BookReviewDecadeofBetrayalMexicanRepatriationinthe1930s

Why Historians Disagree
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Allen F. Davis & Harold D. Woodman
R einforcement T ext Analysis Why Historians Disagree B ackground W arming up Unit 11
Objectives
Learn why historians disagree. Reflect on what history is. Practice reading skills: reading for the gist reading academic articles Analyze the structure of an expository writing to see how the main ideas are cleverly organized and connected (transition). Apply what you will learn to your study and life.
Views on History
D. His-story and her-story Women have either been excluded from the history or been denigrated in the historical account. When they were included, they were marginalized or subordinated by the male (not necessarily male) historians, or used as scapegoats to explain the misfortunes in the history.

新历史主义批评新历史主义（New Historicism）是20世纪70年代出现于美国，80年代得以正式命名的一种不同于旧历史主义和形式主义批评的“新”的文学批评流派和批评方法。

新历史主义文学批评的创立者是美国加州大学伯克利分校英文系教授斯蒂芬·格林布拉特（1943——）。

他在1982年《文类》杂志第一期专刊的前言中打出了“新历史主义”的旗号，以后这个称谓逐渐流行开来,成为一种新的文学批评派别。

其主要代表人物有美国的斯蒂芬·格林布拉特、海登·怀特，英国的路易斯•艾德里安•蒙特鲁斯等。

由于新历史主义理论来源的复杂性、批评取向的多样性以及它作为一个学术流派的松散性和跨国性，造成了对其归类评析的特殊困难。

尽管如此，人们对其基本内涵还是形成了一些大致趋同的看法。

这些大致趋同的看法体现了作为一个批评流派的不可取代的共性，这种共性可简洁地概括为：以特有的方式回归历史。

“新历史主义”之所以“新”就在于它回归历史的方式是独特的，不是要简单地回复到旧历史主义和马克思主义的历史主义。

它吸收了非历史主义批评的若干成分，特别是后结构主义，尤其是福柯的一些理论成分。

新历史主义批评要回归的“历史”不是马克思主义所着力考察的以政治、经济制度为主的社会状况，而是一种“文化性的”历史。

它的价值在于尝试将马克思主义与后结构主义相结合，将历史纬度输入到后结构主义批评当中，创造出一种新的历史主义批评。

正如格林布拉特自己所承认的，他们的批评实践很难划入哪一个居主导地位的理论营垒，只能置于马克思主义和后结构主义之间来加以说明。

另一个重要的“新历史主义”的历史学家和文学批评家海登·怀特（Hayden White）也说过：“新历史主义既过于历史化，又不够历史化，既过于形式主义，又不够形式主义，而这完全取决于以何种历史和文学理论为基础来对其加以评判。

”①正是在这个意义上，新历史主义批评是一种对历史文本加以释义的、政治解读的“文化诗学”。

10
Summary
• The Athenians are known for their economic and governmental reforms, which led to monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny, and the first democracy • A democracy gives power to the majority through voting and election and keeps the leaders in check • The Delian League ended up becoming the Athenian Empire, which sought to control all of Greece • The Peloponnesian War ended the Athenian Empire with Sparta’s victory • The Macedonians conquered the Greeks, who agreed to finally unify under Macedonia
• Western and Eastern logic differ in how they reason about contradiction
• Western logic is based on Greek formal logic • Eastern logic is based on dialectical thinking
• The prophets offer a final prophecy—they tell of a man who will come to save the people and establish an eternal kingdom • The newly freed Jews fall under Roman rule in 63 B.C.

Text study: Barn Burning
1. The

story of Barn Burning
The Snopes’ Sarty’s father Relationship between Sarty and his father. Blood is thicker than water. Sarty disliked his father in some way.
Sarty’s despair, regret and confusion expressed through his calling “Pap! Pap!” and “Father. My father. Sarty’s understanding of his father’s barn burning to the remark of “He was brave!” Sarty’s psychological journey throughout the story.

His major novels include The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Sanctury (1931), Light in August (1932), Absalom, Absalom! (1936), and The Hamlet (1940). His books of short stories include These Thirteen (1931), Go Down, Moses (1942), and The Collected Stories of William Faulkner (1950).
Chapter Nine