词汇学Unit 4
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Unit 4 Significance of Words
一、Significance of words
I. Definition of Significance
Significance of words is the nominating things,
behaviors and qualities. —— Plato
A Word is the symbol of a singular definition,
always pointing to its definition. ——
Wilhelm von Humoldt
II. What is Semantic meaning?
In a broad sense, semantic meaning represents
human’s thinking and thoughts. Without
semantic meaning, people couldn’t achieve the
mutual communication and understanding.
In a narrow sense, semantic meaning refers to
the language meaning of the words and
sentences, also called the word’s meaning and
the sentence’s meaning.
一般来说，研究意义特别是研究语言意义的学科被称为语义学（semantics or
semasiology）。
I. 以下各句中country表示不同的意思，从B栏中选出country在A栏各句中的准确意义：
A
1. What do you mean by a farming country?
2. The candidate has won the sixty percent of
the country.
3. There is a great gap between rich and poor
countries.
4. The children are looking forward to having
a picnic in the country next week.
5. The young scientist left his country and
went on with his medical research abroad.
B
a. a nation or a state with its land or
population.
b. The nation or state of one’s birth or
citizenship
c. The people of a nation or state
d. Land with a social nature or character
e. The countryside
II. 根据词义的拟声理据，将下列B栏中模拟动物叫声的词语与A栏中对应的动物名称词相配：
A
Apes－, bears－, beetles－, birds－, bulls－,
cats－, cattle－, crickets－, doves－, donkeys－, ducks－, flies－, foxes－, geese－, hens－,
larks－, mice－, monkeys－, owls－, pigs－, ,
ravens－, sheep－, snakes－, swans－,
turkeys－, wolves－.
B
Sing, buzz, bray, gibber, neigh, quack, coo, cry,
chatter, bellow, growl, hoot, bleat, low, hiss,
grunt, drone, purr, yelp, squeak, gabble, howl,
gobble, cluck, chirp, warble, croak
Chauvinism
Apes－gibber, bears－growl, beetles－drone,
birds－Sing, bulls－bellow, cats－purr, cattle－low, crickets－chirp, doves－coo, donkeys－bray, ducks－quack, flies－buzz, foxes－yelp, geese－gabble, hens－cluck, larks－warble, mice－squeak, monkeys－chatter,
owls－hoot, pigs－grunt, oink, ravens－croak, sheep－bleat, snakes－hiss, swans－cry,
turkeys－gobble, wolves－howl.
三、词义的分类
I. conceptual meaning
概念意义可分解成若干个最小的意义单位
II. connotative meaning
词的内涵意义因人而异、因不同年龄而异
某些词语的内涵意义带有民族性特征
III. social meaning
如: daddy, male parent, father
domicile, residence, abode, home
IV. affective meaning
appreciative and pejorative (褒义和贬义)
V. reflective meaning
禁忌词taboo words “委婉词语”euphemistic
expressions
VI. collocative meaning
pretty: girl, lady, woman, flower, garden, color, village
handsome: boy, man, car, vessel, overcoat,
palace, airliner
VII. thematic meaning
a. Mrs. Smith donated the first prize.
b. The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith.
四、词义分析 Semantic Analysis
Componential Analysis and Semantic Field
Theory
语义成份分析法和语义场理论
I. Componential Analysis
II. Semantic Field Theory
1. animal
2. 1. domestic animal 2.2.wild animal
2.1: chicken, cat, dog, pig, sheep, cow, horse,
2.2: panda, monkey, wolf, tiger, lion, elephant,
1. 语义场的三层次性质
1）层次性
2）系统性
3）相对性
2. 语义场的类型
1）分类义场 2）顺序义场
3）关系义场
可分为同义义场（synoymy）和反义义场（antonymy）。
同义义场：dialectal synonyms(方言同义义场),
stylistic synonyms（文体同义义场）,
collocational synonyms（搭配同义义场）,
semantically different synonyms（语义性差异同义义场）
反义义场：gradable antonyms(分级反义义场)，complementary antonyms(互补反义义场)，relational antonyms(关系反义义场 )
III. 现代语义学的词义研究
1. 框架语义学的词义研究
2. 认知语义学的词义研究
Exercises
I. 以下各小题的两组词语具有相同或相异的语义特征，指出它们的语义特征并填在横线上：
例：（a） widow, mother, sister, aunt, maid
(b) widower, father, brother, uncle, valet The (a) and (b)words are human.
The (a)words are _female___ and (b) words
are _male____.
1. (a) bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope,
chief
(b) bull, rooster, drake, ram
The (a) and (b) words are____________
The (a) words are____________.
The (b) words are __________.
2. (a) table, pencil, cup, house, ship, car
(b) milk, alcohol, rice, soup, beer, burger
The (a) words are___________.
The (b) words are _________.
3. (a) book, temple, mountain, road, tractor
(b) idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear
The (a) words are__________.
The (b) words are __________.
4. (a) pine, elm, ash, weeping willow,
