2009-2014年英语专八考试汉译英真题

2014年英语专业八级真题及答案PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section, you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your n otes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given t wo minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete t he gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE, using no more than three wo rds in each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatic ally and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while com pleting the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Now listen to the m ini-lecture.In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to e ach question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the intervi ew you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five que stions.Now listen to the interview.1.What is the main purpose of Angelina's visit to Iraq?[A] To draw attention to the refugee crisis.[B] To look after refugees in Iraq.[C] To work for U.N.H.C.R.[D] To work out a plan for refugees.2.From the interview we know that Angelina _________.[A] was strongly opposed to officials’ opinions[B] thought young kids should be given priority[C] was much worried about the lack of action[D] proposed that policies be made promptly3.Which of the following BEST explains what the global community should do?[A] To supervise the construction of schools.[B] To take prompt and effective actions.[C] To provide water and power supply.[D] To prevent instability and aggression.4.According to Angelina, what is the key issue in solving the refugee problem?[A] The current situation in Iraq.[B] The politics in the Middle East[C] Refugees returning to normal life.[D] International and domestic efforts.5.Angelina saw her trip to Iraq significant because she could______ ___.[A] help others know where the problems were[B] help bring NGOs back to the region[C] talk to different people there[D] read the official papersIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to e ach question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news i tem, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.6.What is the main idea of the news item?[A] Alitalia's attempt to help Wind Jet out.[B] Cancellation of flights at Rome Airport[C] Problems caused by Wind Jet's cash shortage.[D] Expected changes of Wind Jet’s flight destinations.Question 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of th e news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.7.What did the researchers discover in northern Kenya?[A] A human tooth.[B] A human skull.[C] Three species of humans.[D] Three human fossils.8.What was the significance of the discovery?[A] The findings were published in Nature.[B] It supported an existing assumption.[C] Most research questions were answered.[D] More research efforts were encouraged.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of t he news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.9.The airport originally decided to cover up the poster because ___ _______[A] some international travellers complained[B] the art exhibition was to be postponed[C] other artists works were absent from ads[D] real-life models would appear on the scene10.What was the reaction of the National Galleries of Scotland?[A]Horrified.[B] Indignant.[C] Surprised.[D] Outraged.In this section there are four reading passages followed be a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEER TWO.TEXT AMy class at Harvard Business School helps students understand wha t good management theory is and how it is built. In each session, we loo k at one company through the lenses of different theories, using them to explain how the company got into its situation and to examine what acti on will yield the needed results. On the last day of class, I asked my class to turn those theoretical lenses on themselves to find answers to two qu estions: First, How can I be sure I’ll be happy in my career? Second, how can I be sure my relationships with my spouse and my family will becom e an enduring source of happiness? Here are some management tools th at can be used to help you lead a purposeful life.1. Use Your Resources Wisely. Your decisions about allocating your personal time, energy, and talent shape your life’s strategy. I have a bun ch of “businesses” that compete for these resources:I’m trying to have a rewarding relationship with my wife, raise great kids, contribute to my c ommunity, succeed in my career, and contribute to my church. And I hav e exactly the same problem that a corporation does. I have a limited am ount of time, energy and talent. How much do I devote to each of these pursuits?Allocation choices can make your life turn out to very different from what you intended.Sometimes that’s good: opportunities that you have never planned for emerge. But if you don’t invest your resources wisely, the outcome can be bad. As I think about people who inadvertently inve sted in lives of hollow unhappiness, I can’t help believing that their troub les related right back to a short-term perspective.When people with a high need for achievement have an extra half h our of time or an extra ounce of energy, they’ll unconsciously allocate it to activities that yield the most tangible accomplishments. Our careers p rovide the most concrete evidence that we’re moving forward.You ship a product, finish a design, complete a presentation, close a sale teach a class, publish a paper, get paid, get promoted. In contrast, investing time a nd energy in your relationships with your spouse and children typically d oesn’t offer the same immediate sense of achievement. Kids misbehave every day. It’s really not until 20 years down the road that you can say, “I raised a good son or a good daughter.” You can neglect your relations hip with your spouse and on a daily basis it doesn’t seem as if thing are d eteriorating. People who are driven to excel have this unconscious prope nsity to underinvest in their families and overinvest in their careers, eve n though intimate and loving family relationships are the most powerful and enduring source of happiness.If you study the root causes of business disasters, over and over you ’ll find this predisposition toward endeavors that offer immediate gratific ation. If you look at personal lives through that lens,you’ll see that same stunning and sobering pattern: people allocating fewer and fewer resour ces to the things they would have once said mattered most.2. Create A Family Culture. It’s one thing to see into the foggy future with a acuity and chart the course corrections a company must make. But it’s quite another to persuade employees to line up and work cooper atively to take the company in that new direction.When there is little agreement, you have to use “power tools”– coercion, threats, punishments and so on, to secure cooperation. But if employee’s ways of working together succeed over and over, consensus begins to form. Ultimately, people don ‘t even think about whether thei r way yields success. They embrace priorities and follow procedures by i nstinct and assumption rather than by explicit decision, which means tha t they’ve created a culture. Culture, in compelling but unspoken ways, di ctates the proven, acceptable methods by which member s of a group ad dress recurrent problems. And culture defines the priority given to differ ent types of problems. It can be a powerful management tool.I use this model to address the question, How can I be my family be comes an enduring source of happiness? My students quickly see that th e simplest way parents can elicit cooperation from children is to wield p ower tools. But there comes a point during the teen years when power t ools no longer work. At that point, parents start wishing they had begun working with their children at a very young age to build a culture in whic h children instinctively behave respectfully toward one another, obey th eir parents, and choose the right thing to do. Families have cultures, just as companies do. Those cultures can be built consciously.If you want your kids to have strong self-esteem and the confidence that they can solve hard problems, those qualities won’t magically mate rialize in high school. You have to design them into your family’s culture and you have think about this very early on. Like employees, children bui ld self-esteem by doing things