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英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or formsof words, primarily through the use of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of theform and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis,syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices oflinguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning,origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines andacademic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members ofparticular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems tostand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to thesub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policeman11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectalwords12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are nowrestricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that havetaken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words.They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are alsocalled _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____ofwords.17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structuresof English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,______,etymology, stylistics, ________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namelysynchronic and _______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. upon25.Notional words( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loansVI. Answer the following Questions46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:1.A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.CI.16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20.vocabularyII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.DIII.31. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocability33.the basic word stock; argot34.nonbasic word stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best completethe statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be grouped intothe basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, andgovernment and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD.15th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian,Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from thedead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to theItalic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish andSwedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many ofthose in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB.11thC.12thD. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present _____language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into an Easternset: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( ) A.politics22. religious ( ) B.moon23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian24. French ( ) D.London25. Old English ( ) E. abbot26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight30.Sanskrit ( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixesVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words ?50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?Key to exercises:I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.BII.16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic te(1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root40.bound rootV.-VI ( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration,carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful.Chapter 3 The Development of the English V ocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes tostem. This process is also known as_____.pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Wordsformed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of anotherword . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using whatremains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.)() C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action,etc) （） D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes（）Ｅviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds ?47. What are the main types of blendings ?48. What are the main types of compounds ?VII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. A6.C7.B8.D9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.BII. 16. derivation position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clippingIII. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.DIV.31. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonic33.Front and back clipping, influenza34.Phrase clipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book)VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others (4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun (4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objectiveworld in the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. related5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD.etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD.etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD.etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD.etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words haveboth meanings, and lexical meaning in particular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaning10.___is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historicalperiod, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the personor thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudesD. understanding12. ___ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh,dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that overlaps with stylistic and affectivemeanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD.collocative meaning14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. differentwords15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specificcountryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggesttheir ______pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings ofmany are the sum total of the morphemes combined.18._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptualmeaning of a word.19.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. Inother words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. 20.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and_________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )IV.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affectivemeaningV.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?VI.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:1. C2.B3.D4.A5.C6.A7.C8.D9.A 10.B11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.CI.16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaningII.21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.CIII.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VII.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which makethem appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words thathave emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it isthat part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best completethe statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of thesemantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meaningsproceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first senseby successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly thesame essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected termsposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in aconversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning . Thefirst meaning is called ______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. basic meaning15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. secondary meaningII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second。
