ExSheet2-Pin-jointed Structures

一画一字螺丝批slot type screwdriver一点透视one-point perspective返回二画二合一黏合剂epoxy resin adhesive二合胶；混合胶epoxy glue二维的；平面的two-dimensional二进制binary二极管；整流子diode二号螺丝攻second tap二路开关two-way switch十进制的；公制的metric人工制品artefact人造板man-made board人体工程学ergonomics; human engineering人体尺寸human dimension人体测量学anthropometry; anthropometrics刀片blade刀身blade刀具tool刀具溜座carriage刀柱tool post刀架tool rest刀架底座tool rest bracket刀座帷；床鞍apron刀座鞍；溜板座saddle力force力三角形triangle of force力平行四边形parallelogram of force力多边形；多边形力学polygon of force 力的分解force resolution力架；亮漆lacquer力矩moment力偶couple力矩定律law of moment力-距离图表force-distance graph力图force diagram力线line of force力点effort十字榫cross halving joint十字螺丝Philip's head screw十字螺丝批Philip's type screwdriver丁字尺；T 尺tee square返回三画三爪夹头three-jaw chuck三角尺set square三角形结构系杆triangulation tie三角锉triangular file三维的；立体的three-dimensional三氯甲烷；哥罗芳chloroform三聚氰胺；蜜胺melamine三点透视three-point perspective上油漆painting上釉enamelling凡立水varnish叉形顶尖fork centre口罩mask士力；虫漆shellac士巴拿；扳手spanner大芯夹板；宽条芯夹板blockboard; solid corestock-laminated board大量制造mass production子口刨；槽口刨；边刨rebate plane小型平槽刨miniature router plane小型线料弯曲器small wire bender小型弯折机mini bender小型电路断路器；跳菲miniature circuit breaker (MCB)小齿轮pinion山樟San Cheong工件workpiece工字梁I beam工作面working surface工作图；制作图working drawing工作台bench; working table工具tool工具贮存室tool storage工具槽well工具钢tool steel工场workshop工场安全workshop safety工程字书写技巧lettering工程系统engineering system工程绘图engineering drawing工业酒精；火酒methylated spirit弓形手钻；手摇曲柄钻brace弓形手钻嘴brace bit弓锯bow saw; hacksaw弓锯片hacksaw blade弓锯床hacksawing machine返回四画不平衡imbalance不含铁金属；非铁金属non-ferrous metal 不贯穿孔；闭孔；盲孔blind hole不贯穿鸠尾榫lapped dovetail joint不对称asymmetry不锈钢stainless steel不稳定平衡unstable equilibrium中心centre中心线centre line中心冲centre punch中心钻centre drill中心钻嘴centre bit中央处理器central processing unit (CPU) 中性neutral中性平衡；随遇平衡neutral equilibrium 中性轴neutral axis中密度纤维板medium density fibre board (MDF)中粗锉纹second cut中碳钢medium carbon steel中线neutral wire互补金属氧化物半导体complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) 介子；垫片washer介指铁ring mandrel介电常数；电容率permittivity介稳态的；亚稳态的metastable内力internal force内卡尺inside calipers内能internal energy内涵性质intensive properties内圆弯凿scribing gouge内锁式配件interlocking fitting内燃机internal combustion engine内螺纹制造法tapping内螺丝internal thread内弯边concave edge六角金属枝hexagonal bar六角匙Allen key六角头螺丝hexagonal head screw公制的；十进制的metric公差tolerance冗余构件redundant member分力component force分子molecule分子力molecular force分切；分割；切断parting off分贝decibel分析analysis分析及批判学analytical and critical studies 分析器analyzer分流器shunt分界面；界面；接口interface分厘卡micrometer分规divider分割车刀架parting tool holder分解decomposition分压器potential divider; voltage divider隔离开关isolating switch切削工具cutting tool切削液cutting fluid切削深度depth of cut切屑；碎屑chip切线锯法tangential sawing切辊纹；滚纹knurling切断；分切；分割parting off切断工具parting tool勾；勾脚hook勾刀；胶片刀plastic cutter化胶水tensol反向偏压reverse biased反相放大器inverting amplifier反相器inverter反射reflection反电动势back e.m.f.