本地化翻译(Localization):咬文嚼字(简体中文易混淆词汇)
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passolo 词汇表全文共四篇示例,供读者参考第一篇示例:Passolo是一种专业的软件本地化工具,广泛应用于软件开发领域和国际化市场中。
通过Passolo,开发人员可以轻松地将软件本地化为不同语言版本,以满足全球用户的需求。
在使用Passolo时,我们需要了解一些关键词汇,以便更好地理解其功能和操作流程。
下面是关于Passolo词汇表的详细介绍。
1. 本地化(Localization):指将软件或产品根据不同的国家或地区的语言、文化和法律要求做出相应的调整,以满足当地用户的需求。
2. 国际化(Internationalization):指设计和开发软件或产品时考虑到不同语言和文化的差异,使其具有较强的适应性和兼容性,方便未来的本地化工作。
3. 项目(Project):在Passolo中,项目是指需要进行本地化处理的软件或产品。
每个项目都包含了一系列要翻译和本地化的资源文件。
4. 资源文件(Resource file):这是软件开发过程中使用的文件,包括界面文本、图标、对话框等。
Passolo可以直接处理这些资源文件,进行本地化工作。
5. 界面文本(UI text):指软件界面上显示的文字内容,通常包括菜单、按钮、标签等。
6. 翻译(Translation):将源语言的文字内容翻译成目标语言的过程。
Passolo提供了翻译工具和功能,方便用户进行翻译工作。
7. 本地化工程师(Localization Engineer):负责软件本地化工作的专业人员,具有一定的语言能力和技术知识,能够处理各种本地化工作。
8. 术语库(Termbase):存储软件本地化过程中的专业术语和翻译对应关系的数据库,用于保证翻译的一致性和准确性。
10. 术语一致性(Terminology consistency):指在软件本地化过程中,术语和翻译之间保持一致,避免出现矛盾或混淆的情况。
11. 导入(Import):将源语言的资源文件导入Passolo中进行本地化处理的操作。
Demystifying the Costs of Localization andTranslation (1)∙I already understand localization. Or do I?∙What do translators really do with my product?∙Why is localization so expensive?Introduction―Why is localization so expensive?!‖We hear this question a lot from our clients, and at one time we had a short answer for it:Words.Our clients usually just scowled at us when we gave that answer, and so we elaborated a bit:The expense-perspective: You paid to create yourEnglish-language product, but because your engineers andwriters use English words, it looked to you as though you didn’tpay anything to create it. Now you need to write a fat check tosomebody in order to create other versions, and you’re annoyedbecause ―all they’re doing is translating,‖ which feels like child’splay compared to the work you’ve done.The revenue-perspective: Your investment in theEnglish-language product will be returned by lots and lots ofEnglish-speaking people who will give you money because yousolved their problems. Similarly, localization is an investment in a[German/Japanese/Korean/Russian/ French/...] product, and thisinvestment will be returned by lots and lots ofnon-English-speaking people who will give you money for solvingtheir problems.In other words, there is an expense-side and a revenue-side to the coin of localization.We also hear that many people in technology consider the process of delivering international products a ―black box‖. Accordingly, Part I of this paper explains the terms and steps in ―Internationalization‖ and ―Localization,‖ with a few grisly details that are second nature to translation professionals, but which look like a black box to most of their clients. In Part II we describe where high localization costs come from, and what organizations can do about the side of the black box over which they do have some control. (When all is said and done, it still comes down to the first answer: Words.)Background: InternationalizationIt is best in the long run to first internationalize the software, as in the Portuguese example in Figure 1, so that no matter how it changes for user interface or business logic, the code base at the core of the product is always the same (sometimes called a single worldwide binary). To externalize those features and characteristics that can change from one region (or locale) to another—e.g., language, color scheme and accounting standards in software, or narrative examples, conditional text and legal text in documentation—is to place them in separate resource files that vary from locale to