that are hard and learning what works.11. According to the author, the key to successful allocation of reso urces in your life depends on whether you ________.A. can manage your time wellB. have long-term planningC. are lucky enough to have new opportunitiesD. can solve both company and family problems12. What is the role of the statement “Our careers provide the most concrete evidence that we’re moving forward” with reference to the pr evious statement in the paragraph?A. To offer further explanationB. To provide a definitionC. To present a contrastD. To illustrate career development13. According to the author, a common cause of failure in business and family relationships is ________.A. lack of planningB. short-sightednessC. shortage of resourcesD. decision by instinct14. According to the author, when does culture begin to emerge __ ______.A. When people decide what and how to do by instinctB. When people realize the importance of consensusC. When people as a group decide how to succeedD. When people use “power tools” to reach agreement15. One of the similarities between company culture and family cult ure is that ________.A. problem-solving ability is essentialB. cooperation is the foundationC. respect and obedience are key elementsD. culture needs to be nurturedText BIt was nearly bedtime and when they awoke next morning land wou ld be in sight. Dr. Macphail lit his pipe and, leaning over the rail, searche d the heavens for the Southern Cross. After two years at the front and a wound that had taken longer to heal than it should, he was glad to settle down quietly at Apia (阿皮亚，西萨摩亚首都) for twelve months at least, and he felt already better for the journey. Since some of the passengers were leaving the ship next day they had h ad a little dance that evening and in his ears hammered still the harsh no tes of the mechanical piano. But the deck was quiet at last. A little way o ff he saw his wife in a long chair talking with the Davidsons, and he stroll ed over to her. When he sat down under the light and took off his hat yo u saw that he had very red hair, with a bald patch on the crown, and the red, freckled skin which accompanies red hair; he was a man of forty, thi n, with a pinched face, precise and rather pedantic; and he spoke with a Scots accent in a very low, quiet voice.Between the Macphails and the Davidsons, who were missionaries, there had arisen the intimacy of shipboard, which is due to proximity rat her than to any community of taste. Their chief tie was the disapproval t hey shared of the men who spent their days and nights in the smoking-r oom playing poker or bridge and drinking. Mrs. Macphail was not a little flattered to think that she and her husband were the only people on boa rd with whom the Davidsons were willing to associate,and even the doct or, shy but no fool, half unconsciously acknowledged the compliment. It was because he was of an argumentative mind that in their cabin at nigh t he permitted himself to carp (唠叨).‘Mrs. Davidson was saying she didn’t know how they’d have got thr ough the journey if it hadn’t been for us,’ said Mrs. Macphail, as she neat ly brushed out her transformation (假发).‘She said we were really the only people on the ship they cared to know.’‘I shouldn’t have thought a missionary was such a big bug (要人、名士) that he could afford to put on frills (摆架子).’‘It’s not frills. I quite understand what she means. It wouldn’t have been very nice for the Davidsons to have to mix with all that rough lot in the smoking-room.’‘The founder of their religion wasn’t so exclusive,’ said Dr. Macphail with a chuckle.‘I’ve asked you over and over again not to joke about religion,’ answ ered his wife.‘I shouldn’t like to have a nature like yours, Alec. You never look for the best in people.’He gave her a sidelong glance with his pale, blue eyes, but did not r eply. After many years of married life he had learned that it was more co nducive to peace to leave his wife with the last word.He was undressed before she was, and climbing into the upper bunk he settled down to rea d himself to sleep.When he came on deck next morning they were close to land. He lo oked at it with greedy eyes.There was a thin strip of silver beach rising q uickly to hills covered to the top with luxuriant vegetation. The coconut trees, thick and green, came nearly to the water’s edge, and among them you saw the grass houses of the Samoaris (萨摩亚人); and here and there, gleaming white, a little church. Mrs. Davidson c ame and stood beside him. She was dressed in black, and wore round he r neck a gold chain, from which dangled a cross. She was a little woman, with brown, dull hair very elaborately arranged, and she had prominent blue eyes behind invisible pince-nez (夹鼻眼镜). Her face was long, like a sheep’s, but she gave no impression of fooli shness, rather of extreme alertness; she had the quick movements of a b ird. The most remarkable thing about her was her voice, high, metallic, a nd without inflection; it fell on the ear with a hard monotony, irritating t o the nerves like the pitiless clamor of the pneumatic drill.‘This must seem like home to you,’ said Dr. Macphail, with his thin, difficult smile.‘Ours are low islands, you know, not like these. Coral. These are vol canic. We’ve got another ten days' journey to reach them.’‘In these parts that’s almost like being in the next street at home,’ s aid Dr. Macphail facetiously.‘Well,that’s rather an exaggerated way of putting it, but one does l ook at distances differently in the J South Seas. So far you’re right.’Dr. Macphail sighed faintly.16. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that Dr. Macphail ___ _____.A. preferred quietness to noiseB. enjoyed the sound of the mechanical pianoC. was going back to his hometownD. wanted to befriend the Davidsons17. The Macphails and the Davidsons were in each other’e company because they ________.A. had similar experienceB. liked each otherC. shared dislike for some passengersD. had similar religious belief18. Which of the following statements BEST describes Mrs. Macphai l?A. She was good at making friendsB. She was prone to quarrelling with her husbandC. She was skillful in dealing with strangersD. She was easy to get along with.19. All the following adjectives can be used to depict Mrs. Davidson EXCEPT ________.A. arrogantB. unapproachableC. unpleasantD. irritable20. Which of the following statements about Dr. Macphail is INCOR RECT?A. He was sociable.B. He was intelligent.C. He was afraid of his wife.D. He was fun of the Davidsons.Text CToday we make room for a remarkably narrow range of personality styles. We're told that to be great is to be bold, to be happy is to be soci able. We see ourselves as a nation of extroverts — which means that we' ve lost sight of who we really are. One-third to one-half of Americans are introverts — in the other words, one out of every two or three people y ou know. If you're not an introvert yourself, you are surely raising,manag ing, married to, or coupled with one.If these statistics surprise you, that's probably because so many peo ple pretend to be extroverts.Closet introverts pass undetected on playgr ounds, in high school locker rooms, and in the corridors of corporate Am erica. Some fool even themselves, until some life event — a layoff, an e mpty nest, an inheritance that frees them to spend time as they like — j olts them into taking stock of their true natures. You have only to raise this subject with your friends and acquaintances to find that the most unl ikely people consider themselves introverts.It makes sense that so many introverts hide even from themselves. We live with a value system that I call the Extrovert Ideal— the omnipres ent belief that the ideal self is gregarious, alpha, and comfortable in the spotlight. The archetypal extrovert prefers action to contemplation, risk-taking to heed-taking, certainty to doubt. He favors quick decisions, even at the risk of being wrong. She works well in teams and socializes in gro ups. We like to think that we value individuality, but all too often we ad mire one type of individual — the kind who's comfortable "putting hims elf out there." Sure, we allow technologically gifted loners who launch co mpanies in garages to have any personality they please, but they are the exceptions, not the rule, and our tolerance extends mainly to those who get fabulously wealthy or hold the