反馈；回输feedback天拿水；稀释剂thinner天梯牙；齿条gear rack天然木材natural timber天然干燥法air seasoning孔隙率porosity尺寸dimension尺寸线dimension line尺身blade引力；重力gravitational force心形凸轮heart-shaped cam心材heartwood心轴mandrel心销core pin手工具hand tool手工锯junior hacksaw手削法paring手持虎钳hand vice手柄handle手套gloves手扫漆brushing lacquer手推车barrow手提式竖线锯portable jigsaw手提电动工具portable power tool 手提电钻electric hand drill手进给hand feed手摇曲柄钻；弓形手钻brace手摇钻hand drill手锉hand file手锯；板锯handsaw手锥bradawl手辘轧机hand rolling machine支柱；支撑物strut支架；支座support支点fulcrum; pivot文字text方向direction方向针pointing needle方枝square bar方波形square waveform方波产生器squarer方型牙板rectangular die方格纸；网格纸grid paper方通square tube方块图block diagram方锉square file方头钻嘴square shank bit方螺帽square nut方边凿；直边凿firmer chisel木wood木工woodwork木工工作间woodwork area木工工作台woodworker's bench木工车床wood turning lathe; woodworking lathe木工铅笔carpenter's pencil木工刨床thicknessing and planning machine木牙螺丝；木螺钉wood screw木材timber木材车削wood turning木材车削工具wood turning tools木屑压合板；万花板chipboard木条接榫corner strip joint木圆头槌doming mallet木模；模型patterns木线wood strip木胶粉ureaformal dehyde resin glue木锉rasp木螺钉；木牙螺丝wood screw木槌mallet止推轴承thrust bearing止推垫圈thrust washer比例proportion比例尺scale比例常数proportionality constant比例极限proportional limit比较器comparator比热容量specific heat capacity水平投影面horizontal plane水平仪；平水尺spirit level水气掣；漏电断路掣earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)水晶胶；聚酯树脂polyester resin水晶胶的铸造成形resin casting水磨砂纸silicon carbide paper火叉firing fork火水；煤油kerosene火牛；变压器transformer火石轮grinder火花电蚀法；放电极加工electrical discharge machining火酒；工业酒精methylated spirit火钳tongs火线；活线live wire火砖fire brick爪扣；爪形离合器；犬齿式离合器dog clutch牙板；丝模die牙板扳手；丝模扳手die holder (stock)牙板螺帽die nuts牛皮胶；动物胶animal glue牛油纸tracing paper牛顿运动定律Newton's laws of motion犬齿式离合器；爪扣；爪形离合器dog clutch返回五画丙烯丁二烯苯乙烯acrylonitrile-butadiene-stryrene (ABS)主轴；心轴spindle主题motif令(纸张的计数单位) ream凹座recess凹模hollowing block凸缘flange凸缘联轴节flange coupling凸轮cam凸轮式配件cam-action fitting凸轮传动cam drive凸头螺丝raised head screw加成作业；添加法addition process加油oiling加速器accelerator功能；用途function功率因子power factor功率放大器power amplifier功率板power amplifier board功率晶体管power transistor包氏记号法Bow's notation「包浩思」；「包豪斯」〈设计风格) Bauhaus 半永固法；半永久接合semi-permanent joining半接榫halving joint半闭式槽榫stopped housing joint半圆(木)锉half-round rasp半圆车刀turning gouge半圆锉half-round file半圆头铆钉snap rivet半导体semiconductor卡路里；卡(热量单位) calorie卡纸card paper卡尺；测径器calipers去角；倒角chamfer可切削性machinability可行性feasibility可逆过程reversible process可压缩性compressibility可变电阻variable resistor四分仪quadrant四爪夹头four-jaw independent chuck四圆心法(绘图) four-centre method外卡尺outside calipers外形塑造shaping外形线；轮廓线outline外推法extrapolation外圆弯凿firmer gouge外螺纹external thread外螺纹制造法threading外弯边convex edge外观appearance失真distortion尼龙；聚醯胺nylon; polyamide (PA)尼龙墨水针笔technical felt-tip pen左右调校杆lateral adjusting level市售尺寸；标准尺寸stock size市电频率；电源频率mains frequency平(木)锉flat rasp平水尺；水平仪spirit level平行投影parallel