ABSTRACT Information Sharing Across Private Databases

Journal of The Hong Kong Institute of BankersAML RISK MODELSAnti-MoneyLaundering Risk Models The three AML Risk Models are at the core of the AML/CFTargument with regulators expecting the adoption of this holisticapproach in transactions monitoring.A risk-based approach in anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) involves an understanding of geography and country risk, business and entityrisk, and product (andlinked distribution channel)and transaction risk.Financial institutions needto take a systematicapproach to risk that coversall three bases rather thanjust one or the other. Theserisk models are thenapplied to due diligenceactivities at accountopening and the ongoingmonitoring process including enhanced duediligence (EDD).Importance of a Risk-Based ApproachA risk-based approach helps to: tailor customer identification and verification processes taking into accountthe different categories of customers, thesize of the customer, the types ofaccounts maintained, and whether thecustomer does financial transactions forits own customers;identify risky accountsfor EDD in accountopening and on an on-going basis including toadjust early alert andtransaction monitoringsystems as risks change;ensure proper allocationof resources forexample, to prioritiseaccounts for periodicupdating of customerinformation, to applyresources whilemonitoring includingEDD; andensure that the risks are taken into account in a consistent manner across theorganisation.The Three Bases Financial institutions need to take a systematic approach to risk that covers all three bases rather than just one or theother.Geography and Country RiskBusiness and Entity RiskProduct and Transaction RiskJournal of The Hong Kong Institute of BankersAML RISK MODELSThe UK FSA expects banks to have ‘good basics’ – a really sound foundation dealing with the low risk customers and products, on which the risk-based approach can then be built.Geography and Country RiskFirms that have a significant proportion of their customer base located in countries without adequate AML strategies - where 1) cash is the normal medium of exchange; 2) there is a politically unstable regime with high levels of public or private sector corruption; 3) that are known to be drug producing or drug transitcountries; or 4) havebeen classified ascountries with inadequacies in theirAML strategies - willneed to consider whatadditional 'know yourcustomer' (KYC) andmonitoring proceduresmight be necessary tomanage the enhancedrisks of money laundering. In particular,additional monitoring ofinward payments fromcountries without equivalent AML strategies should beconsidered.This risk model ranks countries around the world as high, medium or low risk for susceptibility for money laundering and terrorist financing. It is based on publicly available information such as: the FATF black-list of high-risk for money laundering countries (and alsothose recently removed);FATF mutualevaluation reports,World Bank &IMF reviews.the USAPATRIOT ActSection 311designated countries as ‘primary moneylaundering concern’;OECD black-list of countries foradverse tax practices;US list of drug producing and drugconduit countries;US list of statesponsors ofterrorism;US Department ofState annual reportson country moneylaundering risk andglobal terrorism;Reports by Council ofEurope/ similarbodies, TransparencyInternational; andThe banks' internalcountry riskmanagement rating.Business and Entity RiskThe characteristics thatmake businesses high risk vary. Casinos, gaming, brokers-dealers for example, are popular money laundering targets because amature AML culture is yet to develop inthese businesses. Such businesses with ahigh volume of cash activity need to be watched carefully.Don’t have 170countries on thehigh-risk list…this distractsfrom risk-focus!Journal of The Hong Kong Institute of BankersAML RISK MODELSOffshore banks provide financial services that are conducted behind the shield of strict banking and corporate secrecy laws. Professionals facilitate the creation of laundering vehicles and schemes including real estate linked. Car, boat and airplane dealers, as well as jewel, gem and precious metal dealers, provide launderers access to 'big ticket items', which often can be purchased with little or no customer identification and later sold to provide a 'legitimate' source of cash proceeds. Import and export companies provide cover for international money laundering operations through false trade pricing schemes.Cash intensive businesses allowlaunderers to disguise cash derived from illegalactivities in depositscontaining cash derivedfrom regular, legitimatebusiness activity. The US Office of Comptroller of the Currency has come out with a list of such high-risk businesses.Entity risk typically refers to either the risk offacilitating a terrorist financing transaction withan individual or organisation, or dealing with apolitically exposed person (PEP) without propercontrols, and also other entities as stipulated bylocal regulations or regulations in other countrieswith which transactions are done, for example,the US. Other entities that could impact Asianoperations include:The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) list. OFAC administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions against international narcotics-traffickers, targeted foreign countries, and terrorists and terrorism-sponsoring organisations, based on US foreign policy and national security goals. Any business that doesn't check the OFAC list and conducts business with a prohibited party faces civil and criminal penalties. Hence, an Asian financial institution faces this risk when it carries out a transaction with a US party. The UK has adopted this list for monitoring against and Suspicious Transaction Reports (STRs) are filed with the FIU.The World Bank's ‘debarred’ list shows firms and individuals ineligible for contracts for fraud and corruption violations.The US Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security has a ‘denied persons list’ which points out firms that have been denied export privileges.Designated entities as per the USA PATRIOT Act Section 311 as a ‘primary money laundering concern’ impacting transactions with US firms.Negative entities highlighted by regulatory queries and court orders. Sharing such information cross-border may be prohibited by law and it may need to be shared in terms of underlying risk as part of a larger database, rather than with specific attribution to source.The above list is by no means comprehensive.Other sources of negative information includemedia searches and/or KYC databases such asIntegraScreen Online, World-Check etc.To monitor transactions against lists of suchentities, financial institutions would do well toadopt KYC check software that interrogatestransactions against lists of such names.PEPs The June 2003 revised FATF 40 recommendationsdefine a PEP to includefamily members and close associates, but clarifies that it is not intended to cover middle ranking or moreUnderstand your customers business including what is ‘normal’ for the business The PEP regulatory definition is too wide - using a good third-party KYC database is essentialJournal of The Hong Kong Institute of BankersAML RISK MODELSjunior individuals. Transactions involving PEPs may involve the proceeds of foreign official corruption and hence can expose the financial institution to significant reputational and legal risks. Private banks are significantly exposed to PEP risk. PEPs from select countries have also been known to have links with terrorists. Firms can use public lists like the CIAs online directory of 'Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments' albeit this isby no means enough and is only a starting point. The Heads ofState will probably nothit a financialinstitution, theirsubordinates and linkswill – the KYCdatabases of privatevendors such as Factivaand World-Check aremore relevant toidentify links and loops.One source ofinformation for establishing a risk-based approach to managing PEP risk is to first lookat country risk based on Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2005 and their corresponding Bribe Payers Index (BPI) 2002.Product and Transaction RiskThe UK Joint Money Laundering Steering Group notes give us some insights to thisaspect of moneylaundering/ terroristfinancing risk. Thenotes say that productsor services with thehighest risk are thosewhere unlimited thirdparty funds can be freely received, or where funds can regularly be paid to third parties, without evidence of identity of the thirdparties being taken.The product orservices could supporthigh-speed movementof funds or along witha high volume oftransactions, or both,and could conceal thesource of those funds. It may facilitate a higher degree of anonymity, or involve the handling ofhigh volumes ofcurrency or currencyequivalents. It couldallow a customer toreadily convert cash toa monetary instrument.Some of the highest-riskproducts are thoseoffering