locale, then call them from a single, common code base.Figure 1This process of internationalization (or I18n, because there are 18 letters between the ―I‖ and the ―n‖) makes life easier for a number of people along the value chain.character set enabling, overall software architecture – but ultimately, companies internationalize their products not only because it’s better engineering, but also because they can reduce time to market and make/save more money in all regions.Of course, it’s nearly impossible to get I18n right the first time, and it usually requires multiple product cycles to refine the process, so the enlightened organization takes a long, patient view. Impatient organizations may leave locale-specific elements, such as strings or error messages, inside the code base, usually to get the English-language product to market in a hurry. This is not evil, but there are costs associated with it later in the process. Companies which outsource I18n effectively leave much of the process inside the black box. For those companies whose own engineers and writers internationalize their products, I18n is not so mysterious.Background: LocalizationFew companies, however, localize their products themselves, because few companies can justify the cost of keeping translators and localization engineers on staff. Localization (or L10n) is the process of delivering a product that meets the needs of users in a specific locale, and because most companies outsource this function, it usually lands squarely in the black box. The L10n process is not completely different from or contrary to the process of creating most technology deliverables. When the product has been properly internationalized, L10n is a parallel function that takes a copy of the resources from their normal flow in development, modifies the copy for the needs of a specific locale, and joins the original further downstream in the development flow (Figure 2).Figure 2There are a few localization concepts, however, which are alien to most people who build technology products, and these concepts are inside the black box. Key ConceptsGlossary (Terminology List)To ensure uniformity of translation throughout the product (and, as the international effort grows, throughout the company), it is a good practice to put in place a glossary, which contains approved translations of key words andphrases. A translation glossary gives the equivalent of the key terms in the target language.Figure 3The Explanation column in Figure 3 is very important for preserving contextual information for the benefit of the translators. Note also that the glossary plays the important role of dictating what should not be translated.Here are some key moments in the life of a glossary:1. Client hands off early version of product to localization vendor forcreation of glossary.2. Localization vendor compiles list of key terms, with contextualcomments.3. Client conducts training session for translators and editors (optional,and too often overlooked)4. Translator translates (or, in some cases, doesn’t translate) intotarget-language equivalents.5. Vendor returns glossary draft to client.6. Client sends glossary out for review by stakeholders most likely tocomplain about undesirable translations, in order to avoid thesecomplaints once the product has been released. (This is extremelyimportant, and should be performed by in-country partners andco-workers whose livelihood depends on the quality of the translation.)7. Client returns glossary