projection平行车削parallel turning平行虎钳parallel vice平行钉法parallel nailing平底弯刨flat faced spokeshave平底钻嘴forstner bit平板结构slab construction平流扼流圈；滤波扼流器smoothing choke 平流电容器；滤波电容器smoothing capacitor平流电路；滤汳电路smoothing circuit平面板；正台surface plate平面图；俯视图plan平面锤flatter平移translation平搭榫corner halving joint平嘴钳flat nose pliers平槽刨router plane平衡balance; equilibrium平衡力equilibrant平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡电桥balanced bridge平头弧刀square nose gouge幼纹smooth cut打凹成形hollowing打凸成形raising打槽机routing machine打线；打槽routing打磨fitting; polishing打磨机polisher本生灯Bunsen burner本征半导体intrinsic semiconductor正反器；触发器；复振器flip-flop正反馈；正回输positive feedback正火normalizing正向偏置forward bias正投影orthographic projection正投影图orthographic drawing正弦波形sinusoidal waveform正面投影front projection正视图elevation; front elevation正极；阳极anode正齿轮spur gear正台；平面板surface plate永久性接合permanent joining瓦通纸；瓦楞纸板corrugated board生长层cambium layer生产图production drawing生胶浆rubber cement生钢；铸钢cast steel生铁；铸铁cast iron用途；功能function白杨木poplar白胶浆PV A glue; white glue皮沙垫leather sandbag皮革leather皮革黏合剂leather glue皮鞋leather shoes目录contents矢量；向量vector石灰岩limestone石英晶体振荡器quartz crystal oscillator石棉asbestos; asbestus石膏Plaster of Paris示波器oscilloscope立体图pictorial drawing返回六画交流电流alternating current (a.c.)交流电压a.c. voltage交联结构cross-linked structure仿饰金gilding metal伏特volt光力架clear lacquer光拉软钢bright drawn mild steel (B.D.M.S.)光敏电阻light dependent resistor (LDR)光测弹性学photoelasticity光刨；滑刨smoothing plane光电效应photoelectric effect光泽lustre全闭式槽榫closed housing joint共面力coplanar force共聚合作用co-polymerization共聚物copolymer共价键covalent bond共振；共鸣；谐振resonance印刷电路板printed circuit board (PCB)同素异形allotropy同轴电缆coaxial cable同温equality of temperature向量；矢量vector向量和vector sum104合力resultant force合口扁钳close mouth tongs合成色；等和色secondary colour合成品composite合成粅料composite material合金alloy合金工具钢alloy tool steel合钉；定位销dowel回火tempering回复力restoring force回复力偶restoring couple回弹resilience回输；反馈feedback地线earth wire多刃切削刀具multi-point cutter多孔塑料；泡沫塑料；海绵状塑料foam plastics多方榫接合pinned joint多媒体multi-media多晶性polycrystallinity多谐振动器；多谐振荡器multivibrator多边形力学；力多边形polygon of force 字母冲letter punch字板letter stencil安全safety安全守则safety rule安全系数safety factor安全措施safety precaution105安全眼罩safety goggle安全设备safety equipment安全药箱safety box安培ampere安培计；电流表ammeter尖脚spur年轮annual ring成本cost成形forming扣件；击固件fastener扣钉clout nail; cramp托架bracket收缩shrinkage曲柄crank曲柄轴crank shaft曲线规；云板；云尺French curve有效的efficient有效电流effective current灰；灰末ash百折胶；百折胶；聚丙烯polypropylene (PP)竹bamboo羊角锤claw hammer老化ageing肋条rib肌理；质感；质地texture自由度degree of freedom自动控制automatic control106自动进给auto-feed自然干燥法natural seasoning自感量self-inductance自感应self-induction色彩；颜色colour色调tone色环colour wheel行星齿轮；周转齿轮epicyclic gear返回七画肘节开关toggle-switch串激电动机；串绕电动机series-wound motor位能；势能potential energy位梯度；势梯度potential gradient位移displacement位错dislocation伸长度elongation作工硬化work hardening作功work done作图线construction