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2012年6月2日

温室花卉的栽培管理技术

2

目录

1、温室花卉的分类 ··································································································· 5

1.1、温室花卉根据温度高低分类··············································································· 5

1.2、温室花卉依其生活史分类 ·················································································· 6

1.2.1、温室一、二年生花卉。如瓜叶菊、蒲包花等。 ················································ 6

1.2.2、温室宿根花卉。······························································································ 6

1.2.3、温室球根花卉。如仙客来、朱顶红、大岩桐、马蹄莲、花叶芋等。················· 6

1.2.4、温室亚灌木花卉。如香石竹、文竹、天门冬等。············································ 6

1.2.5、温室木本花卉。····························································································· 6

1.2.6、温室蕨类植物。······························································································ 6

1.2.7、温室兰科花卉。······························································································ 6

1.2.8、仙人掌及多汁多浆类花卉。 ············································································ 7

1.2.9、水生花卉。如玉莲、热带睡莲等。·································································· 7

1.3温室花卉依其栽培方式分类 ················································································· 7

2、温室花卉的盆栽特点 ···························································································· 7

2．1、盆栽花卉需要细致栽培，精心养护，人为配制培养土。 ·································· 7

2．2、盆栽花卉便于移动，可随时进行室内外花卉装饰。 ········································· 7

2.3、盆栽花卉易于调控花期，有利于促成栽培和拟制栽培，满足市场需要。 ············ 7

2.4、部分盆栽花卉可多年栽培，多年观赏。 ····························································· 7

2.5、花卉盆栽能及时调节市场，多方调用。 ····························································· 7

3、花盆的类型与处理 ······························································································· 7

3.1、花盆的类型 ······································································································· 7

3.1.1、按照花盆的质地划分······················································································· 7

3.1.2、依据花盆的应用目的划分················································································ 8

3.2、花盆的处理 ······································································································· 8

4、培养土的配制 ······································································································ 9

4.1、培养土的概念···································································································· 9

4.3.1、过筛 ············································································································· 10

4.3.2、消毒 ············································································································· 10

4.4、培养土的配制···································································································11

4.5、培养土的酸碱度测试与调节··············································································11

5、温室花卉栽培管理的技术措施 ············································································ 12

5.1、温室花卉的环境调控 ······················································································· 12

5.1.1、温度调控 ······································································································ 12

5.1.2、光照调控 ······································································································ 12

5.1.3、水分调节 ······································································································ 13

5.1.4、CO2调节······································································································· 14

5.1.5、通风 ············································································································· 15

5.2.1、上盆 ············································································································· 16 3 5.2.2、换盆与翻盆··································································································· 16

5.2.4、浇水 ············································································································· 18

5.2.5、施肥 ············································································································· 19

5.2.6、整形与修剪··································································································· 22

5.2.7温室盆花的出入季节 ······················································································· 24

6、温室花卉的花期调控技术 ··················································································· 25

合集下载

温室草本花卉繁殖与栽培管理技术

温室草本花卉繁殖与栽培管理技术

林业科学　现代农业科技２０１５年第１３期　

温室草本花卉繁殖与栽培管理技术　

王心想　刘林中　马琳　张艳霞ｚ王坤宇：　

（　河南省周口市林技站，河南周口４６６００２，　周口市林业监测站）　

摘要介绍了报春花、香雪兰、倒挂金钟、旱金莲等４种常见温室草本花卉的形态特征、习性、繁殖技术、栽培管理和应用，以供种植者　参考。　关键词温室；草本花卉；形态特征；习性；繁殖技术；栽培管理　中图分类号￥６８１　文献标识码Ｂ　文章编号１００７—５７３９（２０１５）１３—０２１２—０１　