comments to vendor, who incorporates them.8. Once approved, the glossary goes to translators, reviewers, editors andclient for continued reference.A typical glossary will contain a few dozen up to a few hundred terms.Simultaneous shipment (Sim-ship)Handing off resources for translation early in development allows the localization process to begin sooner, but the original resources are more likely to change and grow, requiring additional handoffs before release of the original. On the other hand, handing off the resources after the release of the original ensures that they are frozen, but delays the launch into the regional markets (see Figure 2).Simultaneous shipment in multiple languages is attainable, but it usually takes several localization cycles, as well as ironclad buy-in from upper management. The localization process needs to be an integral part of mainstream development so that changes to the original move quickly into the localized versions.Machine Translation (MT)The urge to automate as much of human effort as possible has also touched the specialty of translation. Since the 1950’s, the field of computational linguistics has contributed a great deal to the technology behind computerized translation, and the road ahead is filled with promise.In MT, the computer applies rules and algorithms for syntax, morphology, semantics and other rules to translate text into a destination language. Another approach uses statistical models to arrive at the most likely translation for the input text. Depending on the source-destination language-pair (some are better matched than others), the unedited result will almost always preserve meaning, but it will rarely be as natural as if translated by a human native speaker.Some localization vendors use MT as adjunct technology in their translation workflow. It can save money and time as an interim step to a post-translation editing pass, but by and large, human language is too old and MT not (yet) old enough for most clients to entrust completely the localization of, say, technical documentation entirely to a computer.Translation Memory (TM) and Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) Tools While also computer-based, these tools differ from Machine Translation. The goal of MT is for the computer to bear the brunt of the translation work, whereas TM and CAT tools help the translator do his/her own translating better, more accurately and faster. Localization vendors in the 21st century must use these tools not only to compete on price, but also to meet market expectations of consistency and quality of translation. Currently prominent products in theTM/CAT category include Catalyst, Déjà Vu, Passolo, SDLX and Trados, among many others.TM expands on the idea of the glossary. Beyond correlating a few dozen or hundred key terms, TM creates a one-to-one correlation between all of the source text and all of the destination text in the entire product and places these correlated pairs into a scalable database. Figure 4 shows source text on the left and destination text on the right.Figure 4The database may contain text from software resources, documentation, Web pages and marketing collateral, making all of it available as reference material to any translator working on any of these projects. In addition, fuzzy-matching algorithms rate approximate matches, so if the TM software finds similarity between a new sentence and another sentence already translated in thedatabase, it will suggest it to the