line低密聚乙烯low density polyethylene (LDPE)低通滤波器low-pass filter低电压low voltage低碳钢low carbon steel布置layout免油轴承oil-less bearing冷加工；冷作工cold working冷加工硬化cold work hardening冷色cool colour冷轧压cold rolling冷却系统cooling system冷却效应cooling effect冷却液流量coolant rate冷凝胶；环氧树脂epoxy resin108利口；「披」口；铁屑burr刨平planing刨花板；碎料板particle board吹风机air blower吹气模塑；吹模塑blow moulding吹管blow pipe含铁金属ferrous metal含水量moisture content坑凿cross-cut chisel均方根值root mean square value均角投影图；等角投影图isometric drawing 均速圆周运动uniform circular motion 夹；夹钳clamp夹cramp夹卡mounting board夹具fixture; jig夹具及固定装置jig and fixture夹板；胶合板plywood夹持工具clamping device; holding tool夹背锯；榫锯tenon saw 夹头chuck夹头开启匙；夹头扳手chuck key夹叠黏合成形lamination尾座tailstock床身；床道lathe bed床鞍；刀座帷apron形心；面心centroid109形状shape形变deformation「快把」板；硬质纤维板hardboard快速移位rapid traverse抗扭强度torsional strength抗屈强度bending strength; yield strength 抗性分量；无功分量reactive component 抗拉强度tensile strength抗氧化剂anti-oxidant抗剪强度shearing strength抗磁性物料diamagnetic material抗挠性stiffness抗压强度compressive strength抗断强度breaking strength技术员；技师technician扶架steady扭力torsion扭矩；转矩torque扭转torsion扭转角angle of torsion把手hand grip扼流圈choke扳手spanner; wrench投影projection投影面projection plane投影线projection line攻丝tap材料material材料单；材料表material list杜拉铝duralumin杉木spruce步进电动机stepper motor步冲轮廓法nibbling每分钟转数revolution per minute (r.p.m.) 系统组件system component角托架angle bracket角位移angular displacement角板；直角板angle plate角度angle角榫corner angle joint; corner joint角铁angle iron谷巴凡立水cobal varnish车刀架tool holder车床lathe车床工具lathe tools车床中心钻咀lathe centre bit车床操作法lathe operation车削；车旋lathe turning; turning车削工具turning tools防火胶板Formica防锈rust prevention防声耳筒；护耳器ear-protector防松螺帽lock nut防护装置；保护罩；保护网guard; safety guard返回八画注射成形法；喷射铸造法injection moulding并激电动机；并绕电动机shunt-wound motor乳酪胶casein glue乳胶漆emulsion paint亚加力；压克力；聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂acrylics; polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 亚稳态的；介稳态的metastable来回摆动oscillating两点透视two-point perspective刻度；划线ruling刺冲dot punch刮刀scraper刮擦scraping制动鼓drum brake制动碟disc brake制动器brake受迫振动forced vibration受迫振荡forced oscillation和谐harmony周转齿轮；行星齿轮epicyclic gear固定夹；台夹bench holdfast固定负载dead load定子stator定位销；合钉dowel定位螺丝set screw定距轮stitch marker屈片机folding machine屈曲bending屈服点；降服点yield point屈圈法loop forming屈卷法scrolling屈接缝folded lap seam屈喉机tube bender屈折folding屈折线folding line屈压接缝folded & grooved seam延性ductility延性的ductile弦锯法plain sawing弧口凿；圆凿gouge往复式运动reciprocatory motion拉力tensile force拉力计；张力计tensiometer; tensometer 拉钉blind rivet; pop rivet拉钉接合blind riveting; pop riveting拉钉钳blind riveting pliers; pop riveting pliers拉张tension拉张应力tensile stress拉张应变tensile strain拉细drawing-down拉制法drawing拉线wire drawing「披」口；利口；铁屑burr拔钳nippers拋光buffing拋光机buffing machine放大；扩大enlargement放大尺pantograph放大倍数amplification factor放大器amplifier放电极加工；火花电蚀法electricaldischarge machining易用万能尺line setter易碎fragile〈绘画的〉明暗运用；描影shading枝；杆rod杯形顶尖cup centre杯头螺丝hexagonal socket head cap screw 板锯panel saw松木pine松节水turpentine法式磨光French polishing法拉〈电容量单位〉farad油石；磨刀石oil stone油漆；涂料paint泡沫塑料；多孔塑料；海绵状塑料foam plastics物理特性physical property物理属性physical attribute物理量physical quantity盲孔；闭孔；不贯穿孔blind hole直尺ruler; straight rule直角叉榫corner bridle joint直角尺try square直角板；角板angle plate直角杠杆bell crank lever直身钻嘴straight shank drill直车刀架straight tool holder直流发电机d.c. generator直流电流direct current (d.c.)