烟草专业英语考试总结
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1 / 81 / 8 Chapter 1 单词翻译: Nicotian烟草属 combustion :燃烧. Solanaceae茄科 combustibility 可燃性度 nicotine 尼古丁,烟碱 pest resistance抗虫害 agronomic performance农艺性能 Chinese-Style Cigarette :中式卷烟 Chinese-style cigarette:中式卷烟 Virginian-type cigarette:烤烟型卷烟 blended cigarette:混合型卷烟 tar content:焦油含量 aromatic芳香的 limit regulation’:限焦令. Virginia tobacco :弗吉尼亚烟 Flue-cured tobacco:烤烟 Bright tobacco :浅色烟 Burley tobacco :白肋烟 Oriental tobacco 东方烟 Aromatic tobacco :香料烟 Maryland tobacco :马里兰烟 Cigar tobacco :雪茄烟 disease resistance:抗病性 plant's physiology:植物生理 thresh:打叶 redrying:复烤 aging:老化,(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵 cigarette manufacture:卷烟生产 smoke chemistry:烟气化学 cigar雪茄 cigarillo小雪茄 smokeless tobacco:无烟烟草 botanical植物的 air-curing 晾制 sun-curing晒制 fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制 the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration :STMA officially:国家烟草专卖局 2. 长句子翻译 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability. 烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物,属于茄科烟草属。烟草作为燃烧物质又不同与其他作物,烟草的植物、物理、化学特性决定了其燃烧程度、烟气组成、香气、吸味和可接受程度。 Because the properties of tobacco and, therefore, its usability vary markedly with variety, locality, system of production and curing method, standardization of the commercial product is essential for growers and users (i.e. manufacturers). It is based primarily on curing method (air-, sun-, fire- and flue-curing), locality of production (growth) and the way in which the leaf is to be used (cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.). Further classification is then according to position on the stalk from which the leaves have originated and factors such as their color, quality and ripeness at harvest. 由于烟草的性质及其可用性均随品种、生产区域、生产方式和调制方法的不同而发生显著的变化,因此,制定烟叶商品标准对烟草种植者和产品制造商来说都是十分必要的。先按烟草的调制方法(晾、晒、熏、烤)、生产区域和使用方式(卷烟、雪茄、斗烟等)进行分类,然后再依据烟叶的生长部位、颜色、质量和成熟度等因素进一步细分。 3. 简答 根据烟草的调制方法,使用方式把烟草分为几类?(至少写五种,每种一分,共五分) Virginia tobacco弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco烤烟Burley tobacco白肋烟sun-cured tobacco晒烟Oriental tobacco东方烟、香料烟Maryland tobacco马里兰烟Cigar tobacco雪茄烟 Cigarette卷烟light air-cured tobacco浅色晾烟dark air-cured tobacco深色晾烟 Chapter2 alkaloid生物碱Frost-free days无霜期blue mold 霜霉病photoperiodism光周期现象short-day plants 短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-root transplants裸根移植plant populations植物种群nitrogen氮肥Topping打顶 stalk茎秆 suckering抹叉ripeness成熟premature未成熟的 2 / 82 / 8
Chapter 3 1. 单词翻译 light air-cured:浅色晾晒型dark air-cured:深色晾晒型sun-cured:晒(烟) cigar filler:雪茄芯烟binder (雪茄烟)内衣;(雪茄烟)内包皮Turkish土耳其(烟叶) wrapper (雪茄烟)外衣;(雪茄烟)外包皮interspecific cross:杂交 gene mutations:基因突变broad terms:广义breeder:育种人员;育种工作者; cultivar品种germplasm sources:种质资源genotypes:基因型 outlining tests概述测试trait:特征attribute属性handling处理 lamina (烟叶)叶片 midvein:(烟叶叶片)中脉 filling:填充值 harsh (烟气)粗糙、(烟气)生硬 bitter苦pungent辛辣 aroma香气mass selection:混合选择allele:等位基因. pedigree杂交分离世代谱系backcross回交recurrent:轮回选择haploid:单倍体 tissue culture techniques:组织培养技术doubled haploids:双单倍体 inherited trait:遗传性状homozygote纯合子interspcific bridge cross种间杂交 inbreeding近亲繁殖genetically variable:基因变异recombination基因重组 black root rot:黑腐病crop failure:粮食欠收sensory properties:感官特性morphological形态特征pyrolysis:裂解heterosis杂种优势 长句子翻译 In broad terms, a modern breeding project will consist of three phases: planning, line development and testing. In the planning phase, a breeder should carefully define the goals to be accomplished. Generally, this will be correcting a deficiency in existing cultivars or increasing the desirability of cultivars for one or more traits. Other aspects of planning include identifying and/or selecting appropriate germplasm sources, choosing the best breeding method, identifying or developing techniques needed to evaluate the breeding materials and to select the best genotypes and outlining tests required to fully characterize the lines obtained from the breeding effort. The line development and testing phases are the parts of the project where the plans are carried out and, hopefully, the objectives accomplished. 概括地讲,现代育种项目包括制定计划、品种培育和品系鉴定3个阶段。在计划制定阶段,育种者必须仔细地确定欲完成的育种目标。一般是改进现有栽培品种的缺陷,或提高栽培品种一个或多个性状合乎需要的程度。另外,计划还应包含鉴定或筛选适当种质资源,选择最佳的育种方法,鉴定或开发评价育种材料和选择优良基因型所需要的技术,以及提出完全表征该育种研究筛选品系特性的鉴定要点。品系培育和鉴定阶段是育种项目进行并最后完成所期望的目标的一部分。 There have been many advances in tobacco breeding and genetics over the past several years. Breeders have developed cultivars with high yield, good quality and resistance to several diseases. In addition, inheritance information has been obtained for numerous characteristics, and a vast array of germplasm has been collected and characterized. This solid base of genetic information and germplasm enhances the prospects for future advancements. Also, new information and emerging technologies in chemistry and biology, especially in genetic engineering, have promising applications in tobacco improvement. 在过去的几年里,烟草遗传和育种上出现了许多新进展。育种学家培育出了高产、优质和抗多种病害的新品种。另外,还得到了许多性状的遗传信息,搜集和鉴定了大量的种质。遗传信息和种质的坚实基础展现了未来光明的发展前景,在化学和生物方面,尤其基因工程技术方面的新信息、新技术在烟草的改良中具有光明的应用前景。 2. 简答