translator with a percentage-rating of closeness.Benefits of TMSeveral compelling benefits can accrue to the organization with all (or even most) of its translation memory in a database.Analysis and cost estimates are more accurateAs observed somewhat ironically on page 2, the key metric in the cost of a localization project is Words. Before TM, it sufficed to estimate the wordcount of the entire project and multiply it by a price per word, but why pay tore-translate text that has already been translated, or which appears identically in many different places? With TM, it is possible to determine the wordcount of phrases and sentences that have already been translated, and thereby arrive at a more accurate cost estimate.Figure 5shows the analysis on a batch of ten new files submitted to a vendor for translation.• 38,891 words are in 4,130 repeated segments 1, or segments whichexactly match another segment in the ten files. The translator can translate the first occurrence of these segments and the TM software will propagate themthroughout the project. In addition, 4,674 words are ―placeable‖ (numbers, tags, symbols) and do not require translation.• In descending buckets from 100% down to 50%, there are a few hundred words in segments which have been translated before. These bucketsrepresent descending degrees of fuzzy match.• The software finds no match for segments containing 104,661 wo rds, so these must be translated from scratch. The 4,951 placeable words donot require translation.Many vendors offer discounts based on this analysis: The higher the percentage match bucket, the greater the discount on words in that bucket.• A 100% match means, of course, that no translation work is required, but the words in the 100% segments must still be ―touched‖ (engineering,desktop publishing, translation memory work, final review, QA), so fewvendors discount them entirely.• A 95-99% match often means that punctuation or the spelling of a single word has changed, or a word has been added or deleted, so a translator must do some light work on the segment and the vendor will discountthe segment slightly less.• Below 75% matches, however, discounts are less common because, by the time the translator has found and dealt with the differences between the old and the new text, s/he may as well translate it from scratch. The vendor can pre-translate new versionsBefore the new file has made it as far as the translator, the TM software will have pre-translated as many 100% matches as possible. For any segment that already has a match in the TM database, the software will retrieve and place the corresponding translation. This greatly reduces the translator’s work and shortens the time to deliver the completed product.In Figure 6, the Chinese segments marked with gold (lines 164-171 in the right-hand column) are 100% matches for the corresponding English segments on the left, which have been retrieved from TM and dropped into the translator’s work file in advance.Figure 6Translations enjoy leverage from one version to the nextSimilarly, the software identifies fuzzy matches and places them. The translator modifies the existing translation in light of how the source text has changed and adds the new segment to the TM database. This helps the translator spot English segments that have changed since the last time the product was translated.Figure 7In Figure 7, segment 174 reads ―You will be charged for this application.