money transferfacilities thoughchequebooks, monetary instruments, USD drafts, telegraphic transfers, SWIFT, CHAPS, automated clearing house (ACH), deposits from third parties or other means, electronic cash (e.g., stored value and payroll cards), payable upon proper identification (PUPID) transactions, third-party payment processors, automated teller machines (ATMs), and electronic banking.Corporate and private current accounts fall withinthis category because unlimited third party fundsare continually received for credit to the accountand it would be impractical to identity all providers of such funds. Private banking – both domestic and international - can be particularly vulnerable just as trust and asset management services, is.Similarly, other products and services that constitute high-risk include:Look out fornomineedirectors, shareholders and authorisedsignatories Offshore shell and trust ownershipstructures -especially iflayered - can highlight riskJournal of The Hong Kong Institute of BankersAML RISK MODELSForeign correspondent accounts – pouch activity, payable through accounts, and U.S.dollar drafts.International trade finance (letters of credit).Special use or concentration accounts.Lending activities, particularly loans to small and medium enterprises secured bycash collateral, marketable securities; andcredit card lending.Nondeposit account services (e.g., nondeposit investment products, insuranceand safe deposit boxes).Risks increase if the money launderer can hide behind corporate structures such as private limited companies, offshore trusts, special purpose vehicles and nominee arrangements that increase anonymity. Company formation agents offer nominee director, shareholder and authorized signatory services. Offshore shell company ownership by another offshore bearer share company is a favourite. Another favouriteis where assets are conveyed to an offshore company 100% of whose shares are held by an offshore Asset Protection Trust which has as its sole beneficiary a second trust – this is called a Layered Trust structure. Hence, understanding the ownership and control structure for companies and trusts is critical.When devising their internal procedures, firms should consider how their customer base and operational systems impact upon their staff's capacity to identify suspicious transactions. Some of the lowest risk products are those where funds can only be received from a named investor by way of payment from an account held in the investor's name and where the funds can only be returned to the named investor. No third party funding or payments are possible and, therefore, the beneficial owner of the funds deposited or invested is always the same.In developed financial centres like the UK, these features are true of unit trusts, insurance products, retail credit business, some asset finance and some deposit/savings accounts. In other centres, unit trusts and life insurance (including annuities) may not have protective funding/payments rules and they can be high -risk for money laundering. Low-risk products include those which have low aggregate balances considering the velocity of the account, a low volume of activity, accounts for minors, retail/passbook savings/checking accounts, household accounts and other similar accounts. In its comments to the FATF 2002 consultation report on the 40 principles, the Wolfsberg group of banks pointed out that certain transactions or activities have a minimal risk of money laundering or terrorist financing. They give some examples:transactions where a financial is acting as a principal rather than on behalf of third-parties (such as foreign exchange, derivatives, capital market transactions andsome extensions of credit);accounts established for a specific purpose with funds received or disbursed underlimited defined circumstances to identifiedthird-parties, such as escrow, corporatetrusts, paying agency and custody accounts; accounts for the investment of funds that are subject to a regulatory scheme, such asinvestment of funds of regulated pension orretirement plans; andaccounts held by other financial institutions that are themselves subject to a robust AMLregime.There are also customer categories where the risk of money laundering or terrorist financingJournal of The Hong Kong Institute of BankersAML RISK MODELSis lower. Generally large public listed companies subject to regulatory disclosurerequirements are regarded as lower risk thanunlisted companies. Government administrations or enterprises are also potentially lower risk. Pooled accounts held by designated non-financial businesses or professions regulated to FATF standards mayalso be lower risk. Bank staff should be well versed with the products and services that have beencategorised as high-risk by the industry bodiesor by the regulators. They should questionthemselves whether the nature of the client's account or business justifies the products or services the client is asking for. For example, privately or closely held businesses with private banking or trust relationships may serveas money laundering conduits by distributingillegally derived income from the business tothe beneficial owners of the private bankingaccount. The underlying transaction may be unusual for example, a request to route fund transfers coming in from country A onward to country C through a suspense account rather than the actual account for reasons of tax management. Bank staff should also note thatalthough some products present a lower risk, nofinancial sector product or service is immunefrom the laundering process. Incorporating the Models in the KYC Review ProcessThe above risk models are not an academicexercise. They can add real value in a review ofany customer account opening or transaction. Some American banks have established risk-scoring mechanisms to assist in retail account openings. To illustrate the models' application, here is an example of an account opening:Case StudyMr B is the Managing Director of an offshorecompany incorporated in country A in June 2000. He seeks to open an account for moving his business from another bank that he claimsis providing bad service. Mr B wants to set up a trade financing line toimport microprocessors from the US for his computer business. He provides details of the Letter of Credit to be set-up that he says wouldbe fully secured with cash assets. Geography and CountryCountry A is in the Caribbean, which is a hot-bedfor laundering drug money coming out of the US both directly and indirectly. You are aware that the country A was removed from the FATF black list in June 2001 but yourAML officer advises that regimes that are removed from the FATF black list may also be vulnerable for historical reasons.Furthermore, Country A was involved in recenthigh-profile corporate scams, increasing thediscomfort. Business and Entity You are aware that import-export businesses are a key high-risk business for money laundering.You further do a search on your PEP commercial database that shows a match. Mr B is a distant relative of a key politician in a countryknown for corruption. Mr B concealed this fact.Mr B is unable to provide an introduction to facilitate account opening and can only provide identification documentation. Given the risks, youfeel uncomfortable with this fact. Product and Transaction You know that over-valued imports are a mechanism for laundering money. From yourInternet research you note that the price is higher by 30 percent from various online quotesfor the same quantity and brand. His offer of full security also raises discomfortfor in your experience, customers do not do so easily.Journal of The Hong Kong Institute of BankersAML RISK MODELSAlso, why is he not using a local supplier for microprocessors? All the other computer assemblers who have accounts with your bank,source such parts locally as all the major manufacturers have local suppliers in the country.In the above case, there are enough 'unusual' aspects to justify further questioning while avoiding 'tipping off' the potential customer. If you are not satisfied with the customer's answers, you should refuse account opening and file a Suspicious Transaction Report.The Asian PictureAs can be seen from the above, it is important to consider all dimensions of money laundering risk when assessing an account opening or a transaction. In our experience many financial institutions rarely take such a holistic approach to AML with the exception of the Asian operations of a few leading American banks. Financial institutions need to create their own risk models for their business, review their firms business profile, flag the accounts of high-risk customers and use the above models to evaluate laundering risk on an ongoing and comprehensive basis, where needed using AML/CFT software.***************** [Updated March 2006 version of an article first published in Banking Today, Journal of The HongKong Institute of Bankers, May/June 2004.Written originally by Rohan Bedi as Head of AML Services, PricewaterhouseCoopers Singapore.Email: rohanbedi@]。