promise of doing so.Introversion — along with its cousin’s sensitivity, seriousness, and s hyness — is now a second-class personality trait, somewhere between a disappointment and a pathology. Introverts living under the Extrovert Id eal are like women in a man's world, discounted because of a trait that g oes to the core of who they are. Extroversion is an enormously appealingpersonality style, but we've turned it into an oppressive standard to whi ch most of us feel we must conform.The Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many studies, though t his research has never been grouped under a single name. Talkative peo ple, for example, are rated as smarter, better-looking,more interesting, a nd more desirable as friends. Velocity of speech counts as well as volum e: we rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow ones. Ev en the word introvert is stigmatized — one informal study, by psychologi st Laurie Helgoe, found that introverts described their own physical appe arance in vivid language, but when asked to describe generic introverts t hey drew a bland and distasteful picture.But we make a grave mistake to embrace the Extrovert Ideal so unt hinkingly. Some of our greatest ideas, art, and inventions — from the the ory of evolution to van Gogh's sunflowers to the personal computer — c ame from quiet and cerebral people who knew how to tune in to their in ner worlds and the treasures to be found there.21. According to the author, there exists, as far as personality styles are concerned, a discrepancy between ________.A. what people say they can do and what they actually canB. what society values and what people pretend to beC. what people profess and what statistics showD. what people profess and what they hide from others22. The ideal extrovert is described as being all the following EXCEP T ________.A. doubtfulB. sociableC. determinedD. bold23. According to the author, our society only permits ________ to h ave whatever personality they like.A. the youngB. the ordinaryC. the artisticD. the rich24. According to the passage, which of the following statements BE ST reflects the author’s opinion?A. Introversion is seen as an inferior trait because of its association with sensitivity.B. Extroversion is arbitrary forced by society as a norm upon people .C. Introverts are generally regarded as either unsuccessful or as defi cient.D. Extroversion and introversion have similar personality trait profil es.25. The author winds up the passage with a ________ note.A. cautiousB. warningC. positiveD. humorousText DSpeaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical b enefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientistshave begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more f undamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people.Be ing bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effe ct on your brain,improving cognitive skills not related to language and ev en shielding against dementia （痴呆） in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understan ding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, edu cators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an int erference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and int ellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample eviden ce that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one syst em obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out , isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to r esolve internal conflict,giving the mind a workout that strengthens its co gnitive muscles.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests tha t the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive functi on — a command system that directs the attention processes that we us e for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay f ocused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holdi ng information in mind ? like remembering a sequence of directions whil e driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language s ystems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers t hought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from ability for inhibi tion that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to i gnore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly ap pears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perfor m better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, l ike threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered ra ndomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be mo re basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often? You may talk to your fa ther in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albe rt Costa, a researcher at the University of Pompeu Fabra in Spain.“It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that w e monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German -Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Cost a and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involve d in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infanc y to old age, and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to thos e who learn a second language later in life.26. According to the passage, the more recent and old views of bilin gualism differ mainly in ________.A. its practical advantagesB. its role in cognitionC. perceived language fluencyD. its role in medicine27. The fact that interference is now seen as a blessing in disguise means that ________.A. it has led to unexpectedly favorable resultsB. its potential benefits have remained undiscoveredC. its effects on cognitive development have been minimalD. only a few researchers have realized its advantages28. What is the role of Paragraph Four in relation to Paragraph Thre e?A. It provides counter evidence to Paragraph Three.B. It offers another example of the role of interference.C. It serves as a transitional paragraph in the passage.D. It further illustrates the point in Paragraph Three.29. Which of the following can account for better performance of bi linguals in doing non-inhibition tasks?A. An ability to monitor surroundings.B. An ability to ignore distractions.C. An ability to perform with less effort.D. An ability to exercise suppression.30. What is the main theme of the passage?A. Features of bilinguals and monolinguals.B. Interference and suppression.C. Bilinguals and monitoring tasks.D. Reasons why bilinguals are smarter.There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Mark the be st answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.31. Which of the following is the French-speaking city in Canada?A. VancouverB. OttawaC. MontrealD. Toronto32. Which of the following are natives of New Zealand?A. The MaorisB. The AboriginalsC. The Red IndiansD. The Eskimos33. The established or national church in England is ________.A. the Roman Catholic ChurchB. the United Reformed ChurchC. the Anglican ChurchD. the Methodist Church34. The thirteen former British colonies in North America declared i ndependence from Great Britain in ________.A. 1774B. 1775C. 1776D. 177735.“Grace under pressure” is an outstanding virtue of ________ heroes.A. Scott Fitzgerald’sB. Ernest Hemingway’sC. Eugene O’Neill’sD. William Faulkner’s36. Widowers’ House was written by ________.A. John GalsworthyB. George Bernard ShawC. William Butler YeatsD. T. S. Eliot37. Who wrote The Canterbury Tales?A. William ShakespeareB. William BlakeC. Geoffrey ChaucerD. John Donne38. Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A. wind (v.) / wind (n.)B. suspect (v.) / suspect (n.)C. convict (v.) / convict (n.)D. bare (adj.) / bear (v.)39. Which of the following sentences has the “S+V+O” structure?A. He died a hero.B. I went to London.C. Mary enjoyed parties.D. She became angry.40. Which of the following CAN NOT be used as an adverbial?A. The lion’s shareB. Heart and soul.C. Null and void.D. Hammer and tongs.The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a max imum of one error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “^” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languag e acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1 950s to early 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions (1) ______have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (2) ______。

