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The effects of operating conditions on semivolatile organic compounds emitted

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Theeffectsofoperatingconditionsonsemivolatileorganiccompoundsemitted

fromlight-duty,gasoline-poweredmotorvehicles

JasonS.Herringtona,MichaelD.Haysa,*,BarbaraJ.Georgeb,RichardW.Baldaufa,c

aOfficeofResearchandDevelopment,NationalRiskManagementResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,109T.W.AlexanderDrive,E343-02,ResearchTrianglePark,NC27711,USAbOfficeofResearchandDevelopment,NationalExposureResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,109T.W.AlexanderDrive,ResearchTrianglePark,NC27711,USAcOfficeofTransportationandAirQuality,NationalVehicleandFuelEmissionsLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,2000TraverwoodDrive,AnnArbor,MI48105,USA

articleinfo

Articlehistory:Received11July2011Receivedinrevisedform7February2012Accepted9February2012

Keywords:ParticulatematterMotorvehicleemissionsThermalextractionOrganicPMVehicleoperatingconditionsabstract

Athermalextraction-gaschromatography-massspectrometry(TE-GC-MS)methodwasutilizedtoquantitativelyexaminesemivolatileorganiccompounds(SVOCs)infineparticulatematter(PM2.5)collectedfromlight-duty,gasoline-poweredvehicle(LDGV)exhaust.Emissionswereanalyzedfromasubsetof18vehiclestestedintheKansasCityLight-DutyVehicleEmissionsStudy(KCVES).TheKCVESappliedtheLA92UnifiedDrivingCycle(UDC),consistingof“coldstart”,“hotstabilizedrunning”,and“warmstart”phases.ThesensitivityoftheTE-GC-MSanalysisprovidedtheopportunitytoexaminetheemissionratesandproportionsofSVOCs(includingpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs),hopanes,andsteranes)inPM2.5onanindividualvehiclebasisforeachUDCphase.MeantargetSVOCemissionsratesof5.01mgkmÀ1,0.28mgkmÀ1,and0.63mgkmÀ1werereportedforthecoldstart,hotstabilizedrunning,andwarmstartphases,respectively.OperatingconditionsasdepictedbyeachUDCphasesignificantlyaffectedSVOCemissionratesandproportionsinPM2.5.Thecoldstartphaseemissionratesweresignificantlyhigherthanthehotstabilizedrunningandwarmstartphasesfor89%ofthetargetSVOCs.AnincreaseinSVOCproportionsinPM2.5wasobservedduringthewarmstartphasecomparedwiththecoldstartandhotstabilizedrunningphase.Thisobservationwassignificantfor31%ofthetargetcompounds,includingchrysene,benzo[a]anthracene,andpyrene.Vehiclestestedinbothsummerandwinterprovidedemissionsdatadescribingambienttemperatureeffects.Emissionratesweresignifi-cantlyhigherinthewinterfor92%ofthetargetSVOCs.Untilnow,observationsofspecificSVOCsinmotorvehicleemissionsproducedunderchangingoperatingconditionswerescant.Suchemissionsdatamaybeusefulforemissionsmodeling,sourceapportionmentstudies,andhumanexposureassessments.Ó2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

1.Introduction

Thepotentialenvironmentalandhumanhealtheffectsofmotor

vehicleemissionsareaconcernatglobal,regional,andlocalscales.

Particulatematter(PM)emittedfrommotorvehiclesisapollutant

ofspecificinterestowingtoitsinfluenceonclimate,visibility,local

airquality,andhumanhealth(Dockeryetal.,1993).

PMemittedbymotorvehiclesshowscomplexphysicaland

chemicalproperties.Motorvehicleexhaustgenerallyproduces

atri-modalparticlesizedistributionwithnuclei,accumulation,and

coarsemodes(Kittelson,1998).Theparticlenumberconcentration

invehicleexhaustistypicallyexplainedbynucleimodeparticles,

whichaccountsforlessthan20%oftheparticlemass.ThevastmajorityofPMmassiscontainedintheaccumulationmode

instead,wherecoagulationandcondensationmechanismsgovern

particlegrowth.Lessmass(5to20%)iscontainedinthecoarse

mode(Bagleyetal.,1998;Kerminenetal.,1997;Kittelson,1998;

Kleemanetal.,2000),whichisregularlyattributedtoengineor

exhaustsystemdeteriorationorparticlere-entrainment.

Organiccarbon(OC)constitutesroughlyhalfofthecarbona-

ceousPMemissionsfrommotorvehicles(Fraseretal.,1998;

PiersonandBrachaczek,1983;Weingartneretal.,1997).Organic

matterinPMemittedfromlight-duty,gasoline-poweredvehicles

(LDGVs)comprisesawiderangeofcompoundclassesincluding

polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAH),normal-,branched-and

cyclic-alkanes,aromaticacids,andhopanes,andsteranes(Reilly

etal.,1998).Multipleindividualsemivolatileorganiccompounds

(SVOCs)withintheseclassesareroutinelyusedinsourceappor-

tionmentstudiesasorganicmarkers(RizzoandScheff,2007).For

example,thereisampleevidencethatatmospheric

concentrations*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:þ19195413984;fax:þ19195419721.E-mailaddress:hays.michael@epa.gov(M.D.