笔者经过观察和实践，总结了报春花、香雪兰、倒挂金　

钟、旱金莲等４种温室草本花卉的繁殖技术与栽培管理方　

法，现将其介绍如下，以供种植者参考。　

１报春花　

１．１形态与特征　

多年生草本花卉，多作一、二年生栽培。株高４５　ｃｍ左　

右，植株细弱较柔嫩。根出叶，叶卵圆形，叶柄长，叶缘浅波　

状、具锯齿，叶背有白粉。花为重出伞形花序，可多至２～６　

层，花梗纤细较长，高出叶面。花小、多数，花萼５裂，花冠蝶　

状，花色有淡紫、粉红、玫瑰红等，花期ｌ２月至翌年３月，　

２—３月为盛花期，果实为蒴果，种子细小，果熟期４—５月。　

１．２习性　

性喜冷凉湿润，忌烈曰，耐肥，较耐寒，喜富含腐殖质、　

排水良好的土壤。　

１．３繁殖技术　多用播种法繁殖，也可分株，但较少用。秋播于７—８月　

在温室盆播或冷床播种，需播于疏松肥沃的土壤中，因种子　

细小需拌种播，播后不覆土，可用浸水法浸水，然后盖玻璃　

保湿，置于半荫处，７～１０ｄ后即可发芽，７　ｄ后移植１次，１４　ｄ　

后进行第２次移植，经２次移植后可定植于１７　ｃｍ盆中。　１．４栽培管理　

定植后注意肥水．开花前施以追肥，一般保持在７～１０。Ｃ　即可。报春花的种类多，因其喜冷凉环境，故置于冷室即可，　

刚定植的小苗要注意遮荫【１］。后期进入结实阶段，可少加肥　

水，即可望种子成熟．收到种子。　

１．５应用　报春花可作为温室盆栽，为冬春季节很好的观赏花卉，　

温室花卉环境条件的控制与调节

温室花卉环境条件的控制与调节

河南农业年第期NNNONGY良种良法LIANGZHONGLIANGFA

一、温度的调节温度是温室管理中最关键的环境因素。温度的调节不仅仅是为花卉生长提供最适的温度,满足其在不同生育阶段中对温度的要求,还必须考虑到温度与湿度、温度与光照、温度与通风之间的相互关系。这些都应看作是温度调节的重要问题。在北方地区,一般养护热带植物的高温温室,冬季室温不低于16℃~18℃,养护亚热带植物的中温温室,冬季室温不低于8℃~10℃;养护温带植物的低温温室,冬季室温不低于3℃~5℃,养护冬季休眠植物的冷室,室温不低于0℃即可安全越冬。在自然界里,植物正常生长发育时期,一般情况是白天土壤温度略高于气温,夜间略低于气温。因此,温室里栽培花卉,也必须使盆土或床土能得到日光照晒,以便使土壤在白天能够接受太阳的辐射,提高盆土或床土的温度,有利于根系的生理活动。温室温度的高低,主要是通过加温(包括日光辐射加温和人工加温)、通风和遮阴等综合措施来实现的。所以,常用温度调节的方法如下。(一)采用燃煤火炉或暖气、电热器加温,来提高室内温度;利用电热线加温,来提高盆土或床土的温度。(二)冬季屋顶覆盖草苫,可以减少室内热量散失,保持室温。(三)冬季打开门窗通风,可起到降低室温的作用;夏季屋顶加盖草帘遮阳网或淋水、室内喷雾均可起到降低室温的作用。(四)根据花卉种类摆放适当位置。离烟道、暖气片或电热器近处温度高,离热源远处和靠门窗处温度较低。温度的调节还必须同湿度结合起来。一般温度越高蒸发越强,所以提高温度也应该相应地提高湿度。温度与通风也要很好地结合起来,温度高时通风的时间和次数可多些,温度低时通风的时间和次数可少些。二、光照的调节由于热带、亚热带地区常年阴雨天气较多,大量的云雾使空气透明度大大降低,因而就形成了光照时间缩短,光质变弱的自然环境。这些热带、亚热带植物引到北方来,大多数不能适应北方的自然环境。