直流电动机；直流马达 d.c. motor直纹锯rip saw直线切削linear interpolation直线运动rectilinear motion直边凿；方边凿firmer chisel直铁剪straight snips硅silicon空行程idle stroke空气动力学aerodynamics空间space空载no load花纹凿embossing stamp花梨木rosewood花样；图案pattern虎克定律Hooke's Law虎钳vice虎钳护罩vice clamp初步意念proposed solution表面surface表面展开图surface development表面张力surface tension表面处理surface finishing; surface treatment表面硬化case hardening表面硬化钢case-hardened steel表达方式presentation表达技巧；传意技巧communication technique表观膨胀；视膨胀apparent expansion金工metalwork金工工作间metalwork area金工角尺engineering square金工车床metalwork lathe金工虎钳engineer's vice金工锯床power hacksaw金属包头；金属箍ferrule金属配件metal fittings金属线wire金属压展机hand rolling mill金属擦光剂；磨光剂metal polish金属薄片sheet metal金属键metallic bond长方通rectangular tube长刨trying plane长螺旋钻咀long auger bit长镗孔long boring闸极gate阻抗impedance附件attachment附录appendices青铜bronze非反相放大器non-inverting amplifier非本征半导体extrinsic semiconductor非破坏性试验non-destructive testing非晶状固体amorphous solid非顽磁性铁磁材料non-retentive ferromagnetic material非压缩性流体incompressible fluid非稳态unsteady state非铁金属；不含铁金属non-ferrous metal 返回九画亮漆；力架lacquer信号signal信号产生机signal generator信号处理signal processing保养；维修maintenance保险丝fuse保护罩；保护网；防护装置guard; safety guard促凝剂accelerator削屑swarf垂直投影面vertical plane型砧swages〈书的〉封皮binding封面cover急回机构quick return mechanism扁枝bar扁头cross-pein扁头法upsetting扁头铆钉flat head rivet扁头螺丝flat head screw扁凿flat chisel指示器indicator指形榫finger joint施力effort染色staining染色剂stain架构framework柄stock柚木teak柳安木lauan流程图flow chart原色primary colour原型；雏形；首版prototype原料raw material哥罗芳；三氯甲烷chloroform返回十画埋头直孔counterbore埋头铆钉countersink head rivet埋头锥孔countersink埋头螺栓countersink head bolt埋头螺丝countersink head screw埋头钻countersink drill埋头钻嘴countersink bit; rose countersink drill套筒；套管sleeve套锤fullers家用的domestic展性malleability展性的malleable展开图development峰至峰值peak-to-peak value峰值peak value差动放大器；微分放大器differential amplifier徒手草图freehand sketch径线锯法radial sawing径锯法quarter sawing振动vibration振幅amplitude振荡oscillating振荡运动oscillatory motion振荡器oscillator效率efficiency时效硬化age hardening时间常数time constant框架frame气动的系统；气压的系统pneumatic system 气动控制pneumatic control气阀gas valve气焊gas welding空气压缩air compression氧乙炔焊接oxy-acetylene welding氧化oxidation; oxidize消失点vanishing point消色差achromatic colour浸涂dip coating海绵状塑料；泡沫塑料；多孔塑料foam plastics浮力buoyancy浮雕relief特性property珠光体pearlite疲劳fatigue真空成形；真空吸塑vacuum forming真空成形机vacuum former真空吸塑成形法vacuum moulding真实形状true shape矩波形rectangular waveform纹理grain级联系统cascade system纸板carton board脆弱的；易碎的brittle脆性brittleness脉冲pulse能量守恒conservation