Hays).ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirect

AtmosphericEnvironment

journalhomepage:www.elsevi

er.com/locate/atmosenv

1352-2310/$eseefrontmatterÓ2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.043AtmosphericEnvironment54(2012)53e59ofindeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene,dibenz[ah]anthracene,benzo[ghi]per-

ylene,andcoronenePAHareinfluencedbyLDGVs(Schaueretal.,

1996).OrganiccompoundsinPMemittedfrommotorvehicles

werealsoidentifiedasapossiblecauseofadversehealtheffects

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Xing Yuewen

( Jiangsu Guochuang Technology Laboratory Ltd. ， Nantong 226000，China)

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tovc的数值标准

tovc的数值标准

tovc的数值标准

TOVC是英文“Total Organic Volatile Compounds”的缩写，中文意思是挥发性有机化合物总含量。TOVC是空气质量检测中的常用指标之一，用于衡量空气中的有机污染物含量。

TOVC的数值标准通常由国家环境保护部门制定，具体标准会因国家和地区的不同而有所差别。以下是一些比较常见的TOVC标准：

美国联邦环境保护局（EPA）标准：室内空气中TOVC不应超过500ug/m3。

加拿大环保局（ECCC）标准：室内空气中TOVC不应超过150ug/m3。

日本环境省标准：室内空气中TOVC不应超过400ug/m3。

中国环境标准：室内空气中TOVC不应超过1000ug/m3。

需要注意的是，TOVC的标准值只是一个参考值，实际标准值还要根据空气污染物的种类、浓度、暴露时间等多个因素进行评估。同时，不同国家和地区的标准值也会因为环境和人群差异而有所不同。

vocs计量单位

vocs计量单位

vocs计量单位

(中英文实用版)

Title: vocs计量单位

Title: 计量单位

VOCs, which stands for Volatile Organic Compounds, is a term

commonly used to describe a group of chemicals that are found in many

everyday products.These compounds are emitted as gases from certain

solids or liquids and can have negative effects on human health and the

environment.

VOCs，即挥发性有机化合物，是一个常用来描述许多日常产品中发现的化学物质群体的术语。这些化合物从某些固体或液体中释放出气体，可能对人类健康和环境产生负面影响。

In order to measure the levels of VOCs in the environment, specific

units of measurement are used.One common unit of measurement is the

parts per million (ppm), which indicates the concentration of VOCs in the

air.Another unit of measurement is the grams per cubic meter (g/m),

which is used to measure the mass of VOCs in a given volume of air.

为了测量环境中VOCs的水平，使用特定的计量单位。常用的计量单位是百万分之几（ppm），表示空气中VOCs的浓度。另一个计量单位是每立方米克数（g/m），用于测量给定体积空气中的VOCs的质量。

水性漆环保标准

水性漆环保标准

水性漆环保标准

HJ

中华人民共和国环境保护行业标准

HJ/T 201,2005

代替HBC 12,2002 环境标志产品技术要求 水性涂料

Technical requirement for environmental labeling products

Water based coatings

2005–11–22 批准 2006–01–01 实施

国 家 环 境 保 护 总 局 发 布

HJ/T 201,2005

前 言

为贯彻《中华人民共和国环境保护法》，减少水性涂料在生产和使用过程中对环境和人体健康的影响，改善环境质量，促进水性涂料及相关

产品的出口贸易发展，制定本标准。

本标准对水性涂料中挥发性有机化合物(以下简称VOC)、甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、卤代烃、重金属及其它有害物提出了限量要求。 本标准对《环境标志产品认证技术要求 水性涂料》(HBC 12,2002)的技术内容进行了部分改动并按GB/T 1.1,2000对其进行了全面编辑性修改。

本标准与HBC 12,2002相比主要变化如下:

——增加了对水性涂料VOC的定义;

——修订了内、外墙涂料VOC含量限值;

——对甲醛测定过程中的取样量及样品处理过程进行了修改;

——苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯的测试改为直接进样，内标法定量;

——卤代烃测试改用ECD检测器，直接进样，内标法定量;

——重金属铅、镉、汞、铬测定采用《室内装饰装修材料 内墙涂料中有害物质限量》(GB 18582—2001)附录C中规定的方法。 本标准修改采用了《色漆和清漆 挥发性有机化合物(VOC)含量的测定 第2部分:气相色谱法》(ISO 11890-2:2000)中VOC含量检测方法。其不同之处在于:

——修改了对水性涂料VOC的定义;

——VOC测定时，增加了己二酸二乙酯作为250?沸点的标记物;

——VOC测定时，增加了对组成水性涂料VOC组份的双色谱柱定性分析;