‖ The software found the closest fuzzy match (84%) and pre-translated it, tagging it green to call the translator’s attention to it. The TM Difference View window shows the very important change made to the English sentence since the last round of translation: The sentence now reads ―You will not be charged for this application.‖ The software provides enough of the original translation so that the translator does not need to start from scratch.The leverage from one version of the localized product to the next is a tremendous advantage of TM software. While it does not lower the overall wordcount of a product, it eliminates needless work for the translators and shortens time to market for the localized versions.All terms are available for lookup and concordance searchThe combination of the TM database and fuzzy matching also allows for concordance searches on specific text for similar, but not necessarily identical, occurrences.Figure 8In Figure 8 the translator has looked up ―Please try again later‖ in the TM database to see in how many different ways similar text has been translated in the past. This functionality goes deeper than that of a translation glossary because it broadens the subject of the lookup from key terms to common phrases, and the domain of lookup from the few hundred glossary terms to the entire TM database.Clients preserve history from one vendor to the nextFinally, the TM database represents a valuable asset if/when the time comes to change localization vendors. With TM, if a vendor goes out of business or is unable to scale to meet a client’s localization needs, the client can forward the TM database to the new vendor, who can then exploit the translation history with less delay.There may be technical limitations (different TM database formats) and legal issues (ownership of the TM database itself), but the larger the translation history, the smaller these issues look by comparison.A few more notes on TM• The real value in TM lies in its continued use over time. A sustainedinternational effort to deliver future versions of localized products willbenefit handsomely from TM. The organization interested in a one-time, quick-and-dirty translation will enjoy far fewer benefits.• Although TM saves a lot of work, it als o involves a lot of work for vendors.Some vendors bill for it directly and conspicuously, while others bill for it under general engineering costs. On balance, though, its benefitsoutweigh its costs, and there is almost no point in trying to save moneyby instructing the vendor not to use TM tools.• The client must bear in mind that translation memory tools are notmachine translation tools. As described above, MT tries to calculatetranslations of new text using rules and existing translations, whereasTM accumulates segment-by-segment history and assists humantranslators. While hybrid TM-MT solutions are becoming more popular,the industry is still a long way from reducing translation to a pure matter of software and hardware.• The client must b ear in mind the concept of the segment. TM looks forand matches text in entire segments because this is the lowest level ofgranularity which the software can use. For this same reason,wordcounts are a function of words in segments, as described in Figure5.Clients who do not understand the concept of the segment ask a verycommon question: ―My company and product name, Crunchware,appear 900 times in the product, and I want them preserved as―Crunchware‖ in all languages. Do I have to pay for that?‖ The answer is ―Sometimes.