虽然进入温室栽培,植物与太阳之间多了一层玻璃,但由于北方晴朗天气较多,日光强烈,因而光线仍然过多。所以,在北方进行温室栽培植物,夏季光线强烈时必须进行适当遮阴。遮阴是调节光照强度的主要方法。不仅具有降低光照强度的作用,还有降低温度、保温和提高空气湿度的效果。但是,不同植物对光线的要求是不相同的,在遮阴时,应根据各种植物对光线的要求进行适度遮阴。一般情况下:阳性植物如仙人掌科、大戟科、龙舌兰科等多浆植物以及玉莲等均喜强光不需要遮阴;中性植物如扶桑、夹竹桃、含笑、茉莉和白兰花等在光线充足的条件下生长良好,若夏季阳光强烈时略加遮阴即可;阴性植物如兰科、天南星科、秋海棠科、蕨类等,均不能适应强烈光照的环境,一般要求遮阴度应在50%~80%左右。遮阴常用的方法:在温室玻璃屋面上加盖苇帘或竹帘;搭架遮阳网,将花卉放在遮阳网下面养护;用石灰加食盐以100∶1的比例再加水配成溶液喷涂在温室玻璃面上,反射光线,降低透光度;在温室周围栽植高大的落叶乔木,夏季树叶繁茂可以遮阴,冬季落叶不影响采光。三、湿度的调节温室花卉大多数是热带、亚热带地区植物。热带、亚热带地区年降雨量较多,而且在全年中雨量分布均匀,空气湿度大,因而生长在那里的植物,均要求较高的湿度,一般要求空气相对湿度不低于65%~85%。因温室密闭,水分不易蒸发,在一般情况下,温室内的湿度能满足花卉的要求。但是,有时因室内加温或室内通风,日照强烈等原因,使室内空气相对湿度变得很低。为了满足花卉对湿度的要求,应根据需要相应的给以调节。常用湿度调节的方法:温室内地面、花台和花架上喷水;利用花架下面空闲地方建贮水池,增大蒸发面积;安装自动喷雾装置,自动调节湿度;如温室加温利用暖气装置时,可将暖气的回水管通过室内的贮水池,促进贮水池中水分的蒸发,达到提高室内湿度的目的。四、通风的调节在温室花卉栽培过程中,因通风不良导致的损害屡见不鲜。过多的有害气体不及时排除,使植物中毒造成生理病害而长势减弱,随之感染一些病害。同时还会造成蚜虫、粉虱、介壳虫的大量发生。所以,冬春季节一定要做好通风工作。但是,室内通风又常与保温、保湿相矛盾,为了减少矛盾,达到良好的效果,必须注意,冬季通风换气最好在中午前后、外界气温较高时进行,以免影响保温。通风时还应注意保持湿度,除在室内设有自动喷雾装置外,还可以在通风口进行喷雾,这样不仅克服了通风与保湿的矛盾,同时又利于雾气的飞散,使室内空气湿度均匀一致。通风时应根据当时的风向,打开顺着风向的出气口和对着风向的进风口,使通风自然迅速。但应切忌使过堂风吹入温室,以免冷风袭击植物,遭致冻伤,甚至冻死。新密市农业局闫红军尚伟民宋会霞王宏勋温室花卉环境条件的控制与调节

温室栽培技术提供较稳定的生长环境

温室栽培技术提供较稳定的生长环境

温室栽培技术提供较稳定的生长环境

温室栽培技术已成为现代农业生产的重要组成部分。通过温室栽培，农作物得以在受控的环境条件下生长，提供了更加稳定的生长环境，从而增加产量和改善品质。本文将介绍温室栽培技术的原理和应用，并探讨其在现代农业中的意义。

一、温室栽培的原理

1.1 温室效应

温室栽培的核心原理就是利用温室效应。温室内部设置的玻璃或塑料薄膜能够阻止大部分热辐射逃逸，形成一个相对封闭的空间。太阳光穿过透明的材料进入温室，被吸收后转化为热能，热能在温室内部积聚，提高了温室内的温度。这种特殊的热量积聚特性为作物的生长提供了适宜的温度条件。