去Ex. Topics:The American Civil WarCauses of the Victory of the NorthThe Support Given to the Union Army by the PeopleBlack Soldiers in the Union ArmyElizabethan DramaShakespeare’s TragediesHamletOn Hamlet’s InsanityA: General: The American Civil WarRestricted: Causes of the Victory of the NorthMore Restricted: The Support Given to the Union Army by the peopleThe T opic chosen: Black soldiers in the Union ArmyB: General: Elizabethan DramaRestricted: Shakespeare’s TragediesMore Restricted: HamletThe T opic chosen: On Hamlet’s Insanity●Types of Abstracts:rmative abstract: (报道性、信息性，资料性)：structured abstract is a kind of it, used more and more popular (includes objective, method, results, conclusions---目的/背景，方法，结果)，结论mostly in research papers—较具体●An informative abstract（信息性摘要）is the mostcommon type of abstract. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the paper, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the paper.2.indicative abstract: (指示性) /descriptive; used in reviewpapers, conference reports, the government report literature—较宏观● A descriptive abstract（描述性摘要）merely identifies theareas to be covered in the report. It is an extended statement of purpose or scope. Such an abstract is o nly useful for very long review-style papers or monographs (专著；专论), because it demonstrates only their organization, not thecontent. It merely describes what the report is about. It does not give any specific information about the problem, method, results, or conclusions. Such an abstract is not very useful to many readers since it lacks the specific information they need to know about the article and the results.读者看完描述性的摘要后知道研究的步骤、实验的程序，也可能了解作者在研究、实验中干了些什么，但对作者的发现、见解、结论却往往一无所知。

