Compressible area fill synthesis

Filled, Plugged, Plated Via‐In‐Pad, and … IPC 4761John Steinar Johnsen,‐ Josse‐, November 2010Increasing use of High Density Interconnect Printed Circuit Boards (HDI PCBs), the plugging of microvias has become an inevitable subject for many manufacturers of PCBs. And it is as always the component pitch and rapid growth of HDI design, that is the main reason for developing this and other related processes. Further increased area for IC packaging, via in pad, landless designs and planarity of the via for dielectric formation are also main drivers. Uniform dielectric spacing between layers and the ability to metallize the dielectric as well as achieve plating adhesion is critical.Holes in general can be filled and plugged using special filling pastes, resin from the prepreg and conventional soldermask (LPI). The special filling pastes can have special characteristics as good heat transportation. The following information is mainly based on the technology used by our manufacturers in Europe and Asia.Via samples from IPC.Via PluggingThe standard LPI soldermask process cannot tent or fill vias without the risk of exposed copper inside the hole barrel. Typically, a secondary screen print operation is used that deposits UV or thermally curable epoxy soldermask into the holes to plug them. This is called via plugging. Via plugging is used to plug via holes with a solder resist material to prevent air leakage during In Circuit Test (ICT), or to prevent shorting from components that are close to the board surface. Typically only one side of the via can be plugged. There is a high probability that one side of the plug will be blown off during soldering if both sides of the same via are plugged.This is a result of entrapped gases between the plugs.100% Via PluggingThis requirement uses a process similar to the above described, but the entire hole barrel is filled with a non‐conductive material. The exact hole fill percentage is dependent on the hole size and board thickness. It will generally fill 80 – 90% of the volume.If present, this requirement should be indicated on the fabrication drawing with a note stating: Via Plug > 80% of the hole barrel volume for the 0.0xx mm holes.BGA Device Via PluggingBGA devices require special consideration in via plugging due to their tight spacing. The surface finish we see for most BGA device applications is ENIG. Other solutions are Immersion Silver, Immersion Tin or OSP. Via plugging should not be used with the Immersion Silver surface finish, if the via plug used is a thermal cure process type. The via plug is added after the surface finish, and the surface finish can be tarnished and may affect solderability. Vias should be 100% plugged or left open (left open is preferred).Capped or Plated Over Blind or Through‐hole ViasThis process "fills" the via hole with a conductive or nonconductive material and then the via surface is plated over (“capped”) to provide a smooth flat solderable surface. These are used for Via‐In‐Pad designs where component may be mounted over the via,or a solder joint will extend over the via connection.Typical filled and plated‐over via design rules from one of our manufacturers. Variations between manufacturers will occur.• Minimum drilled hole size is 0.25mm, maximum 7:1 aspect‐ratio.• Maximum drilled‐hole‐size is 0.45mm• Aspect ratio Min: 2:1, Max: 7:1• Max board thickness is 2.16mm• Via filling process can be performed from one side only• The plating may extend up to 0.0127mm above or 0.0762 below the pad surfaceIf conductive filled holes are present, this should be indicated on the fabrication drawing with a note.MicroVias and Via in PadAccording to IPC, a microvia is a hole with a diameter of < 150um. It can be a through viahole (with all respect to aspect ratio), but wenormally see them as blind vias between 2 layers. Mostly “drilled” by laser, but some manufacturers are also drilling microvias with a mechanical drill bit. It is slower, but the holes have a clean and nice cut.We normally recommend to use fan out vias where possible, but components with a increased pitch and pad size forces the via to be part of the component pad. These vias shall be filled and over plated. Filling can be by paste, but also cu‐filling is requested and available.The microvia copper fill process is an electrochemical deposition process applied in the manufacturing of multilayer process. The process chemistry is complex, including the interactions of several additive chemicals in addition to the underlying basic electrochemical processes of copper electrodeposition.Cross‐section profile images of microvia samples plated for (a)15, (b)30, (c)45, (d)60, (e)75, (f)90 minutes. The pictures are taken with an optical