英语词汇学教程夏洋课后答案unit41、The more he tried to please her, _____she seemed to appreciate it. [单选题] *A.lessB.lesserC.the less(正确答案)D.the lesser2、He kept walking up and down, which was a sure（）that he was very worried. [单选题] *A. sign(正确答案)B. characterC. natureD. end3、The language school started a new（）to help young learners with reading and writing. [单选题] *A. course(正确答案)B. designC. eventD. progress4、Before you quit your job, （）how your family will feel about your decision. [单选题] *A. consider(正确答案)B. consideringC. to considerD. considered5、53．On your way home, you can buy some fruit, meat, vegetables and ________. [单选题] * A．something else(正确答案)B．else somethingC．everything elseD．else everything6、He made ______ for an old person on the bus. [单选题] *A. room(正确答案)B. roomsC. a roomD. some rooms7、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off8、22．______ is convenient to travel between Pudong and Puxi now. [单选题] *A．It(正确答案)B．ThisC．ThatD．What9、You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____ you won’t pass the course. [单选题] *A. andB. soC. butD. or(正确答案)10、It’s usually windy in spring, ______ you can see lots of people flying kites.（）[单选题] *A. so(正确答案)B. orC. butD. for11、--_______ does Ben go to school?--By bus. [单选题] *A. How(正确答案)B. WhatC. WhereD. Why12、62．--There is? ? ? ? ? sale on in the shop today. Let’s go together.--Please wait? ? ? ? ? ?minute. I’ll finish my homework first. [单选题] *A．a; theB．a; a(正确答案)C．the; aD．the; the13、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in14、I _______ seeing you soon. [单选题] *A. look afterB. look forC. look atD. look forward to(正确答案)15、He has bought an unusual car. [单选题] *A. 平常的B. 异常的(正确答案)C. 漂亮的D. 废弃的16、The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her（）attitude towards customers. [单选题] *A. impartialB. mildC. hostile(正确答案)D. opposing17、There _______ some milk in the glass. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. haveD. has18、Mary _____ be in Paris. I saw her just now on campus. [单选题] *A. mustn'tB. can't(正确答案)C. need notD. may not19、How _______ Grace grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now. [单选题] *A. cuteB. strongC. fast(正确答案)D. clever20、Can you give her some ______ ? [单选题] *A. advice(正确答案)B. suggestionC. advicesD. suggest21、( )He killed the enemy guard and made away _________the villagers. [单选题] *A. with the helpB. with helpC. with help ofD. with the help of(正确答案)22、--Shall we have a swim?--Yes, let’s _______ it at 9:00 next Sunday. [单选题] *A. putB. meetC. setD. make(正确答案)23、—Would you like some milk?—Yes, just _____, please. [单选题] *A. a little(正确答案)B. littleC. a fewD. few24、Whatever difficulties you have, you should not _______ your hope. [单选题] *A. give inB. give outC. give up(正确答案)D. give back25、John suggest _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. [单选题] *A not to sayB. not sayC to say notD not saying(正确答案)26、Is there going to ______ a football match in the stadium next month?（）[单选题] *A. beingB. haveC. be(正确答案)D. having27、( ) They have_____ useful dictionary. They want to lend it___ us. [单选题] *A. an; forB. a; fromC. an; toD. a; to(正确答案)28、The train is coming. Be ______! [单选题] *A. careful(正确答案)B. carefullyC. carelessD. care29、The three guests come from different _______. [单选题] *A. countryB. countrysC. countryesD. countries(正确答案)30、Finally he had to break his promise. [单选题] *A. 计划B. 花瓶C. 习惯D. 诺言(正确答案)。
第一章1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2. V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3. Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/(树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4. There are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form.⑴There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme.⑵The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6. Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7. a. loose woman b. fellow c. pistol d. great e. cowardf. fightg. policeh. drunki. womanj. girl8. haply = perhaps albeit= althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke= alsosmooth= truth morn= morningtroth= pledge ere= beforequoth = said hallowed= holybillow= wave/ the sea bade= bid9. Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元),e-book(电子书),SARS(非典), netizen (网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10. By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverds and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11. Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle confrere chopsticks dreamdie pro patria black humourskirt parvenu long time no seewall Wunderkind typhoonhusband Mikado第二章1. The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe , the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary . A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic (Lithuanian,Prussian, Polish, Slavenian, Russian, Bulgarian) Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Perian)Celtic (Breton, Scottish, Irish)Italic(Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Roumanian)Hellenic(Greek)Germanic(English, Swedish, German, Norweigian, Icelangic, Danish, Dutch)3.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. OldEnglish has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Y es, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.4. It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5. The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6. course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume powersseparate equal station nature entitle decentrespect opinions requires declare causes impelseparationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7. Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1)Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and(4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status ,nucleus , minimum. 8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin ]Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ]Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ]Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ]9. amateur (late) finace (late)Empire (late) peace (early)Courage (early) garage (late)Judgement (early) chair (early)Chaise (late) grace (early)Servant (early) routine (late)Jealous (early) savate (late)Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late)State (early) chez (late)Ballet (late)10. Jes persen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in English. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. allegro f . 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b.渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e.强Largo d.缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a.轻转慢Soprano c.女高音12. cherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(American Indian )Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi)Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek)Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi)Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi)Snorkel (German) tamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish)V oodoo (African) kibitz (German)Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13. a.alligator b.lococ.rodeod..bonanzae.igloof.blitzkriegg.wigwam h.canoei.hurricane j.boomerangk.poncho14. the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes and influence of other cultures and languages.15. the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary arecreation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.第三章1.a.morpheme b.allomorphc.bound morphemed.free morphemee.affixf.inflectional affixg.derivational affix h.rooti.stem j.base2. inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as –s(-es), -ed, -ing and –est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes3. Individualisticindividualist + ic [stem , base]individual + ist [stem, base ]individu + al [stem, base ]in + dividu [root, stem, base ]undesirablesun +desirable [stem, base ]desir + able [root, stem, base ]free morpheme =free root4. morpheme{Bound rootbound morpheme { inflectional affixaffix{ prefixderivational affix {suffix第四章Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary.The three means of word formation are affixation ,which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding ,which brings 28%to 30% of all the new words.;and conversion ,which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1.Affixation,also called derivation,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.2.Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.3.Generally speaking,prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.4.The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.5. non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizeb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. to fattenf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1. The three criteria are(1)stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. '- -(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of thecomponent parts, but the free phrase is, e.g. hot line(compound: busy line),hot potato(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chair(compound: a special arm chair),easier chair(free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V.-er] baking powder [ adv+n.]far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing] dog-tired [adv + adj]lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed] love-sick [adv + adj]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ adj+ n]on-coming [adv+v] tax-free [adv +adj]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj.)→single(v.）.3. There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v. from first name)and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon)are words created by means of conversion: words such as proofread (v. from proofreading)and chain-smoke (v. from chain smoker)are formed by means of backformation.4.well-bred 有教养的well-behaved 守规矩的culture-bound 含文化的homebound 回家的needle work 针织品homework 家庭作业praiseworthy 值得表扬的respectworthy 值得尊敬的bar-woman 吧女sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的newstyle 新款self-control 自制self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻片news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习mock-sadness 假悲伤sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law 岳父/公公home-baked 自家烤的home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的/半路的half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏感的status-conscious 身份敏感的campus-based 以校园为基地的market-based 基于市场的Conversion1.conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one partof speech to those of another part of speech. The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion,i.e.change of the functions of words.the term zero-derivation approaches conversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes,hence zero derivation.2.Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases,such as simple (adj.)→simplify（v.)G.modernizing h.sterilize7. a.employees b.politician c.participantsD.waitress e.conductor f.teacherG.pianist h.examinee,examiner8.trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-world9.Mono-=one:monorail,monoculture10.Super-=over,above:superstructure,supernatural11.Auto-=self:autobiography,automobile12.Sub-=below:subculture,subconscious13.Mal-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutrition14.Mini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwar15.Pre-=before:prehistorical,preelection16.Ex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmer3 The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.4 V erbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways.The new nouns converted from verbs refer to （1）state of mind or sensation,e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity ,e.g.swim (the activity of swimming );(3) result of the action,e.g. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action,e.g.bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument ,e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place,e.g. turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun,e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun,e.g. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun,e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) ;(6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by ship).5.When adjectives are converted into nouns ,some are completely changed ,thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed ,thus known as partial conversion.Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristics of nouns .That means they can take a / an shorts ,finals.Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features.They should always be used with the ,and they cannot take -s/-esto show plural forms.Moreover ,the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor ,the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.6.The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation ,e. G. Life/laIf/→live/liv/ , breath /breɚ/→breathe /br i:ỏ/ and blood /blʌd/→ bleed / bli:d/ ;(2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.7.a .stomach 【n.→v.】 b. Room 【n.→ v.】c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel)汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence) 情报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船码头chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 女电影演员Clippingcopter (heli copter) front clippingdorm (dorm itory) back clippinglab (lab oratory) back clippingprefab (pref abricated house) phrase clippinggas (gas oline) back clippingprof (prof essor) back clippingscope (tele scope) front clippingchamp (champ ion) back clippingsarge (serge ant) back clippingmike (mic rophone) back clippingad (ad vertisement) back clippingtec (de tec tive) front and back clippingAcronymy1.Y es, there is a difference between them. The difference lies in theformation and pronunciation. Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, e.g. UFO(unidentified flying object), BBC(B ritish B roadcasting C orporation), VIP(very important person) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is, the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/eidz/(acquired immune deficiency syndrome), MAD(mutually assured destruction), radar(radio detecting and ranging).2. kg =k ilogram ft=f oot cf =c onfercm=c entimeter $=d ollar ibid = i bidemetc. = e t cetera VIP=v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC=O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountriesTOEFL=t est of E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SAL T b. radar c. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1.It is true that both are means of making new words by removing theend part of the words . But they have differences . For aback-formed word , what is removed is the supposed suffix ,e.g.auth------author , donate------donation , loaf-----loafer , the forms–-or,--ion , --er coincide with the their suffixes . For back clipping , however , what is removed is usually different from the existingsuffixes ,e.g. ad------advertisement , gas-------gasoline ,exam------examination , etc.se (laser)escalate(escalator)Babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) Orate (orator) commute(commuter)Communization of proper namesa.Tantalize -------Tantalus : to tease or torment by keeping sth. wantedout of reachb.Argus-eyed--------Argus : to be extremely watchfulc.narcissim--------Narcissus : excessive admiration of oneself or one’sappearanced.sabotage-------Sabots : (1) to destroy or damage deliberately(2) deliberate damage ordestructione. martinet--------Martinet : strict /stern (military) trainerf . yahoo-------Y ahoo : a lout or ruffiang. Shylock--------Shylock : a ruthless money lenderh. hovering-------Hoover : cleaning by using a vacuum cleaner。
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(四)I.Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%)1. In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from ______.A. CelticB. GermanicC. ItalicD. Hellenic ( )2. According to the ______ of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.A. positionsB. structureC. pronunciationD. functions ( )3. There was ______ agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.A. lessB. a bit lessC. moreD. a bit more ( )4. Which of the following words is not a functional word?A. butB. fourC. theyD. about ( )5. The word “contradiction” contains no ______.A. free morphemeB. stemC. bund morphemeD. root ( )6. The words “AIDS” and “NATO” are regarded as ______.A. blendsB. compoundsC. acronymsD. initialisms ( )7. The word ______ is regarded as a deverbal noun.A. popularityB. protectionC. productivityD. priestess ( )8. Lexical meaning and ______ meaning make up the word meaning.A. grammaticalB. semanticC. associativeD. conceptual ( )9. Because many words have more than one meaning, ______ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.A. synonymyB. homonymyC. polysemyD. hyponymy ( )10. The words “same” and “different” are regarded as ______ terms.A. contradictoryB. relativeC. contraryD. graded ( )11. Pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic ______.A. transferB. extensionC. narrowingD. elevation ( )12. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure where it occurs, whichis called ______ context.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. linguisticD. non-linguistic ( )13. The word “lip” in the phrase “the lip of a wound” is regarded as a ______motivated word.A. semanticallyB. etymologicallyC. morphologicallyD. onomatopoeically ( )14. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the ______ changes of words.A. phonologicalB. semanticC. morphologicalD. grammatical ( )15. Linguistic dictionaries usually cover such areas as ______.A. spelling and pronunciationB. meaning and functionC. usage and etymologyD. all the above ( ) II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book. (15%)1. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over thecenturies and forms the common ________________ of the language.2. The words which were borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language are known as ____________________.3. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learningancient ________________ and Roman classics.4. Norwegian, __________________, Danish and Swedish are generally known asScandinavian languages.5. The plural morpheme has a number of ______________ in different sound context.6. Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words are called ______________ affixes.7. The words created by conversion are new only in a _________________ sense.8. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of __________________ relationships with other expressions in the language.9. Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and __________________.10. Antonyms have various practical uses and have long been proved helpful and valuable in defining the __________________ of words.11. It is often impossible to get to know the meaning of a word before it is used in________________.12. Transfer may also occur between abstract and ________________ meanings.13. Idioms consist of set _________________ and sentences.14. The rhetorical device used in the idiom “chop and change” is generally regarded as ________________.15. The dictionary is the poor speller’s best friend. It gives the accepted ___________for all words.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%)1. Generally speaking, in different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds ( )2. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. ( )3. The Germanic tribes were considered to be the first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles. ( )4. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “dictionary”. ( )5. In view of their distribution in the formation of English words, affixes can fall into prefixes and suffixes. ( )6. The word “zoo” is created by clipping the back of a phrase. ( )7. The same word has the same associative meaning to all the speakers of the same language. ( )8. Synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as in part of speech. ( )9. Analogy is thought to be one of the linguistic factors leading to the changes of word-meaning. ( ) 10. True idioms are those whose meanings can be deduced from those of the individual constituents. ( ) 11. The ambiguity of the sentence “The ball is attractive,” is caused by inadequate grammatical context. ( ) 12. Such words as “useless” and “bad-mouth” are regarded as morphologically motivated words. ( )13. In the idiom “pick and choose”, juxtaposition is used. ( )14. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is generally known as a specialized dictionary. ( ) 15. Readers can find the information concerning the origins of words in most of the British dictionaries. ( ) IV．