一种Shared-Nothing分布式数据库的构建方法龙源;郑彦【摘要】分布式数据库能够以相对低廉的代价满足海量数据分析处理的性能需求，兼具良好的可扩展性。

文中采用Shared-Nothing架构及MySQL数据库来实现分布式数据库访问层的功能架构及模块设计，提出了使用列存储机制提升分布式数据库系统查询性能的思路，包括数据存储的方法及策略。

对所设计实现的系统进行了基准性能测试及扩展性能测试，结果表明，文中所实现系统相较传统列式数据库具有出色的查询性能表现，同时具有优秀的可扩展性，能够以较低的代价满足海量数据分析处理所带来的额外数据库性能提升要求。

【期刊名称】《计算机技术与发展》【年(卷),期】2012(000)010【总页数】4页(P79-82)【关键词】分布式数据库;Shared-Nothing;MySQL;列存储【作者】龙源;郑彦【作者单位】南京邮电大学计算机学院,江苏南京 210003;南京邮电大学计算机学院,江苏南京 210003【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP310 引言随着以WEB应用为主的网络时代的到来，大规模运算及高负载应用急剧增长，大量的应用及数据处理均由服务器端来支撑，这对数据库系统的性能挑战越来越严峻。

传统的集中式数据库系统在面对海量的数据增长及应用事务请求时，很难保持高效的表现。

在数据挖掘分析领域，大量的复杂组合数据查询也对传统的行式数据库性能提出了挑战。

行式数据库系统［1～3］能够很好地处理那些插入删除数据的事务，但是列式数据库能更好地处理那些查询表中某些列信息的事务请求。

检索同样的数据，行式数据库系统平均消耗的物理I/O资源是列式数据库系统的5～10倍［4，5］。

分布式技术可以将各个节点分散的物理资源纳入到整体系统中，通过负载均衡、任务的分拆与运算结果的组合等方法［6］，对大型任务进行分解并充分地利用每个节点的物理资源以达到整体资源最优化［7，8］。

分布式结构Shared－Nothing因其良好的可扩展性，在Web应用开发中广受欢迎。

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学生姓名：学号：计算机与控制工程学院：专指导教师：2017 年 6 月英文文献Cloud Computing1。

Cloud Computing at a Higher LevelIn many ways，cloud computing is simply a metaphor for the Internet, the increasing movement of compute and data resources onto the Web. But there's a difference: cloud computing represents a new tipping point for the value of network computing. It delivers higher efficiency, massive scalability, and faster，easier software development. It's about new programming models，new IT infrastructure, and the enabling of new business models。

For those developers and enterprises who want to embrace cloud computing, Sun is developing critical technologies to deliver enterprise scale and systemic qualities to this new paradigm:（1) Interoperability —while most current clouds offer closed platforms and vendor lock—in, developers clamor for interoperability。