microscope, with a 500x magnification. The plating has been performed in a laboratory process line.A successfully electroplated microvia is filled completely but not excessively, thereby leaving a smooth surface for stacked vias to be added, or for a component to be soldered.A cross‐section image of a successfully filled microvia. Partially filled microviaThe picture is taken with a scanning electron microscope.Copper filling of microvias is available from most manufacturers that are capable of producing HDI boards.If possible, keep it simple:It will be very cost effective if your PCB do not need any plugging, filling or over plating.Assuming you will have ENIG surface finish, leave an opening in soldermask for the through hole vias that is 0.2mm bigger than the nominal hole. You will have an open via hole with a clean and nice ENIG barrel without any risk for entrapped residues.This solution can work for most PCBs unless you are to wave solder.IPC 4761 Design Guide for Protection of Printed Board Via StructuresIPC has recently released a “Design Guide for Protection of Printed Board Via Structures” IPC 4761 that is showing and describing via tenting/plugging Type I – VII. Just bear in mind that this is no standard, but a guideline.Elmatica has used IPC 4761, added Elmatica requirements and harmonized it with Elmatica former plugging class 1,2 and 3. This updated routine has been added as part of the latest issue of Elmatica Supplier Handbook (ESH), and is acknowledged by IPC.The ESH is accepted by approved manufacturers, and are in use for all parts delivered to our customers.Overview: Harmonizing with Elmatica former specification.Class 1: Partially filled ‐ flood coated via.Class 2: Type IV ‐Plugged and covered via.Class 3: Type VI ‐ Filled and covered viaIPC Copyright and acknowledgementAll Images in the following are copyright IPC, used by permission. For additional guidance on the benefits and disadvantages of each via protection type, the fabricator and user is encouraged to review the IPC‐4761 design guideline. IPC4761 can be purchased at IPC 4761 Type I: Tented vias (Dryfilm Soldermask)Specification A via with a dry film mask material applied bridging over the via wherein noadditional materials are in the hole. It may be applied to one side (Type I-a) orboth sides (Type I-b) of the via structureRequirements Pads, hole knee and hole shall be covered with Dryfilm soldermask.Punctured tenting is not acceptable and will be subject to rejection.IllustrationIPC 4761 Type II: Tented and covered vias (Dryfilm Soldermask)Specification A Type I via with a secondary covering of mask material applied over the tented via. The material may be applied to one side (Type II-a) or both sides (Type II-b) of the via struc-tureRequirements Pads, holes knee and holes shall be covered with Dryfilm soldermask.Punctured tenting is not acceptable and will be subject to rejection.IllustrationIPC 4761 Type III: Plugged viaSpecificationA via with material applied allowing partial penetration into the via. The plugmaterial may be applied from either one side (Type III-a) or both sides(Type III-b) of the via structure.Requirements All via holes shall be blocked and hole wall shall be covered with soldermask or solderable surface finish. Any boards with exposed copper inside the via holes can be rejected.Acceptable result: hole plugged form one side – rest of wall covered with surface finish.Holes plugged from two sides shall not have voids uncovering holewall.IllustrationIPC 4761 Type IV: Plugged and covered viaSpecification A Type III via with a secondary covering of material applied over the via. The plug and secondary covering material may be applied from either one side (Type IV-a) or both sides (Type I V-b) of the via structure.Requirements All via holes shall be blocked and hole wall shall be covered with soldermask or solderable surface finish. Any boards with exposed copper inside the via holes can be rejected.Acceptable result: hole plugged from one side – rest of wall covered with surface finish.Holes plugged from two sides shall not have voids uncovering holewall.IllustrationIPC 4761 Type V: Filled viaSpecification A via with material applied into the via targeting a full penetration and encapsulation of the hole.Requirements All holes shall be blocked and hole wall shall be 100% covered with soldermaskDents are acceptable as long as the hole‐wall is covered with soldermask or plugging inkBoards with exposed copper or surface finish inside via holes could be rejected.To secure 100 % covering of hole‐wall the filling level should be minimum 70%IllustrationIPC 4761 Type VI: Filled and covered viaSpecification A Type V via with a secondary covering of material applied over the via (illustration).The covering