of energy能量守恒定律law of conservation of energy草图sketch草图画纸layout paper草稿draft衰减attenuation起化magnetization起泡剂；发泡剂foaming agent起动扭矩starting torque起动器starter起磁；磁化magnetization退化degradation退火annealing配件fitting钉合nailing钉钳；铁钳pincers钉冲nail punch钉锤cross-pein hammer针尖point针叶needle-point leaf针叶树coniferous tree针锉；杂锦锉needle files马氏体martensite马达；电动机；摩打motor马粪纸straw board骨架结构carcase construction容差；宽裕度allowance高密度聚乙烯high density polyethylene (HDPE)高通滤波器high-pass filter高速钢high speed steel高电压high voltage高碳钢high carbon steel返回十一画干燥法；干材法seasoning偶合；耦合(电工) coupling侧面投影side projection侧条芯夹板laminboard侧视图；端视图end elevation; end view偏心凸轮eccentric cam偏向bias; deviation偏差deviation偏压bias偏离drift剪刀scissors剪力shearing force剪切shear剪床；闸床guillotine对角剪钳diagonal cutting pliers动力工具power tool动力学dynamics动物胶；牛皮胶animal glue动圈式电流计moving coil galvanometer动态；运动movement动态平衡dynamic equilibrium动摩擦dynamic friction; kinetic friction匙孔锯key-hole saw; pad saw只读存贮器；只读存储器read only memory (ROM)国际标准组织The International Standard Organization (ISO)基本设计原理design fundamentals基极电流base current基准边true edge基尔霍夫定律；克希何夫定律Kirchhoff's Law密度density常规conventions带式砂磨机belt sander带式传动belt drive带通滤波器band-pass filter带锯；运锯band-saw张力计；拉力计tensiometer; tensometer 强化reinforcement强化塑料reinforced plastics彩度chroma控制系统control system卷尺flexible rule; tape rule接口；界面；分界面interface接合joining接合工具joining tool接地earthing接缝lapped seam; seam接触角angle of contact扫上光油varnishing推拔车削taper turning推进器propeller斜切车刀skew turning chisel斜投影oblique projection斜角mitre斜角；斜面bevel斜角规bevel; sliding bevel斜角榫mitre joint斜身螺丝攻taper tap斜格纸；等角投影纸isometric grid paper 〈织物的〉斜纹bias斜钉法dovetail nailing斜率gradient斜视图oblique drawing斜榫尺mitre square斜榫规mitre gauge斜槽位；鱼尾槽位dovetail trench斜边凿bevel edged chisel旋扭法twisting旋钮；球形把手knob旋制法spinning旋转；转动rotation旋转台rotating platform旋转轴rotating shaft旋转运动rotary motion杆；枝rod条线图；棒形图bar chart梨形凸轮pear-shaped cam液相liquid phase液晶体显示liquid crystal display (LCD)液压liquid compression液压控制hydraulic control液压机hydraulic press添加法；加成作业addition process添加剂additive清漆varnish清胶gel resin混合胶；二合胶epoxy glue深拉制法deep drawing深度计；深度规depth gauge淬火quench淬火液quenching liquid淬硬quench hardening焊接welding焊枪brazing torch焊剂flux焊炉brazing hearth球形把手；旋钮knob球体sphere瓷釉；搪瓷；珐琅enamel瓷漆；磁漆enamel paint产品设计规格product design specification (PDS)眼罩goggles硫化作用vulcanization移印字dry rub on transfers第一角投影法first angle projection第三角投影法third angle projection符号symbol粗削roughing粗纹bastard cut粗刨jack plane统一〈设计〉unity组件component; module组合角尺combination square组合钳combination pliers组合图；装配图assembly drawing汇编语言；汇编语言assembly language 组合逻辑combinational logic组成物料component material组织原理(设计) organisation脱碳decarburization脱模剂release agent脱模腊mould release wax茎stem蛋形木槌bossing mallet规；计gauge规身stock规柄stem规格specification许可应力permissible stress设计design设计元素design element设计作业；专题设计研习design project 设计师designer设计记录档案design folder设计组织design