1.2 光照和温度调控

温室栽培通过调控温室内部的光照和温度，为植物提供最适合的生长环境。光照是植物进行光合作用的关键因素之一，适宜的光照水平可以提高作物的光合效率，促进养分的吸收和转化。而温度则对植物的生长发育和代谢过程起着至关重要的作用，过高或过低的温度都会对植物的生理活动产生不利影响。温室栽培通过合理调节温室内的光照和温度，使其适应不同作物的生长需求，提供一个稳定且可控的生长环境。

二、温室栽培技术的应用 2.1 食用作物的温室栽培

温室栽培是一种高效的种植方式，可应用于各种食用作物的生产。在温室内，作物受到温度、湿度和气体组成等因素的调控，克服了室外种植所面临的气候限制，使得作物能够在整个年份内稳定地生长和产出。例如，蔬菜类作物如番茄、黄瓜、辣椒等在温室栽培下可以实现全年供应，满足市场对新鲜、无污染食品的需求。

2.2 花卉和观赏植物的温室栽培

温室栽培也广泛应用于花卉和观赏植物的生产。通过控制光照和温度，温室栽培可以在非适宜季节内种植花卉，实现全年供应。同时，温室栽培还可以提供更好的生长条件，使花卉的开花期延长，花色更加鲜艳，品质更为优越，满足人们对于美丽花卉的需求。

三、温室栽培技术的意义

3.1 提高农作物产量和质量

温室栽培技术为农作物的生长提供了较稳定的环境，避免了受外界气候等因素的干扰。由于温室内部的光照和温度可调，农作物的生理过程能够更好地进行，从而促进了养分吸收、生长发育和产量的提高。此外，温室栽培下的农作物往往受到较少病虫害的侵扰，品质更加优良，对于实现农业的高质量发展具有重要意义。

切花文心兰的日光温室栽培方法

切花文心兰的日光温室栽培方法

切花文心兰的日光温室栽培方法

文心兰是种被广为喜爱的花卉，具有深受人们喜爱的美丽花形和浓郁的香气。但是，如果在野外生长，他们经常会被天气的变化和害虫干扰。为了更好地保护这些花朵，很多人选择在日光温室中栽培文心兰，这种方法非常有用，可以帮助你更好地提高种植文心兰的成功率。在本篇文档中，我们就来为您介绍关于切花文心兰的日光温室栽培方法。

1. 准备工作

首先，我们需要准备好文心兰的种子和日光温室。选用的种子在选择时注意质量，最好是购买有质量保证的种子，避免使用劣质种子。日光温室可选用塑料材质。在温室的选择上，我们需要根据种植的需求选择适当的大小。

2. 技术要点

在切花文心兰的日光温室栽培技术上，要注意以下几个方面：

（1）光照和温度：在文心兰的栽培过程中，光照和温度对于花朵的生长非常重要。温室内需要充足的阳光和适宜的温度，以保证花朵能够顺利开花。春秋季节宜为25℃左右，夏季大约27℃左右，降低到15℃左右时，文心兰生长会不太好，要注意保持温度宜人，避免过度的温度波动。 （2）气温控制：在日光温室中进行文心兰的种植时，需要细心地控制温度。这可以使用自动温控系统或者手动方式控制。尤其是在温度过高或过低的季节，需要更密切地注意。

（3）地面覆盖：在文心兰的栽培过程中，覆盖地面使得土壤的温度和湿度稳定。但是，在地面覆盖时，我们需要选择透气性良好的材料。

（4）定期浇水：文心兰的根系浅，需要适当的浇水。在温室中种植时，要保持土壤的湿润，但要避免过量浇水。定期浇水并要遵循一个晒干的周期。

3. 收割和保养

在确定收割的时间上，我们需要观察花朵的颜色和开放程度。当花朵开始苍白时，就表明时间到了。在收割和保养时，我们需要注意：

（1）割花：文心兰开花后，随着时间推移，花朵会逐渐枯萎，并最终掉落。当开花的时候，可以选择剪掉花朵和花茎，防止它们对其他花朵的生长造成限制。

（2）保养：文心兰的日光温室栽培过程中，定期施肥和修剪是非常重要的。要保证充足的养分供给，防止过度施肥和养分流失。修剪可以控制植物的形状和大小，促进枝叶的生长，生成更多花朵。