material may be applied from either one side (Type VI-a) or both sides(Type VI-b) of the via structureRequirements All holes shall be blocked and hole wall shall be 100% covered with soldermaskDents are acceptable as long as the hole wall is covered with soldermask or plugging inkBoards with exposed copper or surface finish inside via holes can be rejected.To secure 100 % covering of hole wall the filling level should be minimum 70%IllustrationIPC 4761 Type VII: Filled and capped viaSpecification A Type V via with a metalized coating applied over the via (illustration). The metalized capping shall be applied from both sides.Requirements Thickness of copper plating inside via shall meet the requirement for normal through via according to IPC class 2 unless a stricter requirement is specified in the procurement documentation.Capplating shall be in accordance to IPC 6012C ‐ 3.6.2.11.2 Fig 3.16 and table 3‐10 class 3:Copper thickness: Minimum 12 um-Dimples over resin filling maxium 76um-Bumps/protrusion over resin filling maximum 50 umIllustration。

Chapter 14: Using Sliding MeshesThis tutorial is divided into the following sections:14.1. Introduction14.2. Prerequisites14.3. Problem Description14.4. Setup and Solution14.5. Summary14.6. Further Improvements14.1. IntroductionThe analysis of turbomachinery often involves the examination of the transient effects due to flow interaction between the stationary components and the rotating blades. In this tutorial, the sliding mesh capability of ANSYS FLUENT is used to analyze the transient flow in an axial compressor stage.The rotor-stator interaction is modeled by allowing the mesh associated with the rotor blade row to rotate relative to the stationary mesh associated with the stator blade row.This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:•Create periodic zones.•Set up the transient solver and cell zone and boundary conditions for a sliding mesh simulation.•Set up the mesh interfaces for a periodic sliding mesh model.•Sample the time-dependent data and view the mean value.14.2. PrerequisitesThis tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p.111), and that you are familiar with the ANSYS FLUENT nav-igation pane and menu structure. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.14.3. Problem DescriptionThe model represents a single-stage axial compressor comprised of two blade rows.The first row is the rotor with 16 blades, which is operating at a rotational speed of 37,500 rpm.The second row is the stator with32 blades.The blade counts are such that the domain is rotationally periodic, with a periodic angle of 22.5 degrees.This allows you to model only a portion of the geometry, namely, one rotor blade and two stator blades. Due to the high Reynolds number of the flow and the relative coarseness of the mesh (both blade rows are comprised of only 13,856 cells total), the analysis will employ the inviscid model, so that ANSYS FLUENT is solving the Euler equations.Chapter 14: Using Sliding MeshesFigure 14.1 Rotor-Stator Problem Description14.4. Setup and SolutionThe following sections describe the setup and solution steps for this tutorial:14.4.1. Preparation14.4.2. Step 1: Mesh14.4.3. Step 2: General Settings14.4.4. Step 3: Models14.4.5. Step 4: Materials14.4.6. Step 5: Cell Zone Conditions14.4.7. Step 6: Boundary Conditions14.4.8. Step 7: Operating Conditions14.4.9. Step 8: Mesh Interfaces14.4.10. Step 9: Solution14.4.11. Step 10: Postprocessing14.4.1. Preparation1.Download sliding_mesh.zip from the ANSYS Customer Portal or the User Services Center to yourworking folder (as described in Preparation (p.4) of Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT in ANSYSWorkbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p.1)).2.Unzip sliding_mesh.zip.The mesh file axial_comp.msh can be found in the sliding_mesh folder created after unzipping the file.e FLUENT Launcher to start the 3D version of ANSYS FLUENT.For more information about FLUENT Launcher, see Starting ANSYS FLUENT Using FLUENT Launcher in the User's Guide.NoteThe Display Options are enabled by default.Therefore, after you read in the mesh, it will bedisplayed in the embedded graphics window.14.4.2. Step 1: Mesh1.Read in the mesh file axial_comp.msh .File →Read →Mesh...14.4.3. Step 2: General SettingsGeneral1.Check the mesh.General →CheckANSYS FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report the progress in the console. Ensure that the reported minimum volume is a positive number.Warnings will be displayed regarding unassigned interface zones, resulting in the failure of the mesh check.You do not need to take any action at this point, as this issue will be rectified when you define the mesh interfaces in a later step.2.Examine the mesh (Figure 14.2 (p.531)).Orient the view to display the mesh as shown in Figure 14.2 (p.531).The inlet of the rotor mesh is colored blue, the interface between the rotor and stator meshes is colored yellow, and the outlet of the stator mesh is colored red.Figure 14.2 Rotor-Stator Display14.4.3. Step 2: General Settingse the text user interface to change zones rotor-per-1 and rotor-per-3 from wall zones toperiodic zones.a.Press < Enter > in the console to get the command prompt (>).b.Type the commands shown in boxes as follows:> mesh/mesh> modify-zones/mesh/modify-zonlist-es> list-zonesid name type material kind---- ------------------------- ------------------ -------------------- ----13 fluid-rotor fluid air cell28 fluid-stator fluid air cell2 default-interior:0 interior face15 default-interior interior face3 rotor-hub wall aluminum face4 rotor-shroud wall aluminum face7 rotor-blade-1 wall aluminum face8 rotor-blade-2 wall aluminum face16 stator-hub wall aluminum face17 stator-shroud wall aluminum face20 stator-blade-1 wall aluminum face21 stator-blade-2 wall aluminum face22 stator-blade-3 wall aluminum face23 stator-blade-4 wall aluminum face5 rotor-inlet pressure-inlet face19 stator-outlet pressure-outlet face10 rotor-per-1 wall aluminum face12 rotor-per-2 wall aluminum face24 stator-per-2 wall aluminum face26 stator-per-1 wall aluminum face6 rotor-interface interface face18 stator-interface interface face11 rotor-per-4 wall aluminum face9 rotor-per-3 wall aluminum face25 stator-per-4 wall aluminum face27 stator-per-3 wall aluminum face/mesh/modify-zones> make-periodicPeriodic zone [()] 10Shadow zone [()] 9Rotational periodic? (if no, translational) [yes] yesCreate periodic zones? [yes] yesall 176 faces matched for zones 10 and 9.zone 9 deletedcreated periodic zones.4.Similarly, change the following wall zone pairs to periodic zones:Respective Zone IDs Zone Pairs12 and 11rotor-per-2 and rotor-per-426 and 27stator-per-1 and stator-per-324 and 25stator-per-2 and stator-per-45.Define the solver settings.GeneralChapter 14: Using Sliding Meshesa.Select Density-Based in the Type list.b.Select Transient in the Time list.6.Define the units for the model.General →Units...a.Select angular-velocity from the Quantities selection list.b.Select rpm from the Units selection list.c.Select pressure from the Quantities selection list.Scroll down the Quantities list to find pressure .d.Select atm from the Units selection list.e.Close the Set Units dialog box.14.4.3. Step 2: General Settings14.4.4. Step 3: ModelsModels1.Enable the inviscid model.Models →Viscous →Edit...a.Select Inviscid in the Model list.b.Click OK to close the Viscous Model dialog box.14.4.5. Step 4: MaterialsMaterials1.Specify air (the default material) as the fluid material, using the ideal gas law to compute density.Materials→air →Create/Edit...Chapter 14: Using Sliding Meshes14.4.6. Step 5: Cell Zone Conditionsa.Retain the default entry of air in the Name text entry field.b.Select ideal-gas from the Density drop-down list in the Properties group box.c.Retain the default values for all other properties.d.Click Change/Create and close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.As reported in the console, ANSYS FLUENT will automatically enable the energy equation, since this is required when using the ideal gas law to compute the density of the fluid.14.4.6. Step 5: Cell Zone ConditionsCell Zone ConditionsChapter 14: Using Sliding Meshes1.Set the boundary conditions for the fluid in the rotor (fluid-rotor ).Cell Zone Conditions →fluid-rotor→Edit...a.Enable Mesh Motion.b.Click on Mesh Motion tab.c.Retain the default values of (0,0,1) for X,Y, and Z in the Rotation-Axis Direction group box.d.Enter 37500 rpm for Speed in the Rotational Velocity group box.Scroll down to find the Speed number-entry box.e.Click OK to close the Fluid dialog box.2.Set the boundary conditions for the fluid in the stator (fluid-stator).Cell Zone Conditions→fluid-stator→Edit...14.4.6. Step 5: Cell Zone Conditionsa.Retain the default values of (0,0,1) for X ,Y , and Z in the Rotation-Axis Direction group box.b.Click OK to close the Fluid dialog box.14.4.7. Step 6: Boundary Conditions Boundary ConditionsChapter 14: Using Sliding Meshes1.Set the boundary conditions for the inlet (rotor-inlet).Boundary Conditions→rotor-inlet →Edit...a.Enter 1.0 atm for Gauge Total Pressure .b.Enter 0.9 atm for Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure .14.4.7. Step 6: Boundary ConditionsChapter 14: Using Sliding Meshes.c.Click the Thermal tab and enter 288 K for Total Temperature Arrayd.Click OK to close the Pressure Inlet dialog box.2.Set the boundary conditions for the outlet (stator-outlet ).Edit...Boundary Conditions →stator-outlet→Arraya.Enter 1.08 atm for Gauge Pressure.b.Enable Radial Equilibrium Pressure Distribution.c.Click the Thermal tab and enter 288 K for Backflow Total Temperature.d.Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.NoteThe momentum settings and temperature you input at the pressure outlet will be used onlyif flow enters the domain through this boundary. It is important to set reasonable valuesfor these downstream scalar values, in case flow reversal occurs at some point during thecalculation.3.Retain the default boundary conditions for all wall zones.Boundary Conditions→rotor-blade-1→Edit...14.4.7. Step 6: Boundary ConditionsNoteFor wall zones, ANSYS FLUENT always imposes zero velocity for the normal velocity compon-ent, which is required whether or not the fluid zone is moving.This condition is all that isrequired for an inviscid flow, as the tangential velocity is computed as part of the solution.14.4.8. Step 7: Operating ConditionsBoundary Conditions1.Set the operating pressure.Boundary Conditions →Operating Conditions...a.Enter 0 atm for Operating Pressure .b.Click OK to close the Operating Conditions dialog box.Since you have specified the boundary condition inputs for pressure in terms of absolute pressures, youhave to set the operating pressure to zero. Boundary condition inputs for pressure should always be relative to the value used for operating pressure.14.4.9. Step 8: Mesh InterfacesMesh Interfaces1.Create a periodic mesh interface between the rotor and stator mesh regions.Mesh Interfaces →Create/Edit...Chapter 14: Using Sliding Meshesa.Enter int for Mesh Interface .b.Enable Periodic Repeats in the Interface Options group box.Enabling this option, allows ANSYS FLUENT to treat the interface between the sliding and non-slidingzones as periodic where the two zones do not overlap.c.Select rotor-interface from the Interface Zone 1 selection list.NoteIn general, when one interface zone is smaller than the other, it is recommended thatyou choose the smaller zone as Interface Zone 1. In this case, since both zones areapproximately the same size, the order is not significant.d.Select stator-interface from the Interface Zone 2 selection list.e.Click Create and close the Create/Edit Mesh Interfaces dialog box.2.Check the mesh again to verify that the warnings displayed earlier have been resolved.General →Check14.4.10. Step 9: Solution1.Set the solution parameters.Solution Methods14.4.10. Step 9: Solutiona.Ensure that the Second Order Upwind is selected from the Flow drop-down list in the Spatial Discretization group box.2.Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.Monitors →Residuals →Edit...Chapter 14: Using Sliding Meshesa.Ensure that the Plot is enabled in the Options group box.b.Select relative from the Convergence Criterion drop-down list.c.Enter 0.01 for Relative Criteria for each Residual ( continuity,x-velocity,y-velocity,z-velocity,and energy).d.Click OK to close the Residual Monitors dialog box.3.Enable the plotting of mass flow rate at the inlet (rotor-inlet).Monitors(Surface Monitors)→Create...a.Retain the default entry of surf-mon-1 for Name.b.Enable Plot and Write.c.Retain the default entry of surf-mon-1.out for File Name.d.Select FlowTime from the X Axis drop-down list.e.Select Time Step from the Get Data Every drop-down list.f.Select Mass Flow Rate from the Report Type drop-down list.g.Select rotor-inlet from the Surfaces selection list.h.Click OK to close the Surface Monitor dialog box.4.Enable the plotting of mass flow rate at the outlet (stator-outlet).Monitors(Surface Monitors)→Create...14.4.10. Step 9: SolutionChapter 14: Using Sliding Meshesa.Retain the default entry of surf-mon-2 for Name.b.Enable Plot and Write.c.Retain the default entry of surf-mon-2.out for File Name.d.Select Flow Time from the X Axis drop-down list.e.Select Time Step from the Get Data Every drop-down list.f.Select Mass Flow Rate from the Report Type drop-down list.g.Select stator-outlet from the Surfaces selection list.WarningEnsure that the rotor-inlet is deselected from the Surfaces selection list before scrollingdown to select stator-outlet.h.Click OK to close the Surface Monitor dialog box.5.Enable the plotting of the area-weighted average of the static pressure at the interface (stator-interface ).Monitors(Surface Monitors)→Create...a.Retain the default entry of surf-mon-3 for Name.b.Enable Plot and Write.c.Retain the default entry of surf-mon-3.out for File Name.d.Select Flow Time from the X Axis drop-down list.e.Select Time Step from the Get Data Every drop-down list.f.Select Area-Weighted Average from the Report Type drop-down list.g.Retain the default selection of Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Field Variable drop-downlists.h.Select stator-interface from the Surfaces selection