‖ If ―Crunchware‖ occurs as a segment all by itself in the TM database – and it probably does – then at all occurrences of thatsame segment there is no work for the translator to do, and the clientwill likely receive a steep discount for that 100% matched segment inevery place that ―Crunchware‖ appears alone. However, if―Crunchware‖ appears in a completely new sentence with 44 otherwords – like this sentence, for instance – then the software will report a 45-word segment with no match in TM, and the vendor will likely charge for 45 words at the full rate per word.SummaryA properly internationalized product is a delight to localize, because it involves no wasted effort in handoff, cost estimation, scheduling, translation, rebuilding, testing, release or support. It meets the needs of users in other regions with no changes to its core functionality, no patches, no bug lists, and no excuses. Enlightened organizations manage their own internationalization (I18n), which keeps it out of the black box.The black box looks black mostly because localization (L10n) takes place outside of the client’s organization and involves tools and skills rarely found inside the organization. The black box is not so much product development as product transformation, in which a familiar, English-original product becomes a French/Korean/Russian/Hebrew/... copy. Translation memory (TM) tools are at the heart of the transformation, keeping costs as low as possible and accelerating the work of translators.Although the L10n process seems trivial to many technology clients, there really is a great deal more to it than simply translating words from one language to another. Honest.。
计算机辅助翻译技术概论押题:1、隐马尔科夫模型2、机器翻译的方法3、文本电子化OCR4、双语对齐处理5、汉语切分的方法和关键问题5-20考试——计算机辅助翻译技术考试题型:填空、判断、问答7-8个考查内容:基本概念梳理,理解分析能力,考题思路,课件!1、概论1.1概况为什么要研究翻译技术?何谓翻译技术(translation technology)?能够用来进行语言翻译或辅助进行语言翻译的信息技术。
解决或缓解语言障碍(language barrier)问题,提高翻译从业人员的生产率。
翻译技术的研究始于机器翻译关于机器翻译机器翻译(Machine Translation)定义:利用计算机及其软件把一种语言(自动)翻译成为另外一种语言的技术。
机器翻译研究的目标是研制具有翻译能力的计算机软件系统。
机器翻译的研究始于20世纪40年代末期。
机器翻译结论很困难。
翻译技术的分流机器翻译(MT):机器翻译的主体是机器。
目前比较困难。
(目标是寻找彻底的解决方案)计算机辅助翻译(CAT):计算机辅助翻译的主体是人。
相对比较容易,但却很实用。
计算机辅助翻译立足为翻译人员提供(软件)工具。
协助翻译人员提高效率(生产率)。
名词辨析CAT - Computer-aided TranslationMAT - Machine-aided(-assisted) TranslationMAHT - Machine-assisted Human TranslationHAMT - Human-assisted Machine TranslationMT - Machine TranslationFAHQMT - Fully Automatic High Quality MT关于翻译技术的理解狭义的理解,翻译技术指计算机辅助翻译技术和机器翻译技术。
广义的理解,翻译技术指的是对翻译人员工作有益的任何信息技术。
文字处理工具(MS Word) (不可或缺)国际互联网及其应用(WWW、Email...)各种电子资源(百科全书光盘...)本课程的定位:主要是狭义的翻译技术。
Android会运行在许多地区的许多设备上。
为满足大多数用户的需要,应用程序应该使用与应用所在地区相适应的文本、音频文件、数字、货币符号、以及图形等。
本文档介绍Android应用程序本地化的最佳实践。
这个原则适用于你正在使用的任何IDE 开发工具,如带有ADT的Eclipse、基于Ant的工具等。
首先要掌握Java的编程知识,并且熟悉Android的资源加载过程,以及XML中用户界面元素的声明方法。
在开发方面要掌握Activity的生存周期以及国际化和本地化的一般原则。
使用Android资源框架把应用程序本地化的外观尽可能的与核心Java功能分离,是一个良好的实践。
1.可以把大多数或所有的应用程序的用户界面的内容放到资源文件中;2.用户界面的行为,以及其他处理,是通过Java代码来驱动的。
如,如果用户输入的数据需要依赖不同的地区来格式化或排序,那么就要使用Java代码来编程处理这些数据。
概要:Android中的资源切换资源是文本字符串、布局、声音、图形以及Android应用程序中需要的其他静态数据。
一个应用程序能够包含多个资源集,每个都是针对不同的设备配置来定制的。
当用户运行应用程序时,Android会自动的选择并加载跟设备最匹配的资源。
当编写应用程序时,需要创建一组默认的资源,外加用于不同地区的可选资源。
当用户运行应用程序时,Android系统会基于地区来选择加载合适的资源。
在编写应用程序时,要给应用程序创建默认和可选资源。
对于这些创建的资源,要把它们放到res/目录下,特定命名的子目录中的文件中。
为什么默认资源是重要的?当应用程序运行在一个没有提供特定语言文本的语言环境中时,Android会从res/values/strings.xml中加载默认的字符串。
如果默认的文件不存在,或者是缺少应用程序需要的字符串,那么应用程序就不会运行,并且会显示一个错误。
下面的示例演示了当默认文本文件不完整时所发生的问题:应用程序的Java代码只引用了两个字符串,text_a和text_b。