英语专业八级汉译英试题真题2009年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分（附参考译文）C-E原文：我想不起来哪一个熟人没有手机。

今天没有手机的人是奇怪的，这种人才需要解释。

我们的所有社会关系都储存在手机的电话本里，可以随时调出使用。

古代只有巫师才能拥有这种法宝。

手机刷新了人与人的关系。

会议室门口通常贴着一条通告：请与会者关闭手机。

可是会议室里的手机铃声仍然响成一片。

我们都是普通人，并没有多少重要的事情。

尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。

打开手机象征我们与这个世界的联系。

手机反映出我们的"社交饥渴症"。

最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信。

他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。

为什么对于手机来电和短信这么在乎?因为我们迫切渴望与社会保持联系。

参考译文：Cell phone has altered / renovated human relations / relationships. There is usually a note on the door of conference room, which reads “close your handset / cell phone.” However, the rings are still resounding in the room. We are all common people and have few urgencies to do. Still, we are reluctant to turn off the phone. Cell phone symbolizes our connection with the world and reflects our “thirst for socialization.” We are familiar with the scene that a person stops his steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at his phone, regardless of his location, whether in road center or beside restroom.注：中文作者：张帆标题：《我们生活在机器中》为上海艺术人文频道《世说新语》栏目所作的演讲稿E-C原文：We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency - a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst - though not all - of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.However, too many of the world's leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler's threat: "They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent." So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.参考译文：My translation:我们人类正面临着一场星球灾难，这是一场威胁整个人类文明的危机。