list.WarningEnsure that the stator-outlet is deselected from the Surfaces selection list beforescrolling down to select stator-interface.i.Click OK to close the Surface Monitor dialog box.6.Initialize the solution using the values at the inlet (rotor-inlet).Solution Initialization14.4.10. Step 9: SolutionChapter 14: Using Sliding Meshesa.Select rotor-inlet from the Compute from drop-down list.b.Select Absolute in the Reference Frame list.c.Click Initialize.7.Save the initial case file (axial_comp.cas.gz).File→Write→Case...8.Run the calculation for one revolution of the rotor.Run Calculation14.4.10. Step 9: Solutiona.Enter 6.6666e-6 s for Time Step Size.b.Enter 240 for Number of Time Steps.This time step represents the length of time during which the rotor will rotate 1.5 degrees. Since the periodic angle of the rotor is 22.5 degrees, the passing period of the rotor blade will equal 15 timesteps, and a complete revolution of the rotor will take 240 time steps.c.Retain the default setting of 20 for Max Iterations/Time Step.d.Click Calculate.The calculation will run for approximately 3,700 iterations.The residuals jump at the beginning of each time step and then fall at least two to three orders of magnitude. Also, the relative convergence criteria is achieved before reaching the maximum iteration limit (20) for each time step, indicating the limit does not need to be increased.Chapter 14: Using Sliding MeshesFigure 14.3 Residual History for the First Revolution of the Rotor9.Examine the monitor histories for the first revolution of the rotor (Figure 14.4 (p.551),Figure 14.5 (p.551),and Figure 14.6 (p.552)).14.4.10. Step 9: Solution Figure 14.4 Mass Flow Rate at the Inlet During the First RevolutionFigure 14.5 Mass Flow Rate at the Outlet During the First RevolutionFigure 14.6 Static Pressure at the Interface During the First RevolutionThe monitor histories show that the large variations in flow rate and interface pressure that occur early in the calculation are greatly reduced as time-periodicity is approached.10.Save the case and data files (axial_comp-0240.cas.gz and axial_comp-0240.dat.gz).File→Write→Case & Data...WarningIt is a good practice to save the case file whenever you are saving the data file especiallyfor sliding mesh model.This is because the case file contains the mesh information, whichis changing with time.NoteFor transient-state calculations, you can add the character string %t to the file name so thatthe iteration number is automatically appended to the name (e.g., by entering axial_comp-%t for the File Name in the Select File dialog box, ANSYS FLUENT will save files with thenames axial_comp-0240.cas and axial_comp-0240.dat).11.Rename the monitor files in preparation for further iterations.Monitors→surf-mon-1→Edit...Chapter 14: Using Sliding MeshesBy saving the monitor histories under a new file name, the range of the axes will automatically be set toshow only the data generated during the next set of iterations.This will scale the plots so that the fluctuationsare more visible.a.Enter surf-mon-1b.out for File Name .b.Click OK to close the Surface Monitor dialog box.12.Similarly, rename surf-mon-2.out and surf-mon-3.out to surf-mon-2b.out and surf-mon-3b.out , respectively.13.Continue the calculation for 720 more time steps to simulate three more revolutions of the rotor.Run Calculation14.4.10. Step 9: SolutionWarningCalculating three more revolutions will require significant CPU resources. Instead of calcu-lating the solution, you can read a data file (axial_comp-0960.dat.gz ) with the pre-calculated solution for this tutorial.This data file can be found in the sliding_meshfolder.The calculation will run for approximately 10,600 more iterations.14.Examine the monitor histories for the next three revolutions of the rotor to verify that the solution istime-periodic (Figure 14.7 (p.555)Figure 14.8 (p.555), and Figure 14.9 (p.556)).NoteIf you read the provided data file instead of iterating the solution for three revolutions, themonitor histories can be displayed by using the File XY Plotdialog box.Plots →File →Set Up...Click the Add button in the File XY Plot dialog box to select one of the monitor historiesfrom the Select File dialog box, click OK , and then click Plot .Chapter 14: Using Sliding Meshes14.4.10. Step 9: Solution Figure 14.7 Mass Flow Rate at the Inlet During the Next 3 RevolutionsFigure 14.8 Mass Flow Rate at the Outlet During the Next 3 RevolutionsFigure 14.9 Static Pressure at the Interface During the Next 3 RevolutionsExtraNote that the -axis for Figure 14.7 (p.555) does not show enough significant figures to fully display the values of the mass flow rate.15.