本地化翻译(Localization)语言:认识繁体中文(Traditional Chinese)本地化翻译(Localization)语言:认识繁体中文(Traditional Chinese)对于中文本地化市场而言,繁体中文(Traditional Chinese) 是有别于简体中文(Simplified Chinese) 的另一个最为重要的本地化目标语言。
繁体中文材料的目标受众主要是居住在中国台湾、香港、澳门地区以及北美等部分海外华人社区的用户。
尽管以繁体中文为母语的人数有限,但由于台湾等地区科技较为先进,IT 业和制造业相对较为发达,因此以繁体中文为目标语言的本地化项目需求量也很大。
1. 繁体中文与简体中文的由来繁体中文即传统上的中华文化中所使用的中文书写体系,目前已有二千年以上的历史。
将台湾、香港等地区一致沿用至今的未经简化处理的传统汉字称作繁体中文(Traditional Chinese)。
由于历史和政治方面的原因,从上世纪50 年代开始,大陆官方在繁体中文的基础上对部分汉字做了简化处理,形成了新的中文书写标准,即简体中文(Simplified Chinese)。
2. 繁体中文与简体中文的区别2.1 目标受众的不同简体中文主要在中国大陆、马来西亚、新加坡,以及东南亚的一些华人社区中使用。
而繁体中文主要在中国台湾、香港与澳门地区,以及北美等部分海外华人社区中使用。
过去简体中文与繁体中文并存于联合国各式文件中,随着中华民国于1971 年退出联合国后,目前联合国的文件已不再使用繁体中文。
2.2 词汇表述的不同中国大陆和中国台湾在20 世纪中叶因政治原因彼此分隔,之后一段时间交流甚少,造成了用词习惯的差异。
从上世纪80 年代开始,随着计算机技术的普及和大量IT 术语的使用,这种差异性表现得尤为明显。
即,同一英文单词对应的简体中文与繁体中文的译文完全不同。
因此,对于繁体中文翻译,绝不可简单地理解为只是将简体字转换为相应的繁体字那么简单。
本地化翻译(Localization)语言:东南亚主要语言(VITM)的相关知识马来语(Malay,Bahasa Indonesia & Bahasa Malaysia)Malay语是马来语和印度尼西亚语的统称,主要使用于马来西亚以及马来西亚周边的邻国,比如说泰国、新加坡、文莱、菲律宾以及印度尼西亚等。
在1945年以前,马来西亚和印度尼西亚都是使用马来语。
但是印度尼西亚于该年从荷兰手中宣布独立以后,便开始使用某种特殊形式的马来语当作其官方语言,并将其称之为“Bahasa Indonesia”(印度尼西亚语),而马来西亚的马来语则称为“Bahasa Malaysia”(马来语)。
这是一种单字节的语言。
19世纪,英国人基于罗马字母设计了现在普遍使用的马来文字,而印尼文则是由荷兰人设计的。
基本上,所谓“马来语”和“印度尼西亚语”的区别,主要是基于政治上的原因,而不是基于语言学上的考虑。
马来语和印度尼西亚语之间的差别,可以类比为英式英语(British English)和美式英语(American English)之间的差别。
使用这两种语言的人基本上是可以彼此沟通的,但在书写系统的拼音和语汇上有较大的差异。
造成这种差别的主要原因,是由于印度尼西亚语从爪哇语和荷兰语中借用了不少词汇。
比如说,马来语中的“邮局”(post office)是pejabat pos,但是印度尼西亚语中的“邮局”则是kantor pos,这是借用kantoor这个荷兰语(荷兰语中的办公室)而产生的词汇。
注意:一定要事先确认目标市场或目标受众,意即“Bahasa Indonesia”(印度尼西亚语)或“Bahasa Malaysia”(马来语)。
泰语(Thai)泰国的官方语言是泰语(ภาษาไทย)。
泰国国内几乎全部人口都说泰国语,只在不同地区有几种方言。
它是一种有声调、没有词性变化和几乎完全单音节的语言。
词汇中的大多数双音节词都是外来语,主要来源是库美尔语、巴利语和梵语。
经常使用运算机术语翻译--本地化软件本地化行业有很多常常利用的行业术语,非行业人士或方才进入该行业的新人,常常对这些术语感到困惑。
另外,软件本地化行业属于信息行业,随着信息技术的迅速进展,不断产生新的术语,因此,即便有连年本地化行业体会的专业人士,也需要跟踪和学习这些新的术语。
本文列举最经常使用的本地化术语,其中一些也大量用在一般信息技术行业。
对这些经常使用的术语,进行简明的说明,给出对应的英文。
加速键或快捷键(accelerate key)。
常应用在Windows应用程序中,同时按下一系列组合键,完成一个特定的功能。
例如,Ctrl + P,是打印的快捷键。
带重音的字符(accented character)。
例如在拉丁字符的上面或下面,添加重音标示符号。
关于汉字没有此问题。
校准(alignment)。
通过比较源语言文档和翻译过的文档,创建翻译数据库的进程。
利用翻译经历工具能够半自动化地完成此进程。
双向语言(bi-directional language)。
关于希伯莱语言或阿拉伯语言,文字是从右向左显示,而其中的英文单词或商标符号从左向右显示。
关于中文,都是从左向右显示。
编译版本(build)。
软件开发进程中编译的用于测试的内部版本。
一个大型的软件项目通常需要执行多个内部版本的测试,因此需要按打算编译出多个版本用于测试。
版本环境(build environment)。
用于编译软件应用程序的一些列文件的集合。
版本健康检查(build sanity check)。
由软件编译者对方才编译的版本快速执行大体功能检查的活动,通过检查后,再由测试者进行正规详细测试。
级连样式表(cascading style sheet -CSS)。
概念html等标示文件显示样式的外部文档。
字符集(character set)。
从书写系统到二进制代码集的字符映射。
例如,ANSI字符集利用8位长度对单个字符编码。
而Unicode,利用16位长度标示一个字符。
翻译术语的名词解释在全球化的背景下,翻译成为不可或缺的沟通桥梁。
不论是商务、文化还是科技领域,翻译都起到了关键的作用。
然而,在翻译过程中,翻译术语也成为了翻译工作者必须熟练掌握的重要一环。
本文旨在解释一些常见的翻译术语,帮助读者更好地理解和使用它们。
1. 本地化(Localization)本地化是翻译中一个重要的概念,指的是根据目标语言和目标文化的特点进行适当的调整和修改以满足本地需求的过程。
它超越了简单的语言转换,还包括对文化、习俗和法规等方面的考虑。
本地化将产品、服务或内容定制到特定的地区,使其更符合当地的文化背景和习惯。
2. 跨文化交际(Intercultural Communication)跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和合作的能力。
翻译工作者常常需要具备跨文化交际的技巧和敏感度,以确保其翻译作品能够准确传达源语言的信息,并且能够被目标受众所接受和理解。
3. 词汇转移(Transfer)词汇转移是指在翻译过程中将某一特定词汇从源语言转移到目标语言中的过程。
熟练的翻译工作者需要根据上下文和目标语言的特点,灵活运用词汇转移技巧,确保所选词汇在目标语言中的准确度和一致性。
4. 同传和交传(Simultaneous Interpretation & Consecutive Interpretation)同传和交传是翻译领域中常见的两种口译技术。
同传是指在演讲或会议进行的同时,翻译人员通过耳机将源语言转换为目标语言,实时传达给听众。
而交传则是演讲者暂停时,翻译人员将其内容转换为目标语言,然后进行传达。
两种技术都需要翻译人员具备高度的语言能力和专注力。
5. 策略(Translation Strategy)翻译策略是指翻译工作者在面对不同的翻译问题时所采取的方法和决策。
由于每个翻译问题都具有其独特的特点,翻译策略的选择对于最终翻译作品的质量至关重要。
常见的翻译策略包括直译、意译、补充信息等。
本地化翻译(Localization) 言:认识繁体中文(Traditional Chin ese)对于中文本地化市场而言,繁体中文(Traditional Chinese) 是有别于简体中文(Simplified Chinese) 的另一个最为重要的本地化目标语言。
繁体中文材料的目标受众主要是居住在中国台湾、香港、澳门地区以及北美等部分海外华人社区的用户。