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2009)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will begiven two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Writing Experimental ReportsI.Content of an experimental report, e.g.--- study subject/ area--- study purpose--- ____1____II.Presentation of an experimental report--- providing details--- regarding readers as _____2_____III.Structure of an experimental report--- feature: highly structured and ____3____--- sections and their content:INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found out____5____ what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership--- ____6____: reader is the marker--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:⏹introduction to relevant area⏹necessary background information⏹development of clear arguments⏹definition of technical terms⏹precise description of data ____8____V. Demands and expectations in report writing--- early stage:⏹understanding of study subject/area and its implications⏹basic grasp of the report’s format--- later stage:⏹____9____ on research significance--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:⏹inadequate material⏹____10____ of research justification for the studySECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Toastmasters was originally set up to train speaking skills.B. Toastmasters only accepts prospective professional speakers.C. Toastmasters accepts members from the general public.D. Toastmasters is an exclusive club for professional speakers.2. The following are job benefits by joining Toastmasters EXCEPTA. becoming familiar with various means of communication.B. learning how to deliver messages in an organized way.C. becoming aware of audience expectations.D. learning how to get along with friends.3. Toastmasters' general approach to training can be summarized asA. practice plus overall training.B. practice plus lectures.C. practice plus voice training.D. practice plus speech writing.4. Toastmasters aims to train people to be all the following EXCEPTA. public speakers.B. grammar teachers.C. masters of ceremonies.D. evaluators.5. The interview mainly focuses onA. the background information.B. the description of training courses.C. the requirements of public speaking.D. the overall personal growth.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 6 and 7 are'based on the foUowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.6. Which of the following is the main cause of global warming?A. Fossil fuel.B. Greenhouse gases.C. Increased dryness.D. Violent storm patterns.7. The news item implies that ______ in the last report.A. there were fewer studies doneB. there were fewer policy proposalsC. there was less agreementD. there were fewer objectivesQuestions 8 and 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.8. The cause of the Indian train accident wasA. terrorist sabotage.B. yet to be determined.C. lack of communications.D. bad weather.9. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The accident occurred on a bridge.B. The accident occurred in New Delhi.C. There were about 600 casualties.D. Victims were rescued immediately.Question 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.10. What is the main message of the news item?A. Young people should seek careers advice.B. Careers service needs to be improved.C. Businesses are not getting talented people.D. Careers advice is not offered on the Intemet.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AWe had been wanting to expand our children's horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we'd been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn't foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children "in danger," referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children achance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving.Friendly warnings didn't change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department's list of troublespots. We didn't see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request isthat we not see "every single" church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations weren't needed for the city, but we were concemed about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precautionthat may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy.Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul'smajor tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners.From a teenager and pre-teen's view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing thiswith younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; itwould be easy to get lost.For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up withtwo of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Ourchildren's curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakersin every corner of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women.Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabsspared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults' desire to trysomething new amid children's insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties.Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans' palace. No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook,which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, itscourtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily lef~to a learned third party.11. The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly becauseA. the city is not too far away from where they lived.B. the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department.C. the city is between the familiar and the exotic.D. the city is more familiar than exotic.12. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. The family found the city was exactly what they had expected.B. Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan.C. They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along.D. They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city.13. We learn from the couple's shopping experience back home thatA. they were used to bargaining over price.B. they preferred to buy things outdoors.C. street markets were their favourite.D. they preferred fashion and brand names.14. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in IstanbulA. guidebooks are very useful.B. a professional guide is a must.C. one has to be prepared for questions.D. one has to make arrangements in advance.15. The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPTA. religious prayers.B. historical buildings.C. local-style markets.D. shopping mall boutiques.TEXT BLast month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming "demographic cliff" will see vast numbers ofskilled workers dispatched from the labour force.The workforce is ageing across the rich world. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and 64 will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 willdecrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population is already over 65, the highest share inthe world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55-64 will have increased by more than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%.Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a looming problem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before they have handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey ofhuman-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: "When the baby-boomer generation retires, many companies will find out too late that a career's worth of experience has walked outthe door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void."Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defence, for example, as much as 40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. Atthe same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline.A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. Earlier this year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying in Beverly Hills while he tried to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to workfor his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed world tomorrow?If you look hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace to older workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list ofthe best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because theyare one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says theConference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government.Near the top of the AARP's latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsenseindustrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere's 46,000 employees areover 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that - flexible working, telecommuting, and so forth - also coincidentaUy help older workers to extend their working lives. The company spends "a lot of time" on the ergonomics of its factories, making jobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer.Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world's most advanced manufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMWrecently set up a factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of 45. Needs must when the devil drives.Other firms are polishing their alumni networks. IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. Ernst & Young, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its "experienced" new recruits are former employees who return after an absence.But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Young found that "although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, itis not dealing with the issue." Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questioned by Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Yet few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer are looking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and Americacomplain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards - this when the pool ofretired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds.Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that the crunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of labour. The participation of developing countries in theworld economy has increased the overall supply - whatever the local effect of demographics inthe rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China and India and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing their immigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in from abroad. Others will avoid theneed for workers by spending money on machinery and automation.16. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approachingretirement would beA. a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies.B. a decrease in the number of 35- to 44- year-olds.C. a continuous increase in the number of 50-to 64-year-olds.D. its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing.17. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPTA. making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers.B. using alumni networks to hire retired former employees.C. encouraging former employees to work overseas.D. granting more convenience in working hours to older workers.18. "The company spends 'a lot of time' on the ergonomics of its factories" (Paragraph Seven) means thatA. the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factories.B. the company improves the working conditions in its factories.C. the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories.D. the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment.19. In the author's opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of the ageing workforce mainly becauseA. they have not been aware of the problem.B. they are reluctant to hire older workers.C. they are not sure of what they should do.D. they have other options to consider.20. Which of the following best describes the author's development of argument?A. introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue---~describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.B. describing the actual status--- introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with theissue---offering reasons.C. citing ways to deal with the issue---introducing the issue----describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.D. describing the actual status--offering reasons---introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue.TEXT C(1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife.It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wifewho must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's.(2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: "Practically never ... in a working-class home, will yousee the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention,which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as myexperience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a 'Mary Ann'."(3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes reallysignificant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapablytime-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.(4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees oftentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men.(5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and awayfrom it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despiteall its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, moreindirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistributionofeconomic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband toA. work in the same sort of job as her husband.B. play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C. stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D. introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.22. Orwell's picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes arelationship which the author of the passageA. thinks is the natural one.B. wishes to see preserved.C. believes is fair.D. is sure must change.23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically?A. Abrasive (Paragraph Five).B. Engines (Paragraph Four).C. Convention (Paragraph Two).D. Heavily (Paragraph One).24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they mustA. sometimes make the first advances in love.B. allow men to flirt with many women.C. stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates.D. avoid making their husbands look like "Mary Anns".25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A. Men are equally serious about courtship.B. Each man "makes passes" at many women.C. The woman's reaction decides the fate of courtship.D. The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.TEXT DFrom Namche Bazaar, the Sherpa capital at 12,000 feet, the long line threaded south, dropping 2,000 feet to the valley floor, then trudged down the huge Sola-Khumbu canyon until itopened out to the lush but still daunting foothills of Central Nepal.It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north, slowly and arduously climbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts, then past Kunde and Khumjong.Despite wearing a balaclava on his head, he had been frequently recognized by the Tibetans, and treated with the gravest deference and respect. Even among those who knew nothing abouthim, expressions of surprise lit up their dark, liquid eyes. He was a man not expected to be there.Not only was his stature substantially greater than that of the diminutive Tibetans, but it was also obvious from his bearing - and his new broadcloak, which covered a much-too-tight army uniform - that he came from a markedly loftier station in life than did the average Tibetan.Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still, consisting solely of a roundedbundle about a foot in diameter slung securely by a cord over his shoulder. The material the bundle was wrapped in was of a rough Tibetan weave, which did not augur that the content wasof any greater value - except for the importance he seemed to ascribe to it, never for a momentreleasing his grip.His objective was a tiny huddle of buildings perched halfway up an enormous valley wall across from him, atop a great wooded spur jutting out from the lower lap of the 22,493-foot AmaDablum, one of the most majestic mountains on earth. There was situated Tengboche, the mostfamous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificence anywhere on the planet.From the top of the spur, one's eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyon to the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head. If Ama Dablum is the Gatekeeper,then the sheer cliff of Nuptse, never less than four miles high, is the Final Protector of the highest and mightiest of them all: Chomolongma, the Mother Goddess of the World, to the Tibetans; Sagarmatha, the Head of the Seas, to the Nepalese; and Everest to the rest of us. Andover the great barrier of Nuptse She demurely peaks.It was late in the afternoon - when the great shadows cast by the colossal mountains were descending into the deep valley floors - before he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to astop just past Tengboche's entrance gompa. His chest heaving in the rarefied air, he removed hishand from the bundle--the first time he had done so - and wiped grimy rivulets of sweat from around his eyes with the fingers of his mitted hand.His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds, the pagoda-like monastery itself, and the stone buildings that tumbled down around it like a protective skirt. In the distancethe magic light of the magic hour lit up the plume flying off Chomolongma's 29,029-foot-highcrest like a bright, welcoming banner.His breathing calmed, he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps to the monastery entrance. There he was greeted with a respectful nameste -"I recognize the divinein you" - from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years, who hastily set aside a twig broom he had been using to sweep the flagstones of the inner courtyard. While he did so, the visitor noticed that the monk was missing the small finger on his left hand. The stranger spoke a few formal words in Tibetan, and then the two disappeared inside.Early the next morning the emissary - lightened of his load - appeared at the monastery entrance, accompanied by the same monk and the elderly abbot. After a bow of his head, whichwas returned much more deeply by the two ocher-robed residents, he took his leave. The two solemn monks watched, motionless, until he dipped over the ridge on which the monastery sat, and out of sight.Then, without a word, they turned and went back inside the monastery.26. Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking?A. "threaded".B. "dropping".C. "trudged".D. "daunting".27. In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicated in all the followingaspects EXCEPTA. clothing.B. height.C. social status.D. personal belongings.28. It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ______ of the region from themonastery.A. a narrow viewB. a hazy viewC. a distant viewD. a panoramic view29. Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery?A. "...he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop..."B. "...he removed his hand from the bundle..."C. "His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds..."D. "...he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps..."30. From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evokeA. a sense of awe.B. a sense of piety.C. a sense of fear.D. a sense of mystery.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.Mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.31. The Head of State of New Zealand is。