Answer the following questions. (20%)1.What are the differences between a bound morpheme and a bound root?2.What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?3.What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative meaning?4.What is the difference between radiation and concatenation?5.What are the two main types of linguistic context?V. Analyze and comment on the following.(20%)1. Point out the formation of the following words.motel workfare memo pop BBC AIDS2. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.a. Her brother got a book in the university last week.b. Her brother borrowed a dictionary from the library last Monday.《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(四)参考答案I. 选择题1. D2. D3. C4. B5. A6. C7. B8. A9. C 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. DII. 填空题1. core2. denizens3. Greek4. Danish5. allomorphs6. derivational7. grammatical8. semantic9. pronunciation 10. meanings 11. context 12. concrete13. phrases 14. alliteration 15. spellingIII. 是非题1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. T7. F8. T9. T 10. F 11. F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. FIV. 问答题1. Bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words include two types: bound root and affix. A bound morpheme may be either a bound root or an affix. Bound roots, only one type of bound morphemes, are included in bound morphemes.2. Prefixes do not generally change the word classes of stems. In other words, most of the prefixes are characterized by their non-class-change nature. Their chief function is to change the meanings of stems. Unlike prefixes, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.3. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. Collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.4. Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.5. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. This meaning of the word is affected and defined by the neighboring words. Grammatical context refers to the structure in which a word occurs. The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure. Though less common, it is by no means rare.V. 论述题1. 1) Motel and workfare are blends. Motel is formed by combining the head of motor and the tail of hotel, and workfare is formed by combining the word “work”and the tail of welfare.2) Memo and pop are clipped words. Memo is formed by clipping the tail of the word “memorandum”, and pop is formed by clipping the tail of the phrase “popular music”.3) BBC and AIDS are new words created through acronymy. BBC from “BritishBroadcasting Corporation” is an initialism, AIDS from “acquired immunedeficiency syndrome” is an acronym.2. 1) The relationships between some words used in the above two sentences is hyponymy.2) In the first sentence, “got”, “book”, “university” and “week” are all superordinates, while “borrowed”, “dictionary”, “library” and “Monday” in the second sentence are all subordinates compared with the corresponding expression in the previous sentence.3) The second sentence is clearer because subordinates are vivid, exact, precise and concrete.。
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(四)I.Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%)1. In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from ______.A. CelticB. GermanicC. ItalicD. Hellenic ( )2. According to the ______ of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.A. positionsB. structureC. pronunciationD. functions ( )3. There was ______ agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.A. lessB. a bit lessC. moreD. a bit more ( )4. Which of the following words is not a functional word?A. butB. fourC. theyD. about ( )5. The word “contradiction” contains no ______.A. free morphemeB. stemC. bund morphemeD. root ( )6. The words “AIDS” and “NATO” are regarded as ______.A. blendsB. compoundsC. acronymsD. initialisms ( )7. The word ______ is regarded as a deverbal noun.A. popularityB. protectionC. productivityD. priestess ( )8. Lexical meaning and ______ meaning make up the word meaning.A. grammaticalB. semanticC. associativeD. conceptual ( )9. Because many words have more than one meaning, ______ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.A. synonymyB. homonymyC. polysemyD. hyponymy ( )10. The words “same” and “different” are regarded as ______ terms.A. contradictoryB. relativeC. contraryD. graded ( )11. Pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic ______.A. transferB. extensionC. narrowingD. elevation ( )12. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure where it occurs, whichis called ______ context.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. linguisticD. non-linguistic ( )13. The word “lip” in the phrase “the lip of a wound” is regarded as a ______motivated word.A. semanticallyB. etymologicallyC. morphologicallyD. onomatopoeically ( )14. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the ______ changes of words.A. phonologicalB. semanticC. morphologicalD. grammatical ( )15. Linguistic dictionaries usually cover such areas as ______.A. spelling and pronunciationB. meaning and functionC. usage and etymologyD. all the above ( ) II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book. (15%)1. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over thecenturies and forms the common ________________ of the language.2. The words which were borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language are known as ____________________.3. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learningancient ________________ and Roman classics.4. Norwegian, __________________, Danish and Swedish are generally known asScandinavian languages.5. The plural morpheme has a number of ______________ in different sound context.6. Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words are called ______________ affixes.7. The words created by conversion are new only in a _________________ sense.8. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of __________________ relationships with other expressions in the language.9. Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and __________________.10. Antonyms have various practical uses and have long been proved helpful and valuable in defining the __________________ of words.11. It is often impossible to get to know the meaning of a word before it is used in________________.12. Transfer may also occur between abstract and ________________ meanings.13. Idioms consist of set _________________ and sentences.14. The rhetorical device used in the idiom “chop and change” is generally regarded as ________________.15. The dictionary is the poor speller’s best friend. It gives the accepted ___________for all words.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%)1. Generally speaking, in different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds ( )2. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. ( )3. The Germanic tribes were considered to be the first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles. ( )4. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “dictionary”. ( )5. In view of their distribution in the formation of English words, affixes can fall into prefixes and suffixes. ( )6. The word “zoo” is created by clipping the back of a phrase. ( )7. The same word has the same associative meaning to all the speakers of the same language. ( )8. Synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as in part of speech. ( )9. Analogy is thought to be one of the linguistic factors leading to the changes of word-meaning. ( ) 10. True idioms are those whose meanings can be deduced from those of the individual constituents. ( ) 11. The ambiguity of the sentence “The ball is attractive,” is caused by inadequate grammatical context. ( ) 12. Such words as “useless” and “bad-mouth” are regarded as morphologically motivated words. ( )13. In the idiom “pick and choose”, juxtaposition is used. ( )14. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is generally known as a specialized dictionary. ( ) 15. Readers can find the information concerning the origins of words in most of the British dictionaries. ( ) IV．Answer the following questions. (20%)1.What are the differences between a bound morpheme and a bound root?2.What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?3.What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative meaning?4.What is the difference between radiation and concatenation?5.What are the two main types of linguistic context?V. Analyze and comment on the following.(20%)1. Point out the formation of the following words.motel workfare memo pop BBC AIDS2. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.a. Her brother got a book in the university last week.b. Her brother borrowed a dictionary from the library last Monday.《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(四)参考答案I. 选择题1. D2. D3. C4. B5. A6. C7. B8. A9. C 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. DII. 填空题1. core2. denizens3. Greek4. Danish5. allomorphs6. derivational7. grammatical8. semantic9. pronunciation 10. meanings 11. context 12. concrete13. phrases 14. alliteration 15. spellingIII. 是非题1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. T7. F8. T9. T 10. F 11. F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. FIV. 问答题1. Bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words include two types: bound root and affix. A bound morpheme may be either a bound root or an affix. Bound roots, only one type of bound morphemes, are included in bound morphemes.2. Prefixes do not generally change the word classes of stems. In other words, most of the prefixes are characterized by their non-class-change nature. Their chief function is to change the meanings of stems. Unlike prefixes, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.3. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. Collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.4. Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.5. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. This meaning of the word is affected and defined by the neighboring words. Grammatical context refers to the structure in which a word occurs. The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure. Though less common, it is by no means rare.V. 论述题1. 1) Motel and workfare are blends. Motel is formed by combining the head of motor and the tail of hotel, and workfare is formed by combining the word “work”and the tail of welfare.2) Memo and pop are clipped words. Memo is formed by clipping the tail of the word “memorandum”, and pop is formed by clipping the tail of the phrase “popular music”.3) BBC and AIDS are new words created through acronymy. BBC from “BritishBroadcasting Corporation” is an initialism, AIDS from “acquired immunedeficiency syndrome” is an acronym.2. 1) The relationships between some words used in the above two sentences is hyponymy.2) In the first sentence, “got”, “book”, “university” and “week” are all superordinates, while “borrowed”, “dictionary”, “library” and “Monday” in the second sentence are all subordinates compared with the corresponding expression in the previous sentence.3) The second sentence is clearer because subordinates are vivid, exact, precise and concrete.。
第四章词汇习题参考答案一．词汇单位有哪些？（一) 语素。
语素是语言中最小的音义结合体,是组词的基本结构单位。
(二）词。
词是一种音义结合的定型结构，是最小的可以独立运用的造句单位。
从定义中可以看出,词必须是一种音义结合体，这种音义结合体是固定化的,不能随意改变,也不能再被分割,更重要的是，它是一种造句的单位,而且是最小的造句单位，其他一切属性和特点都在造句单位的限制下成立。
（三）固定结构。
固定结构是结构定型、意义完整的固定短语。
包括了成语、惯用语、歇后语等熟语成分，也包括了“山东大学”“中华人民共和国”等专有名称。
它们不同于自由短语的临时组合，在任何情况下，无论静态还是动态的形式都有着不可任意改变的凝固性，其定型性特点和造句的功能都与词是相当的,所以它理所当然的成为词汇的构成单位和内容的一部分。
（四）词汇。
词汇是一种语言中所有的词和固定结构的总汇。
因为固定结构如成语、惯用语、歇后语等在结构与意义的定型化、造句的备用单位等方面与词是等价的,符合语言建筑材料的特点和功能要求,因而成为“词汇”内容不可或缺的组成部分。
二.什么是词根?什么是词缀？根据语素的意义和构造词的作用等方面进行分析，语素又可以分为词根语素和词缀语素量大类，前者简称词根，后者简称词缀。
1. 词根。
词根是指具有具体实在的词汇意义同时在词中承担整个词的主要词汇意义的语素。
所以又称实语素,是构成词的根本要素。
２．词缀。
词缀是指附加在词根上表示语法意义和某些次要词汇意义的语素。
因为本身没有具体实在的词汇意义，所以又称虚语素。
词缀根据构词时的位置又分前缀和后缀。
前缀是只能出现在词的前面的词缀三.字、词、语素的关系是怎样的？语素是语言中最小的音义结合体,是组词的基本结构单位。
词是一种音义结合的定型结构，是最小的可以独立运用的造句单位。
字是记录语言的书写符号系统，是语言的最重要的辅助性交际工具。
汉字是记录汉语的书写符号系统，是汉语言的最重要的辅助性交际工具。
英语词汇学复习的内容：.一、考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(20分)：完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。
1-9cahptersⅡ.填空（30分）：考定义概念。
1-10chaptersⅢ.（20分）习语英译汉：教材中汉语部分idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 论述题：第三章为主Ⅴ. 树形图（依据上下义关系作图）(20分)：第二、六章二、教材内容简介陆国强编著：《现代英语词汇学》（新版），上海外语教育出版社，2003年7月第一章词的概述；第二章词的结构和词的构成方式；第三章词的理据；第四章词的语义特征；第五章词义的变化；第六章词的语义分类；第七章词的联想与搭配；第八章英语习语；第九章美国英语；第十章词的使用和理解；第十一章词汇衔接；第十二章词汇衔接和语篇连贯。
教学内容是: 词形结构构词法, 词法特点及分类, 词义转换, 英文习语, 美式英语, 词汇及文学风格, 英语词汇学, 词汇学研究方法及其新的发展方向等方面的理论与研究动态。
《现代英语词汇学教材》以现代语言理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象。
主要内容有单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。
本课程可以使学生比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。
本课程特别强调和重视研究生广泛阅读英语词汇学、语言学、语义学、词源学方面的书籍，以教师精讲、学生宽学为目的。
本课程的教学目的, 在于指导学生用现代语义学和语法学的有关理论分析研究现代英语词汇现象, 揭示现代英语词汇规律。
要求学生通过英汉词汇的对比研究, 探讨英语词汇教学规律, 指导英语语言实践, 不断提高对现代英语词汇的理解, 应用和研究能力。
主要参考书汪榕培，《英语词汇学研究》，上海外语教育出版社，2000年4月第一版王文斌，《英语词汇语义学》，浙江教育出版社，2001年6月第一版汪榕培、卢晓娟编著：《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997年10月第1版.汪榕培主编：《英语词汇学高级教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2002年11月张韵斐:《英语词汇学》北京师范大学出版社.汪榕培《英语词汇学教程读本》上海外语教育出版社.1. Carter, R. (1987), Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives. London: Allen & Unwin.2. Carter, R. & M. McCarthy, (1988), Vocabluary and Language Teaching. Harlow; Longman.教学手段：采用多媒体教学本课程要求学生能够比较全面、比较系统地了解现代英语词汇学这一领域的一些最主要、最有影响的语言学理论，能够运用词汇学理论去分析和解决词汇学习中的一些问题。
现代汉语4-5章试题及答案第四章词汇一、名词解释：]．词汇2．语素3．词4．熟语 5. 单纯词 6.合成词7.联绵词8.词缀9.词根 10．引申义 11.比喻义12．同音词13．同义词 14.反义词15．成语16．谚语17．歇后语18.成词语素19.不成词语素20.义素21.语义场22.义项二、填空题1.语言中最小的音义结合的单位是＿＿，根据其组合能力，可分为＿＿和＿＿。
2.成词语素的特点在于它本身就能＿＿＿＿、也能＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，而不成词语素则只能＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
3.“小女孩儿喜欢吃吐鲁番的葡萄”中包含了＿＿个音节＿＿语素＿＿个词。
4.“忐忑”是单纯词中的＿＿词，“鸳鸯”是＿＿＿＿＿＿词，“翩跹”是＿＿词。
5.词是构成＿＿或＿＿的要素，语素是构成＿＿的要素。
6.由一个语素构成的词叫做＿＿＿，合成词是由＿＿＿＿＿＿＿语素构成的词。
7.双音节单纯词主要包括＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿三种。
8.由词根加词根组成的合成词有＿＿＿和＿＿＿两种形式。
9.复合式合成词是由＿＿＿＿结合在一起组成的合成词；重叠式合成词是由＿＿＿＿构成的合成词；附加式合成词是由＿＿＿＿＿组合而成的。
10.复合式合成词有＿种类型，它们是＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿。
11.＿＿＿＿＿是词的物质外壳，＿＿＿＿是词的内容。
12.词义是对客观事物的＿＿反映，它包含着人们对客观事物的认识。
13、＿＿＿是词义中的主要部分，词还有附属的＿＿＿，也可称作＿＿＿。