(Optional) Display the full values by using the File XY Plotdialog box.Plots →File→Set Up...a.Click the Add... button to open the Select File dialog box.i.Select surf-mon-1b.out and click OK to close the Select File dialog box.b.Click the Axes... button to open the Axes - File XY Plot dialog box.i.Select Y in the Axis list.ii.Set Precision to 6.iii.Click Apply and close the Axes - File XY Plot dialog box.c.Click Plot and close the File XY Plot dialog box.16.Save the case and data files (axial_comp-0960.cas.gz and axial_comp-0960.dat.gz).File→Write→Case & Data...17.Change the file names for surf-mon-1b.out,surf-mon-2b.out, and surf-mon-3b.out to surf-mon-1c.out,surf-mon-2c.out, and surf-mon-3c.out, respectively (as described in a previous step), in preparation for further iterations.Chapter 14: Using Sliding Meshes14.4.11. Step 10: Postprocessing 18.Continue the calculation for one final revolution of the rotor, while saving data samples for the post-processing of the time statistics.Run Calculation Arraya.Enter 240 for Number of Time Steps.b.Enable Data Sampling for Time Statistics in the Options group box.c.Click Calculate.The calculation will run for approximately 3,400 more iterations.19.Save the case and data files (axial_comp-1200.cas.gz and axial_comp-1200.dat.gz).File→Write→Case & Data...14.4.11. Step 10: PostprocessingIn the next two steps you will examine the time-averaged values for the mass flow rates at the inlet and the outlet during the final revolution of the rotor. By comparing these values, you will verify the conservation of mass on a time-averaged basis for the system over the course of one revolution.1.Examine the time-averaged mass flow rate at the inlet during the final revolution of the rotor (as cal-culated from surf-mon-1c.out).Plots→FFT→Set Up...a.Click the Load Input File... button to open the Select Filedialog box.i.Select All Files from the Files of type drop-down list.ii.Select surf-mon-1c.out from the list of files.Chapter 14: Using Sliding Meshesiii.Click OK to close the Select File dialog box.b.Click the Plot/Modify Input Signal... button to open the Plot/Modify Input Signal dialog box.i.Examine the values for Min,Max,Mean, and Variance in the Signal Statistics group box.ii.Close the Plot/Modify Input Signal dialog box.c.Select the folder path ending in surf-mon-1c.out from the Files selection list.d.Click the Free File Data button.2.Examine the time-averaged mass flow rate at the outlet during the final revolution of the rotor (ascalculated from surf-mon-2c.out), and plot the data.Plots→FFT→Set Up...a.Click the Load Input File... button to open the Select File dialog box.i.Select All Files from the Files of type drop-down list.ii.Select surf-mon-2c.out from the list of files.iii.Click OK to close the Select File dialog box.b.Click the Plot/Modify Input Signal... button to open the Plot/Modify Input Signal dialog box.i.Examinethe values for Min,Max,Mean, and Variance in the Signal Statistics group box.The outlet mass flow rate values correspond very closely with those from the inlet, with the mean having approximately the same absolute value but with opposite signs.Thus, you can conclude that mass is conserved on a time-averaged basis during the final revolution of the rotor.ii.Click Set Defaults.iii.Click Apply/Plot to display the mass flow rate at the outlet (Figure 14.10 (p.560)).Figure 14.10 Mass Flow Rate at the Outlet During the Final Revolutioniv.Close the Plot/Modify Input Signal dialog box.c.Close the Fourier Transform dialog box.3.Display contours of the mean static pressure on the walls of the axial compressor.Graphics and Animations→Contours→Set Up...a.Enable Filled in the Options group box.b.Select Unsteady Statistics... and Mean Static Pressure from the Contours of drop-down lists.c.Select wall from the Surface Types selection list.Scroll down the Surface Types selection list to find wall.d.Click Display and close the Contours dialog box.e.Rotate the view to get the display as shown in Figure 14.11 (p.562).Shock waves are clearly visible in the flow near the outlets of the rotor and stator, as seen in the areas of rapid pressure change on the outer shroud of the axial compressor.Figure 14.11 Mean Static Pressure on the Outer Shroud of the Axial Compressor14.5. SummaryThis tutorial has demonstrated the use of the sliding mesh model for analyzing transient rotor-stator inter-action in an axial compressor stage.The model utilized the density-based solver in conjunction with the transient, dual-time stepping algorithm to compute the inviscid flow through the compressor stage.The solution was calculated over time until the monitored variables displayed time-periodicity (which required several revolutions of the rotor), after which time-averaged data was collected while running the case for the equivalent of one additional rotor revolution (240 