尽管以繁体中文为母语的人数有限,但由于台湾等地区科技较为先进,IT 业和制造业相对较为发达,因此以繁体中文为目标语言的本地化项目需求量也很大。
1. 繁体中文与简体中文的由来繁体中文即传统上的中华文化中所使用的中文书写体系,目前已有二千年以上的历史。
将台湾、香港等地区一致沿用至今的未经简化处理的传统汉字称作繁体中文(Traditional Chinese) 。
由于历史和政治方面的原因,从上世纪50 年代开始,大陆官方在繁体中文的基础上对部分汉字做了简化处理,形成了新的中文书写标准,即简体中文(Simplified Chinese)。
EU Innovations口中W Q f C0 11"曲和鬥I ~3". Qf%字5 立斑桂TTFRiirUJ2.1目标受众的不同简体中文主要在中国大陆、马来西亚、新加坡,以及东南亚的一些华人社区中使用。
而繁体中文主要在中国台湾、香港与澳门地区,以及北美等部分海外华人社区中使用。
过去简体中文与繁体中文并存于联合国各式文件中,随着中华民国于1971年退出联合国后,目前联合国的文件已不再使用繁体中文。
2.2词汇表述的不同中国大陆和中国台湾在20世纪中叶因政治原因彼此分隔,之后一段时间交流甚少,造成了用词习惯的差异。
从上世纪80年代开始,随着计算机技术的普及和大量IT术语的使用,这种差异性表现得尤为明显。
即,同一英文单词对应的简体中文与繁体中文的译文完全不同。
因此,对于繁体中文翻译,绝不可简单地理解为只是将简体字转换为相应的繁体字那么简单。
翻译技术实践智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下山东师范大学山东师范大学第一章测试1.“本地化”是指将某种产品加以调整,以适应原市场的语言. 文化以及其他的要求。
()答案:错2.计算机辅助翻译的英文全称为(computer-aided translation ( CAT))。
()答案:对3.雅信支持的文档类型较多,对于大多数翻译任务,译员可以选择使用哪种格式?答案:RTF4.目前(2020年前后)全球市场占有率第二,欧洲市场占有率第一的计算机辅助翻译工具为()。
答案:memoQ5.翻译技术的研究始于()。
答案:机器翻译第二章测试1.CAT技术教学进入翻译课程体系设置的必要性包括()答案:翻译机构对技术的要求;实现项目和报酬的网络化交付的要求;翻译市场的需求2.计算机辅助翻译的发展趋势有哪些()。
答案:集成化和自动化程度越来越高;“TM+MT+PE”模式更加普及;翻译记忆检索精准度不断提升3.第一代搜索引擎的代表是Google()答案:错4.搜索方式是搜索引擎的一个关键环节,大致可以分为四种:()。
答案:元搜索引擎;目录搜索引擎;垂直搜索引擎;全文搜索引擎5.在一定意义上,术语标准化是一种术语管理活动,即通过政府、国际组织或行业协同对某个专业领域中的术语进行协调,尽可能使领域术语具备上述典型特征,为知识的传播与交流提供便利。
答案:对第三章测试1.查找的快捷键是(Ctrl+F);替换的快捷键是(Ctrl+H)()答案:对2.在Word中,下列哪项是切换到大纲视图?()答案:Alt+Ctrl+O3.下面哪一款国内主流的计算机辅助翻译工具()。
答案:Transmate4.针对图表的题注文字,添加交叉引用的时候,我们可以:( )答案:仅标签和编号;引用整项题注;只有题注文字;页码5.雅信支持的文档类型较多,对于大多数翻译任务,译员可以选择使用()格式。
答案:RTF第四章测试1.“所见即所得”的缩写是……()答案:WYSIWYG2.如果想快速移动一个章节的位置,最简便的方法是……( )答案:在大纲视图下直接拖动章节的标题3.更新目录的时候,我们应该……( )答案:在现有目录上点右键,选择“更新域”4.目前(2020年前后)全球市场占有率第二,欧洲市场占有率第一的计算机辅助翻译工具为()。
本地化语言(Localization):简体中文和繁体中文的详细分类由于历史、政治和地缘等各方面的原因,书写体中文从整体上分为两大类:简体中文(simplified Chinese,简称SC、CS、SCH、CHS等)和繁体中文(traditional Chinese,简称TC、CT、TCH、CHT等)。
目前简体中文通行于中国大陆和新加坡地区,繁体中文用于台湾、香港、澳门以及其他海外地区,而且每个地区在历史的进程中,又形成了各自特有的词汇和用法。
因此国际标准化组织在其ISO639标准中将中文的语言代码定义为ZH,同时在其后附加该语言国家或地区代码加以区分。
目前需求较大的中文主要包括:zh-CN:简体中文的主体,主要用于中国大陆地区。
但随着香港回归后与大陆经济的更紧密联系以及双方人员往来更加频繁,目前香港地区也有较多场合开始使用或者能够接受zh-CN 语言。
zh-TW:繁体中文的主体,主要用于台湾地区以及其他大部分海外华人群体中。
在与简体中文的差异方面,除字形和编码(简体中文通常采用GB2312 编码,而繁体中文通常采用Big5 编码)完全不同外,许多词汇和行文风格也不尽相同,如“圆珠笔”与“原子筆”、“悉尼”与“雪梨”、“端口”与“連接埠”以及双引号(简体中文的双引号:“”;繁体中文的双引号:「」)的不等同,此种差异在各种高科技和其他技术领域尤为明显。
zh-HK:繁体中文,主要用于香港和澳门地区。
由于香港和台湾一直保持着不同的政治体系,加上地域和文化的差异,另外香港回归后语言受到中国大陆简体用法的较大影响,因此其与台湾繁体有着较大区别,使用的词汇和语言风格具有香港地区自己的特点。
(例如英文Taxi,台湾繁体译为“計程車”,香港繁体译为“的士”;Why台湾繁体译为“為什麼”,香港繁体译为“爲什麽”。
)zh-US:繁体中文,主要用于美国(尤其是加州地区)和加拿大地区。
以前该地区主要为中国早期移民,其语言和台湾繁体中文完全一致。
外言翻译-本地化翻译本地化知识本地化是为解决网站、软件向其它国家推广时遇到的语言障碍问题。
网站需要翻译成不同国家的语言,以便不同国家的人能够无障碍地阅读网站内容,这便是网站本地化;软件也需要本地化,以便能够在目标国家推广。
本地化不仅仅是简单的文字翻译转换,还必须根据目标语言国家的市场特点、文化习惯、法律等情况进行本地特性开发、界面布局调整等工作。
地化译文的基本准则凝练平实,言简意赅;信息全面,含义准确;语气流畅,逻辑通顺;使用书面用语,符合汉语语法习惯;杜绝错字、别字、多字、少字、标点符号误用和英文拼写错误;译文的用词及语气须避免有对性别、年龄、种族、职业、宗教信仰、政治信仰、政党、国籍、地域、贫富以及身体机能障碍者的歧视。
本地化的项目绝大多数属于科技英语的本地化项目,在科技英语项目的本地化翻译时要掌握以下语言规律和特点:从文体上看,大多是论述性、指南性的,多用陈述句、祈使句,平铺直叙,少有感情色彩。
句子结构简练严谨,常采用省略手法,用短语来代替从句。
词汇力求短小精悍,常用复合词,技术性越强,复合词越多。
在表现手法上力求客观性,避免主观性和个人色彩,被动语态使用较多,以使句子紧凑,主语信息丰富,避免重复。
文章结构层次分明,连接词的使用十分频繁和重要。
用词比较正规。
注意:手册的的语言风格与联机帮助或界面相比要略显活泼一些,经常会出现一些疑问句、反问句、感叹句、俚语等;在翻译时要将这些地方译得文雅而不口语化,既要传达出原文要表达的感情,而表达方式又符合汉语的习惯。
名称和地址的翻译规则:人名、地址、公司及客户名称原文中虚拟的人名、地址、公司名称及客户名称若译成中文,应避免与名人或真实的公司名称有雷同的情况,亦不得谐音。
地址名在需要的情况下也请使用中文。
如有疑问,请IQA或该产品组查询确认。
产品名称原则上正式上市的中文版Microsoft产品,其产品名称均维持原文格式,不加以翻译。
在较重要或明显之处(如手册的封面、内容第一次提到产品名称时,或安装说明中有关操作系统的说明),应使用产品全称,即应在中文产品名之后加上“中文版”或“中文专业版”字样,如“Microsoft Offic e 97中文专业版”、“Microsoft Windows 95中文版”。
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。