14.同义词主要有两种类型。
一是＿＿＿。
二是＿＿＿。
15.同义词的辨析可以从三个方面进行，一是＿＿＿＿＿＿，二是＿＿＿＿＿，三是＿＿＿＿＿。
16.反义词是指＿＿＿＿＿＿＿的词。
从意义关系上区分，反义词有两类：一类是＿＿＿＿＿＿，另一类是＿＿＿＿＿＿。
17.基本词汇是词汇的＿＿部分，它长期存在着，并且为＿＿＿＿提供基础。
18.基本词汇的三大特点是＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿。
19.一般词汇包括＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿和＿＿等。
2022年自考专业(英语)英语词汇学考试真题及答案一、单项选择题1、The definition of a word comprises the following points EXCEPT __（）A.sound unityB.minimal free form of a languageC.unit of meaningD.form that cannot function alone in a sentence2、"Dog" is the father of "doglike", "doghood", "dogsleep", etA.This example shows that words of the basic stock have the characteristic of __（）B.stabilityC.polysemyD.productivityE.ollocability3、Which of the following groups consists of both content words and functional words（）A.rise, five, fun, waterB.ten, but, red, ofC.of, is, in, theD.wind, sun, go, bright4、In Middle English vocabulary, we can find words relating to every aspect of human society, e. g. government, law, food, fashion and so on. Which of the following words does NOT belong to them（）A.logB.aconC.JudgeD.Power5、Which of the following statements is NOT true（）A.nglish is more closely related to German than FrenchB.Old English was a slightly inflected languageC.Old English was a language of full endingsD.Middle English was a language of leveled endings6、In the early Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as __（）A.IndustrializationB.lizabethan AgeC.RenaissanceD.Victorian Age7、The word "denaturalization" can be broken down into "de-", "nature", "-al", "-ize", "-anon", each having meaning of its own. These minimal meaningful units are known as __（）A.morphemesB.llomorphsC.rootD.stem8、Which of the following is the root of the word "internationalists"（）A.interB.nationC.-istD.-al9、Which of the following words is an example of free morphemes （）A.TriedB.eetC.WorkerD.nger10、Which of the following statements is NOT true（）A.Prefixation is the formation of new words by addingsuffixes to stemsB.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stemC.Prefixes only modify the meaning of the stemD.Present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes11、Among the following words, __contains a prefix of time and order（）A.x-wifeB.vice-chairmanC.oreheadD.maltreat12、"A green hand" means an "inexperienced person", not a hand that is green in color. In this sense, we can judge that "a green hand" is a __（）A.morphemeB.proverbC.ompoundD.ree phrase13、The following words are onomatopoetically motivated words EXCEPT __（）A.angB.miniskirtD.hiss14、When we say the "mouth" of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal. In this sense, the word "mouth" conveys __（）A.onomatopoeic motivationB.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.tymological motivation15、"Black" is a kind of color but its meaning is obviously affected when it occurs in such phrases as "black coffee", "black market", etc.This example demonstrates __（）A.grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual contextB.ffective meaning varies from individual to individual, from culture to cultureC.stylistic difference is especially true of synonymsD.ollocation can affect the meaning of words16、"The front of the head" is the __meaning of the word "face （）A.erivedB.primaryD.secondary17、Homonyms are generally words different in __（）A.soundB.spellingC.ormD.meaning18、__share a likeness in denotation as well as in part of speech（）A.SynonymsB.ntonymsC.HomonymsD.Hyponyms19、Word-meaning changes by the following modes EXCEPT __（）A.xtensionB.upgradationC.specializationD.transfer20、The word "meat", which originally meant "food", but now has come to mean "flesh of animals", is an example to illustrate __of meaning（）A.generalizationB.narrowingC.egradationD.levation21、The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance is called __of meaning（）A.xtensionB.narrowingC.transferD.levation22、In __context the meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words（）A.xtra-linguisticB.non-linguisticC.lexicalD.grammatical23、__gives rise to ambiguity in the sentence "I like Mary better than Jean（）A.PolysemyB.HomonymyC.Non-linguistic contextD.Grammatical structure24、What kind of context clue is used in the sentence "Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird Whistell"（）A.xplanationB.efinitionC.xampleD.Synonymy25、"Diamond cut diamond" is an idiom, which reflects __（）A.the constituents of idioms can‘t be replacedB.the word order can‘t be invertedC.the constituents of an idiom can‘t be deletedD.many idioms are grammatically unanalysable26、"Jack of all trades" is an idiom __in nature（）A.verbalB.nominalC.djectivalD.dverbial27、"Turn on" and "turn off" are antonymous idioms, resulting from __（）A.replacementB.dditionC.shorteningD.position-shifting28、__dictionaries involve the most complete description of words available to us（）A.UnabridgedB.eskC.PocketD.Linguistic29、Collins COBUILD English Usage （1992）is a（n）__dictionary（）A.unabridgedB.ncyclopedicC.ilingualD.specialized30、You can find the real English equivalents to some Chinese items in __（）A.hinese-English Dictionary （Revised Edition）（1995）B.Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English with Chinese TranslationC.New English-Chinese DictionaryD.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with ChineseTranslation二、填空题题1、The English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. Words may fall into content words and functional words by __2、The world has approximately 3000 （some put it 5000）languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families and on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and __3、Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be __4、According to the __which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into prefixation and suffixation5、Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the __of word-meaning6、From the diachronic point of view, __is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word7、The word "picture" originally denoted only "painting", but now has come to include "drawings" and even "photographs". This is an example to illustrate __8、Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical contextand __context9、Idioms each are a semantic __，though each consists of more than one word10、Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into __and encyclopedic dictionaries三、名词解释题1、neologisms2、stem3、reference4、degradation5、true idioms四、简答题1、leorn-ian-Tern-en->learn The above is the development of the word "learn" from Old English through Modern English to Middle English. What can be concluded from the above example from the viewpoint of development of English vocabulary2、What is affixation3、Tell the difference between perfect homonyms and polysemants so far as semantic relatedness is concerned4、Guess the meaning of the underlined word in the following sentence and tell what context clue is used. Indian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth centurywhich followed五、论述题1、Explain full conversion and partial conversion by taking "drinkables" and 查看答案【二、填空题题】1notion2grammar3free4position5core6~10点击下载查看答案【三、名词解释题】1neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.2a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added．3Reference is the relationship between language and the world，In other words on1y when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, i. e. an object, aphenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful4Degradation or peroration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. The true idioms of a language share three common features that differentiate them from plain andsimple collocations: (1) They are not compositional, (2) Their words are not substitutable, and (3) They are not modifiable. 【四、简答题】1In modern English, word ending were mostly lost with just a few exceptions .It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English)to the present analytic language.本题考查其次章印欧语系词汇变化的相关内容2Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.本题考查第四章英语构成词缀法的概念的理解3The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings。