09专八阅读真题及答案详解TEXT AWe had been wanting to expand our children's horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we'd been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic one s（11题答案C的出处）, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn't foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children "in danger," referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving. Friendly warnings didn't change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department's list of troublespots. We didn't see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied （12题答案A的出处）enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see "every single" church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations weren't needed for the city, but we were concemed about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy. Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul's major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners. From a teenager and pre-teen's view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds ofpungent herbs in sacks. Doing this with younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost.For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques（13题答案D的出处）, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children's curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every corner of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women. Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults' desire to try something new amid children's insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties. Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans' palace. No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook, which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide（14题答案B的出处）. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily lef~ to a learned third party.11. The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly becauseA. the city is not too far away from where they lived.B. the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department.C. the city is between the familiar and the exotic.D. the city is more familiar than exotic.12. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. The family found the city was exactly what they had expected.B. Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan.C. They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along.D. They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city.13. We learn from the couple's shopping experience back home thatA. they were used to bargaining over price.B. they preferred to buy things outdoors.C. street markets were their favourite.D. they preferred fashion and brand names.14. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in IstanbulA. guidebooks are very useful.B. a professional guide is a must.C. one has to be prepared for questions.D. one has to make arrangements in advance.15. The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPTA. religious prayers.B. historical buildings.C. local-style markets.D. shopping mall boutiques. （根据本文，shopping mall boutiques 是讲述者在国内购物的去处）TEXT BLast month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and 1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming "demographic cliff" will see vast numbers of skilled workers dis patch ed from the labour force.The workforce is ageing across the rich world（16题答案D 出处）. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and 64 will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 will decrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population isalready over 65, the highest share in the world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55-64 will have increased by more than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%.Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a looming problem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before they have handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey of human-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: "When the baby-boomer generation retires, many companies will find out too late that a career's worth of experience has walked out the door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void." Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defence, for example, as much as 40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. At the same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline.A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. Earlier this year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying in Beverly Hills while he tried to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to work for his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed world tomorrow?If you look hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace to older workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list of the best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because they are one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says the Conference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government. Near the top of the AARP's latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsenseindustrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere's 46,000 employees are over 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that –flexible working(17D), telecommuting, and so forth(17A) - also coincidentally help older workers to extend their working lives. The company spends "a lot of time" on the ergonomics of its factories, making jobs thereless tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer（19题答案D出处,根据上下文和ergonimics的字面意思the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments）.Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world's most advanced manufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMW recently set up a factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of 45. Needs must when the devil drives. Other firms are polishing their alumni networks（17B）. IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. Ernst & Young, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its "experienced" new recruits are former employees who return after an absence. But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Young found that "although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, it is not dealing with the issue." Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questioned by Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Yet few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer are looking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and America complain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards - this when the pool of retired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds.Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that the crunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of labour（19题答案D出处）. The participation of developing countries in the world economy has increased the overall supply - whatever the local effect of demographics in the rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China and India and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing their immigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in fromabroad. Others will avoid the need for workers by spending money on machinery and automation.16. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approaching retirement would beA. a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies.B. a decrease in the number of 35- to 44- year-olds.C. a continuous increase in the number of 50-to 64-year-olds.D. its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing.17. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPTA. making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers.B. using alumni networks to hire retired former employees.C. encouraging former employees to work overseas.D. granting more convenience in working hours to older workers.18. "The company spends 'a lot of time' on the ergonomics of its factories" (Paragraph Seven) means thatA. the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factories.B. the company improves the working conditions in its factories.C. the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories.D. the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment.19. In the author's opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of the ageing workforce mainly becauseA. they have not been aware of the problem.B. they are reluctant to hire older workers.C. they are not sure of what they should do.D. they have other options to consider.20. Which of the following best describes the author's development of argument?A. introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with theissue---~describing the actual status---offering reasons.B. describing the actual status--- introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue---offering reasons. （根据整个文章的结构）C. citing ways to deal with the issue---introducing theissue----describing the actual status---offering reasons.D. describing the actual status--offering reasons---introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue.TEXT C(1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife. It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude （21题答案B出处）. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's.(2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children（22题答案D出处）. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: "Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention, which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as my experience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a'Mary Ann'."(3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.(4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comeswithin range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness（25题答案A出处）. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men.(5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and away from it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despite all its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative（24题答案A出处,在追求异性方面，过去是男人主动，现在变了）. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband toA. work in the same sort of job as her husband.B. play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C. stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D. introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.22. Orwell's picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes a relationship which the author of the passageA. thinks is the natural one.B. wishes to see preserved.C. believes is fair.D. is sure must change.23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically?A. Abrasive (Paragraph Five).B. Engines (Paragraph Four).C. Convention (Paragraph Two). （根据上下文，只有convention用的是字面意义）D. Heavily (Paragraph One).24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they mustA. sometimes make the first advances in love.B. allow men to flirt with many women.C. stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates.D. avoid making their husbands look like "Mary Anns".25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A. Men are equally serious about courtship.B. Each man "makes passes" at many women.C. The woman's reaction decides the fate of courtship.D. The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quicklyTEXT DFrom Namche Bazaar, the Sherpa capital at 12,000 feet, t he long line threaded south, dropping 2,000 feet to the valley floor, then trudged down the huge Sola-Khumbu canyon until it opened out to the lush but still daunting foothills of Central Nepal. It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north, slowly and arduously climbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts, then past Kunde and Khumjong.Despite wearing a balaclava on his head(27A), he had been frequently recognized by the Tibetans, and treated with the gravest deference and respect. Even among those who knew nothing about him, expressions of surprise lit up their dark, liquid eyes. He was a man not expected to be there. Not only was his stature substantially greater than that of the diminutiveTibetans(27B), but it was also obvious from his bearing - and his new broadcloak, which covered a much-too-tight army uniform - that he came from a markedly loftier station in life(27C) than did the average Tibetan.Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still, consisting solely of a rounded bundle about a foot in diameter slung securely by a cord over his shoulder(27C). The material the bundle was wrapped in was of a rough Tibetan weave, which did not augurthat the content was of any greater value - except for the importance he seemed to ascribe to it, never for a moment releasing his grip.His objective was a tiny huddle of buildings perched halfway up an enormous valley wall across from him, atop a great wooded spur jutting out from the lower lap of the 22,493-foot AmaDablum, one of the most majestic mountains on earth. There was situated Tengboche, the most famous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificence anywhere on the planet.From the top of the spur, one's eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyon to the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head(28题答案D出处). If Ama Dablum is the Gatekeeper, then the sheer cliff of Nuptse, never less than four miles high, is the Final Protector of the highest and mightiest of them all: Chomolongma, the Mother Goddess of the World, to the Tibetans; Sagarmatha, the Head of the Seas, to the Nepalese; and Everest to the rest of us. And over the great barrier of Nuptse She demurely peaks.It was late in the afternoon - when the great shadows cast by the colossal mountains were descending into the deep valley floors - before he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop just past Tengboche's entrance gompa. His chest heaving in the rarefied air, he removed his hand from the bundle--the first time he had done so - and wiped grimy rivulets of sweat from around his eyes with the fingers of his mitted hand. His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds, the pagoda-like monastery itself, and the stone buildings that tumbled down around it like a protective skirt. In the distance the magic light of the magic hour lit up the plume flying off Chomolongma's 29,029-foot-high crest like a bright, welcoming banner. His breathing calmed, he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps to the monastery entrance(29题答案D出处). There he was greeted with a respectful nameste -"I recognize the divine in you" - from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years, who hastily set aside a twig broom he had been using to sweep the flagstones of the inner courtyard. While he did so, the visitor noticed that the monk was missing the small finger on his left hand. The stranger spoke a few formal words in Tibetan, and then the two disappeared inside.Early the next morning the emissary - lightened of his load - appeared at the monastery entrance, accompanied by the same monk and the elderly abbot. After a bow of his head, which was returned much more deeply by the two ocher-robed residents, he took his leave. The two solemn monks watched, motionless, until he dipped over the ridge on which the monastery sat, and out of sight. Then, without a word, they turned and went back inside the monastery.26. Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking?A. "threaded".B. "dropping".C. "trudged".D. "daunting". （前面三个单词修饰的是the long line, 这个daunting 修饰的是foothill: 山路陡峭让人望而却步,说明行进艰难）27. In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicated in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. clothing.B. height.C. social status.D. personal belongings.28. It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ______ of the region from the monastery.A. a narrow viewB. a hazy viewC. a distant viewD. a panoramic view29. Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery?A. "...he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop..."B. "...he removed his hand from the bundle..."C. "His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds..."D. "...he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps..."30. From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evokeA. a sense of awe. (仅供参考)B. a sense of piety.C. a sense of fear.D. a sense of mystery.汉译英参考答案Cell phone has altered human relations. There is usually a note on the door of conference room, which reads "close your handset|." However, the rings are still resounding in the room. We are all common people and has few urgencies to do. Still, we are reluctant to turn off the phone. Cell phone symbolizes our connection with the world and reflects our "thirst for socialization." We are familiar with the scene when a person stops his steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at his phone, disregard of his location, whether in road center or beside restroom.英译汉参考答案我们人类，正面临全球性的危机，我们的生存和文明受到威胁。