verb ( v. ) 表示动作或状态 Mike is a boy. I saw him go into the room.

数词 Numeral ( num.) 表示数量或顺序 There are ten apples on the table and I will take the first one.

形容词 Adjective ( adj. ) (......的) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 The boy is tall. She is three years old.

副词 Adverb ( adv. ) (......地) 用以修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示动作或状态的特征 The teacher treats us kindly. The train goes fast.

虚 词

冠词 Article ( art. ) 用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 It is a big tree. I like the tree. 介词 Preposition ( prep. ) 用在名词、代词等的前面,说明它与别的词之间的关系 He usually stays at home on Sundays.

连词 Conjunction ( conj. ) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子 He and I are in the same class but we are not good friends.

感叹词 Interjection ( interj. ) 表示说话时的感情或口气 Oh, ah, aha, wow..... 2

句子成分 1. 主语 ( subject ) : 句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体, 一般位于句首。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。 Lucy likes her new bike. (名词) We work hard. (代词) Three is enough for each of us. (数词) To see is to believe.(不定式) Playing football after school is great fun. (动名词短语) What we need is time. (主语从句,what是引导词) Who will be our monitor hasn’t been decided yet.(主语从句,who是引导词)

2. 谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。 动词常分为实义动词(行为动词)、连系动词/be动词、情态动词和助动词。

3. 宾语:表示动作行为的对象(动作承受者),跟在及物动词或介词之后,能作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词等。 We like English. (名词) I play with him. (代词) We enjoy playing football. (动名词) He wants to go home. (不定式)

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me two books. (间接宾语+直接宾语)

PS:及物动词 (vt) 和不及物动词 (vi) A. 后面必须带宾语,意思才完整的动词叫做及物动词(transitive verb) I love my home. He bought an English dictionary. She taught us English. B. 后面不需要带宾语,本身意义完整的动词叫做不及物动词 (instransitive verb) She came last week. It is raining hard. / Birds can fly. 若不及物动词后要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。 She came to the store one hour ago. / Birds can fly to Nanjing from my hometown.

be动词/ 连系动词 is, am, are, was were 可以单独作谓语 肯定:She is tall. 否定:She is not tall. (be动词后加not) 疑问:Is she tall? (be动词提前) 行为动词 sing, dance, watch, play... 可以单独作谓语 肯定: She dances well. 否定:She doesn’t dance well. 疑问:Does she dance well? 行为动词的否定和疑问需借助于助动词 情态动词 can, could, must, may, might, will, would, should... 不能单独作谓语,和实义动词或be动词一起构成合成谓语 You must study harder. (情态动词+实义动词) You should be more careful. (情态动词+be动词)

助动词 do, does, did, has, have 不能单独作谓语,和实义动词原形一起构成谓语 She didn’t like dancing. Did she like dancing? 3

4 表语:跟在连系动词后面的词语,用来说明主语的身份、特征或感受。一般由名词、数学、代词、形容词、动词不定式、介词短语、动名词等充当。 常用的连系动词有:be, look (看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(感觉), become, turn, get

My sister is a nurse. (名词) The book is mine. (代词) Five and five is ten. (数词) This desk is long.(形容词) His job is to teach English.(不定式) His hobby is playing football.(动名词) The picture is on the wall.(介词短语) Time is up. The class is over.(副词) The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句,that是引导词) The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. (表语从句,when是引导词)

5. 定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 用作定语的主要是形容词、名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。 He is a new student. (形容词) I have three pens. (数词)

但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room is mine. (介词短语) My Chinese teacher is a woman with two big eyes. (介词短语) The best place to visit is Beijing. (不定式) She is the girl who likes singing. (定语从句,who是引导词)

6. 状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明时间,地点,方式,因果,条件,让步,方向,程度,目的等。用作状语的通常是副词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。(单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句作状语放在句首或句末。副词修饰动词时应放在动词之后。)

John often came to chat with me. (副词-程度状语,不定式-目的状语) As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday. (从句-原因状语,副词-时间状语) She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. (介词短语-地点状语,分词短语-伴随状语) He came running. (分词-方式状语) My father worked in this school ten years ago. ( 介词短语-地点状语,名词短语-时间状语) If he comes back, please let me know. (if引导的条件状语从句)

7. 补语:用于补充说明宾语的动作或状态等,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起 构成复合宾语。因为英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词如make,let, help, teach, see, have, order等+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 His father named him Dongming.(名词)/ We will make them happy.(形容词) Let the fresh air in.(副词) / We saw her entering the room.(现在分词) We found everything in the lab in good order.(介词短语) We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句) The doctor told me to do more exercise. (不定式短语)