time steps).The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) utility in ANSYS FLUENT was employed to determine the time averages from stored monitor data. Although not described in this tutorial, you can further use the FFT utility to ex-amine the frequency content of the transient monitor data (in this case, you would observe peaks corres-ponding to the passing frequency and higher harmonics of the passing frequency).14.6. Further ImprovementsThis tutorial guides you through the steps to reach a second-order solution.You may be able to obtain a more accurate solution by adapting the mesh. Adapting the mesh can also ensure that your solution is in-dependent of the mesh.These steps are demonstrated in Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p.111).。

表面装联元器件封装设计规范目录1总则 (4)1.1范围 (4)1.2选库原则 (4)1.3元器件建封装库流程 (4)1.4缩略语 (4)1.5建库基本要求 (5)2片式贴装器件回流焊盘设计规则 (13)2.1建库原则 (13)2.2建库细则 (14)2.2.1片式电阻器件 (14)2.2.2片式电容器件 (14)2.2.3片式钽电容 (15)2.2.4片式电感器件 (16)2.2.5排阻 (17)2.2.6贴片二极管 (18)2.2.7SMA封装器件 (19)3SOT器件焊盘设计规则 (19)3.1SOT 23 (19)3.1.1器件尺寸 (19)3.1.2焊盘尺寸 (20)3.2SOT 89 (20)3.2.1器件尺寸 (20)3.2.2焊盘尺寸 (20)3.3SOT 143 (21)3.3.1器件尺寸 (21)3.3.2焊盘尺寸 (21)3.4SOT 223 (22)3.4.1器件尺寸 (22)3.4.2焊盘尺寸 (22)3.5SOT 323 (23)3.5.1器件尺寸 (23)3.5.2焊盘尺寸 (23)3.6SOT 363 (24)3.6.1器件尺寸 (24)3.6.2焊盘尺寸 (24)3.7TO 252、TO263、TO 268 (25)3.7.1器件尺寸 (25)3.7.2焊盘尺寸 (25)3.8SMD220 (26)3.8.1器件尺寸 (26)3.8.2焊盘尺寸 (26)4鸥翼形引脚器件回流焊盘设计规则 (26)4.1建库原则 (26)4.2建库规则 (27)4.2.1尺寸定义 (27)4.2.2焊盘设计 (27)5J型引脚器件回流焊盘设计规则 (28)5.1建库原则 (28)5.2器件尺寸 (28)5.3焊盘设计 (29)6QFP器件焊盘设计规则 (29)6.1PQFP (29)6.1.1器件尺寸 (29)6.1.2焊盘尺寸 (30)6.2SQFP (30)6.2.1器件尺寸 (30)6.2.2焊盘尺寸 (31)7BGA 器件焊盘设计规则 (32)7.1PBGA 焊盘设计 (32)7.2CBGA 焊盘设计 (32)8LCCC 器件焊盘设计规则 (33)8.1器件尺寸 (33)8.2焊盘设计 (33)9表贴器件波峰焊盘设计规则 (34)9.1全端子器件（通常为CHIP 元件） (34)9.2非全端子器件（钽电容、SOP、SOT 等器件） (35)10插装器件波峰焊盘设计原则 (35)10.1引线标称尺寸定义 (35)10.2公差处理与计算 (35)10.3成孔及焊盘设计计算 (36)10.4插件孔间距的确定 (38)10.4.1不需要成型的孔间距确定 (38)10.4.2需要成型的孔间距确定 (38)10.5选库原则 (38)1总则1.1范围本规范规定了印制电路板（以下简称PCB）基于Cadence软件设计中所使用的焊盘库、封装库的命名、设计等基本要求。

齐齐哈尔大学毕业设计(论文)题目年产6万吨2-丙基庚醇车间合成工段工艺初步设计学院化学与化学工程专业班级学生姓名指导教师成绩2013 年 6 月日摘要本课题是年产6万吨2-丙基庚醇车间合成工段工艺的初步设计。

第一论述了二丙基庚醇合成的意义与作用、国内外研究现状及进展前景，并简要介绍了二丙基庚醇的性质及合成方式，第二介绍了课题的设计背景、厂址选择和原料产品规格；通过国内外几种相关工艺的比较肯定本设计的工艺流程，对整个生产进程进行了物料衡算、热量衡算和Aspen plus模拟；对反映釜等主要设备进行了设备计算与选型，而且对车间设备进行了布置，对自动控制、安全和环境保护和公用工程进行了概述。

最后按照毕业设计的要求利用AutoCAD绘制戊醛缩合反映釜装配图和合成工段设备平立面布置图，手绘了带控制点的工艺流程图，而且完成了20 000字的毕业设计说明书。

关键词：初步设计；合成工段；2-丙基庚醇；衡算AbstractThe preliminary design of workshop of the synthesis section of 60,000 tons annual production capacity of 2-propyl heptanol was completed. Firstly, the significance, the function of 2-propyl heptanol, the development of research on 2-propyl heptanol was stated. The nature of 2-propyl heptanol and synthetic methods were described briefly. Secondly, the design background, plant location and materials and product specification were introduced; comparion of the productive processed in the domestic and aboard, the design process was determined. Meanwhile the material balance, heat balance, and the simulation of process by Aspen plus were finished. The reactor equipment and other major equipments were calculated and selected. And the layout of the equipment for the workshop, safety, environmental protection and public works were outlined. Thirdly, the equipments arrangement diagram of the workshop and the pentanal condensation reactor equipment were drawn with Auto CAD, the process flow diagram with control points was drawn by hand. Finally, the design instruction of 20 thousand words was finished.Key words：Preliminary design; Synthesis section; 2 - propyl heptanol; Balance calculation目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第一章总论 (1)概述 (1)项目建设意义 (1)国内外现状及进展前景 (1)设计依据 (3)厂址选择 (4)厂址肯定 (4)厂址优势分析 (4)设计规模与生产制度 (5)设计规模 (5)生产制度 (5)原料和产品规格 (6)经济核算 (6)第2章工艺设计和计算 (7)工艺线路的选择 (7)2-丙基庚醇工艺介绍 (7)2-丙基庚醇工艺的肯定 (8)工艺流程简述 (8)物料衡算 (9)反映器R101的物料衡算 (9)分离罐V103的物料衡算 (10)换热器E101的物料衡算 (11)精馏塔T101的物料衡算 (12)换热器E104的物料衡算 (12)反映器R102的物料衡算 (13)换热器E105的物料衡算 (14)闪蒸罐V105的物料衡算 (15)热量衡算 (16)反映器R101的热量衡算 (16)换热器E101的热量衡算 (17)T101冷凝器E102的热量衡算 (18)T101再沸器E103的热量衡算 (19)精馏塔T101的热量衡算 (21)换热器E104的热量衡算 (22)反映器R102的热量衡算 (24)换热器E105的热量衡算 (25)全流程模拟 (26)总工艺的模拟 (26)反映器R101的模拟 (27)精馏塔T101的模拟 (28)反映器R102的模拟 (28)第3章设备计算及选型 (30)关键设备R101计算及选型 (30)R101筒体直径和高度的计算 (30)筒体壁厚的计算 (30)夹套的计算 (31)水压实验及强度校核 (32)换热计算 (33)釜体法兰的选择 (33)搅拌器的选择 (33)搅拌传动装置和密封装置的选择 (34)容器支座的选择 (35)人孔、视镜、温度计和工艺接管的选择 (35)其他设备计算与选型 (36)反映器R102的计算 (36)精馏塔T101的计算 (37)换热器的计算与选型 (40)泵计算与选型 (43)储罐和回流罐的计算与选型 (44)紧缩机C101的计算与选型 (46)第4章设备一览表 (47)第5章车间布置 (49)反映器和塔的布置 (49)换热器的布置 (50)泵和紧缩机的布置 (50)罐的布置 (51)第6章自动控制 (52)2-丙基庚醇合成工段自动控制 (52)泵P101的控制 (52)塔顶冷凝器E102的控制 (52)反映器R101的控制 (53)精馏塔T101的控制 (53)第7章公用工程 (55)供水 (55)供热 (55)供电 (56)第8章安全环境保护 (57)结束语 (58)参考文献 (59)致谢 (61)第一章总论概述项目建设意义分子总碳数为4～13的脂肪族伯醇，其全世界近50％产量用于生产增塑剂，所以国内外俗称其为增塑剂醇[1]。