第四章词汇一、填空1、_词汇_是一种语言中词和熟语的集合体，_词汇_是构成语言的建筑材料。
2、词_____是最小的能够独立运用的语言单位。
3、基本词具有__稳固性__、_能产性_、_全民实用性_______三个特点。
4、一般词包括________、________、________、________等。
5、熟语包括_______、_______、________、_______等，它们的共同特点是________具有稳固性、______具有完整性。
6、语汇规范的原则包括________原则、________原则和________原则。
7、一般而言，一个________就是一个音节、一个汉字。
8、词以________作为构成材料。
9、词由单纯词向________发展，这是汉语词汇发展的一大特点。
10、多音节的单纯词主要有________、________、________、________、________五类。
11、附加式合成词可以分为________和________两种。
12、组合式合成词的构造方式主要有________、_______、________、________、______五种。
13、词义具有________、________、________三个特点。
14、词义派生发展的方式有________、________、________三种。
15、多义词在具体语境中都变成了_____________。
16、________是语言中的普遍现象，是语汇丰富发达的标志。
17、能构成反义关系的几个词，必须属于同一_____________，属于同一上位概念的几个矛盾对立的同级_____________。
18、“世外桃源”的内部结构关系是_____________。
19、惯用语的实际意义都不能从字面来理解，他们用的都是__________。
20、根据前后两部分的关系，歇后语可以分为________的和________的两种。
. . . .. .. CHAPTER 4 1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on_______. A. borrowing B. word-formation C. conversion D. the number of the people speaking English 2. _______ doesn't belong to the most productive means of word-formation. A. Affixation B. Compounding C. Conversion D. Blending 3. Conversion gives us _______ of the new vocabulary. A. 30% B. 28% C. 26% D. 28% to 30% 4. Word formation excludes _______. A. affixation and compounding B. conversion and shortening C. chipping, acronymy and blending D. repetition and alliteration 5. The most productive word formation are _______. A. affixation B. compounding C. conversion D. all the above 6. Of the following word-formation processes, _______ is the most productive. A. clipping B. blending C. initialism D. derivation 7. 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through _______. A. compounding B. affixation C. conversion D. shortening 8. The prefixes in the words of irresistible, nonclassical and apolitical are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 9. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or _______ to stems. A. affixes B. suffixes and prefixes C. inflectional affixes D. derivational affixes 10. The words formed by affixation are called _______. A. affixes B. derivations C. derivatives D. derivationals 11. According to the _______ which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation. A. functions B. positions C. ways D. none of the above 12. Prefixes do not generally change the _______ of the stem but only modify its meaning. A. word-class B. meaning C. form D. structure 13. Accordingly, prefixes are classified on a semantic basis into _______ groups. A.7 B. 8 C.9 D. 10 . . . .. .. 14. These are negative prefixes except _______. A. dis- B. in- C. non- D. under- 15. "Ex-" in the word "ex-prisoner" is _______. A. free root B. bound root C. inflectional affix D. derivational affix 16. All of the following are pejorative prefixes except _______. A. mal- B. arch¬ C. pseudo- D. mis- 17. The "de -" in "decompose" is _______. A. a negative prefix B. a pejorative prefix C. a reversative prefix D. an orientation prefix 18. The prefixes contained in the following words are called _______: pseudo, friend, malpractice, mistrust.
A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 19. The prefixes in words anti-government, pro-student and contraflow are _______. A. prefixes of degree or size B. prefixes of orientation and attitude C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 20. The prefixed contained in unwrap, de-compose and disallow are _______. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 21. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and archbishop are _______. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 22. A subcutaneous infection is _______ the skin. A. on the surface of B. above C. under D. below 23. Some doctors prescribe medication to treat hyperactive children, because the children are extremely _______. A. active B. passive C. lazy D. diligent 24. _______ of the given prefixes indicates number. A. fore- B. anti- C. semi- D. pan- 25. The primary function of suffixes is to _______. A. change the word-class of roots B. change the meaning of stems C. change the grammatical function of stems D. change the structure of roots 26. The "auto" in "autobiography" is _______. A. a negative prefix B. a pejorative prefix C. a reversative prefix D. a miscellaneous prefix 27. The prefixes in words bilingual, uniform and hemisphere are _______. A. number prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size . . . .. .. C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 28. _______ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and forehead. A. Prefixes of orientation and attitude B. Prefixes of time and order C. Locative prefixes D. Prefixes of degree or size 29. The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are _______. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 30. Ex-student, foretell and post-election contain _______. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. locative prefixes 31. Which of the following prefixes can not be used to indicate time and order? A. Ex-. B. Fore-. C. Post-. D. Para-. 32. Which of the following is a case of suffixation? A. Hemisphere B. Attempt C. NATO D. Respondent 33. A multiplied insect has _______ feet. A. two B. four C. six D. many 34. A tricycle has _______ wheels. A. one B. two C. three D. Four 35. Which of the following belongs to number prefixes? A. Auto-. B. Mis-. C. Hemi-. D. Pre-. 36. We usually group suffixes on a _______ basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc. A. grammatical C. meaningful B. structural D. practical 37. -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let are all suffixes added to noun bases to produce _______ nouns. A. abstract C. concrete B. de-verbal D. de-adjective 38. These are adjective suffixes except _______. A. -ish B. -ive C. -ai D. -ance 39. The word "courageous" is created by _______. A. noun suffixes B. adverb suffixes C. adjective suffixes D. verb suffixes 40. The meanings of "comic" and "comical" are _______. A. same B. identical C. similar D. different 41. Which of the following suffixes can be used to form both nouns and adjectives? A. -ion. B. -ism. C. -ity. D. -ist.
