跨文化unit1~6 case study 解析

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照Unit 1 Page 22The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict.It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

Unit 1 Page 22The growth of intercultural communication as a field of stud y is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates pe ople and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies remove d by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own.What is intriguing about many of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-fa ce conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major an d minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolat ionism or even armed conflict.It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand people who se beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our o wn. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily sha re our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in mainta ining world peace.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

大学生跨文化交际keywordsunit1unit6Key concepts:Unit 1 Passage A1.A_reserved_ person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. (reservation:) Para .12. This reluctance to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of _________, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. (coldness) Para. 33.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of _________. Self-praise is felt to impolite. (modesty) Para. 44.The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self-dispraise, and its great enemy is conceit. Its ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself —at one's own faults, one's own failures , even at one's own ideals. (humor) Para. 55.Rules are the essence of sport, and _________ is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, _________ as an ideal is applied to life in general. (sportsmanship)para7Unit 1 Passage B1.In the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneering spirit led American settlers to travel westward by the thousands in search of land and gold (para3).The desire to start a new life in a newplace is noticeable throughout the nation (para 4).2.(freedom:the spirit of liberty) :课本里没有，上课讲过的美国建国史、黑人解放等Social mobility(社会流动性）--movement from class to class-has always been characteristic of the United States.Americans don’t see themselves as strugglin g to move from the lower middle class to the upper middle class.Instead they think in terms of higher income to pay for a bigger house, a trip to Europe, summer camp for their children, or more retirement insurance. Para. 113.The courage to try something new has been an American characteristic since colonial times, when the nation’s founding fathers created the American democracy. Para 84.The Declaration of Independence says, “All men are created equal.”This statement doesn’t mean that all human beings are equal in ability or ambition, but that all people should be treated equally before the law and given equal privileges and opportunities, insofar as government can control these. Para. 45.However,equal treatment and opportunity for all are ideals toward which American society is moving ever closer. (Para. 8) The American belief in equality of opportunity is illustrated by the Horatio Alger myth.(Para. 9)6.These popular “rags-to-riches” stories exemplified the American Dream- the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame though diligence and virtue Para 97.Prior to the mid-1960s, American initiative to experiment was encouraged by a generally optimistic outlook.The typical American believed in trying something new in an attempt to make life better. He had a firm faith in the possibility of progress.But by the end of the 1970s, this national optimism全民乐观精神, which set the United States apart from all other nations, was gone. Para.14Unit 1 Passage C1.(group and stability) Para. 2 理解第3、4、5三段中国家庭、社会构成和社会关系的构成，由此导致的中国人的群体性和家庭社会关系的稳定性。

Unit 1 Communication Across CultureTranslation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。

值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。

通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。

Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highlythat it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard…s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.‖In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmonyamong persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard…s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmenthan between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself‖; for the English counterpart, ―Be my guest.‖ American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home,‖ even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to bedirect communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that…s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough. Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginn ing, Mary didn…trealize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a differentway of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personaland family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don…t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don…t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.Unit 2 Culture and CommunicationTranslation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。

U6•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、People feel strange, bewildered or awkward.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: OAJHB6-10: CDIFG11-15: KLMENLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、D3、B4、B5、C6、A7、C8、B9、D10、ALanguage practice > Task 31、on2、with3、At4、across5、onLanguage practice > Task 41、heroism2、manhood3、racism4、leaflet5、poetess6、leadership7、membership8、neighborhoodLanguage practice > Task 51、Be large or small,2、Be it early or late,3、Be it a plant or fish or a tiny insect,4、be it selling goods or shipping them,5、be it selling goods or shipping them,6、be it selling goods or shipping them,•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight2）ancient3）outer4）interaction5）cause6）exist7）passive8）active9）sense10）temperatureViewing·Rich’s improper behaviors are as follows:1）He had the second glass of beer for himself when toasting.2) He finished all the beer in his glass when others just had half an inch for taste.3) He had too much shrimp when the dish was served.4) He bragged he was a fast learner of chopsticks.5) He directly pointed out something not so good about Lindo’s cooking and added soy sauce to the dish.·Some etiquette suggestions for Rich are:1) It is impolite to take a second glass of beer when toasting and especially when others have only had a little.2) It is impolite to have a big share of the best dish without giving others a chance to taste.3) Humility is considered a virtue in the Chinese culture, so do not brag.4) Paying compliments to the host’s dishes is always welcome.5) Never point out your host’s flaws or mistakes directly.•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises >Task 11）G2）L3）K4）I5）D6）E7）M8）H9）F10）OTask 2A. Para. 5B. Para. 3C. Para. 1D. Para. 7E. Para. 6G. Para. 4H. Para. 4I. Para. 5 K. Para. 1。

Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。

Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。

As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。

1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。

Case 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.在这种情况下，尽管人们努力去理解，但在与不同文化背景的人交流时似乎出现了问题。

We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.我们应该知道，在埃及，就像在许多文化中一样，人际关系被看得如此重要，以至于无法以客观和非个人的方式表达出来。

虽然美国人的确重视人际关系，但他们更倾向于用不那么个人化、更客观的方式来谈论人际关系。

In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.在这种情况下，理查德的错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身，而不是整个晚上，因为食物只是设置或借口。