第三章 副词
- 格式:doc
- 大小:37.00 KB
- 文档页数:4
第三章 副词 副词和形容词有着千丝万缕的联系,相当比例的副词都是形容词加后缀-ly构成的,但副词在句中的作用却与形容词有较大区别,需细心领会:副词最主要的功能是作状语,用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、甚至整个句子,这些都是形容词不可替代的作用,但切记在TOEFL题中不可修饰名词 副词可大致分为时间副词(如:now, then, recently), 地点副词(如:here, upstairs, everywhere), 方式副词(如:carefully, rapidly, happily), 程度副词(如:much, quite, extremely), 疑问副词(如:how, when, where), 承接副词(如:besides, however, therefore)等等 副词比较级和最高级的用法基本和形容词相同,形容词比较级的特殊句式同样适用于副词,稍有不同的是副词最高级前的the可用可不用,不用时居多。副词比较级和最高级作为考点的不多,但在题干中多次出现,可留心体会与形容词的区别和联系 第一节 副词修饰动词 修饰动词是副词的最主要作用之一,此处动词的含义包括谓语动词、不定式中的动词,被动式或进行时中的分词形式的动词 例如:You can’t possibly arrive there on time. (谓语动词) It’s inconvenient to contact him directly. (不定式中的动词) Her composition is frequently referred to as original. (被动式) 改错题中常误用形容词修饰动词,要注意识别 例题: (1) In the United States, sleds for recreation were first produced commercial in the 1870’s or thereabouts. 应改为:commercially 解释:形容词commercial不能修饰谓语动词produce, 需改为副词 (2) According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees ----, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows. (A) facially (B) their faces (C) having facial (D) they had faces 答案:A 解释:resemble一词是本句的谓语动词, 已有了宾语chimpanzees, 之后需要的只可能是用来补充说明的非谓语, B、D可先排除; facial是形容词, 不能作have的宾语, 因此C肯定不对; A是副词, 恰好修饰动词作状语
第二节 程度副词much等 程度副词much, still, far, a little, a bit 的特殊之处在于:可用来修饰比较级,表示加强或减弱程度。 如: I’m much clearer about the situation now. She’s not a bit more rational than you were. 注意:much不能加形容词原形代替比较级 比如想说更有耐心:不能够说much patient, 而应该说more patient; 同时more也不能替代much修饰比较级, 比如要说低得多:不能说more lower , 而应该说much lower; 例句:She is far better than me at English. ( 在英语方面她比我好的多) 例题: (1) Watercolors dry more faster than other paints. 应改为:much faster 解释:比较级more不能修饰比较级faster, 应改为程度副词much (2) Reptiles are widely distributed all over the world, but are much abundant in warm regions and are virtually absent beyond the treeline in the Arctic. 应改为:more. 解释:much作为形容词不能修饰另一个形容词, 而作副词时只能修饰形容词比较级, 如much better, much more expensive, 依句意是要将爬行动物在温带地区和寒带地区的分布加以对比, 因此改为比较级more abundant (3) Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the nonmetals oxygen and silicon are more still abundant. 考点:程度副词 应改为:still more 解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前, 词汇:crust: 地壳 silicon: 硅 (4) A goose’s neck is a tiny longer than that of a duck and not so gracefully curved as a swan’s. 考点:程度副词 应改为:little 解释:形容词tiny不能修饰比较级longer, 应改用程度副词a little 词汇:gracefully: 优雅地, swan: 天鹅
第三节 副词在句中的位置 副词在句中的位置比较灵活,放在句首、句中、句尾都有可能,这是副词的优点,但同时给英语学习者带来了麻烦,往往难以抉择副词的位置,TOEFL出题者也借此大做文章,给考生制造障碍,在填空题、改错题中都涉及语序问题 几点参考规则: 1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如: She sings very well. I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now. I met just now your uncle (错) 2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如: These two are only slightly different. right after this, very smoothly 当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如: I am not good enough to do this job. (对) I am not enough good to do this job. (错) 3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如: He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. He is always here at 8’clock. (be动词之后) 4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如: only, even, still, perhaps, etc. 例题: (1) When rainbows appear, they are always in the part of the sky opposite directly the Sun. 应改为:directly opposite. 解释:opposite 与the Sun 构成介宾短语, 修饰副词directly必须置于opposite之前 (2) Amoebas are ---- small to be seen without a microscope. (A) far too (B) far and (C) so far (D) as far as 答案:A 解释:空格前是句子的主谓语,空格处需要small的修饰语,B, C, D都不能修饰形容词, 故选A, 由副词too修饰small,副词far用来加深程度
第四节 容易混淆的词 hard (努力,副词) -hardly (几乎不,副词) close (接近,形容词) -closely(接近,副词) near (接近,形容词) -nearly (几乎,副词), nearby (adj.邻近的) most (大多数的,形容词) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副词) late (迟、晚,形容词) -lately (最近,副词),later(adv.稍后的) high (高的,形容词) -highly (adv. 非常,大大的) 另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可爱的、有趣的),尽管词尾有ly, 但是都是形容词 例题: (1) Chief Joseph La Flesche, a vigorous Omaha leader, worked hardly to make his nation a proud and progressive one. 应改为:hard 解释:hard和hardly都是副词,前者表示努力地,后者表示几乎不,依据题意应改用hard 词汇:vigorous: 精力充沛的,progressive: 进步的 (2) Glaciers that develop nearly the North and South Poles advance into the sea, break into pieces, and become icebergs. 应改为:near