organization设计处境；设计环境design situation设计规格design specification设计提案design proposal设计程序design process设计概要；设计纲要design brief设计解决方法design solution贯穿鸠尾榫through dovetail joint软木softwood软板；绝缘板soft board软胶；聚乙烯polyethylene (PE)软焊soft soldering软焊料soft solder软钢mild steel通用面板universal surface plate连接杆；连杆linkage连结板web连续插图sequential drawing速度velocity速度比velocity ratio造形form造型砂moulding sand透明；通透transparent透视投影perspective projection透视法perspective透视图perspective drawing131闭孔；盲孔；不贯穿孔blind hole闭合电路closed circuit死循环控制closed-loop control死循环控制系统closed control system 死循环增益close loop gain阴极；负极cathode陶瓷ceramics陶瓷制品ceramic product顶尖centre顶面投影top projection顶脱销ejector pin鱼尾半接榫dovetailed tee halving joint 鱼尾榫；鸠尾榫；燕尾榫dovetail joint 鱼尾槽位；斜槽位dovetail trench麻花钻twist drill梣木ash焗炉oven焓enthalpy返回十二画家俬钉panel nail家俬蜡furniture wax伞齿轮bevel gear最后方案final solution割线规cutting gauge喇叭；扬声器speaker单元module单板；薄木皮veneer单板镶贴；薄皮镶合veneering单相single phase单脚规odd-leg calipers单路开关one-way switch单鸠尾榫single dovetail joint单碟离合器single plate clutch单稳态monostable喉管tube围裙apron循环车削turning cycle循环过程cyclic process惠斯登电桥Wheatstone bridge惰轮idler描影；(绘画的)明暗运用shading插座socket插头plug换能器；转能器；传感器transducer扬声器；喇叭loud speaker; speaker晶粒grain晶体crystal晶体振荡器crystal oscillator晶体结构crystal structure晶体管；原子粒transistor晶体点阵；晶体格构；晶格crystal lattice 棘轮和爪ratchet and pawl棘齿ratchet棘齿弓钻ratchet brace壳型模塑shell moulding光标卡尺vernier calipers减除作业reduction process涡流eddy current涡轮机turbine测径器calipers测试工具testing tool焦炭coke无功分量；抗性分量reactive component 无彩色achromatic colour无头螺丝grub screw无压释放器no-voltage release无稳态定时器astable timer无稳态电路astable circuit无稳态多谐振动器；无稳态多谐振荡器；无稳态复振器astable multivibrator然纳二极管；齐纳二极管Zener diode珐琅；搪瓷；瓷釉enamel画板；绘图板drawing board画纸drawing paper发光二极管light emitting diode (LED)发泡聚苯乙烯；发泡胶expanded polystyrene (EPS); styrofoam发泡剂；起泡剂foaming agent发电机generator发热管heating tube发热线切割机hot wire cutter发热线机hot wire machine; strip heater短路short circuit硬化hardening硬化剂curing agent; hardener; hardening agent硬木hardwood硬件〈计算机〉hardware硬度hardness硬度测试hardness test硬挺度；刚强度stiffness硬焊hard soldering硬模铸造；压力铸造；压铸die casting硬胶；聚苯乙桸polystyrene (PS)硬质纤维板；「快把」板hardboard程序；程序program稀释剂；天拿水thinner等角投影isometric projection等角投影纸；斜格纸isometric grid paper 等角投影图；均角投影图isometric drawing 等角轴isometric axis等角圆isometric circle等和色；合成色secondary colour等焓的过程isentropic process筒夹；弹性夹头collet筒形线圈；螺线管；电磁线圈solenoid结构structure结构力学structural mechanics结构木材structural timber绝缘insulation绝缘板insulation board绝缘体insulator丝攻扳手tap wrench丝模；牙板die丝模扳手；牙板扳手die holder (stock)菠萨轻木；飞机木balsa虚线；隐线hidden line视查visual inspection视膨胀；表观膨胀apparent expansion评估evaluation评鉴criticism象限quadrant超塑料superplastic超载overload超声波ultrasonic wave超声波测试ultrasonic test轴shaft轴心车削法turning between centres轴功shaft work轴承bearing轴接coupling轴环；卡圈collar周期period进料螺杆feed screw进给feed进给速率feed rate进给螺杆feed screw量角器protractor量度measurement量度工具measuring tool钝blunt开口式槽榫through housing joint开口扁钳open mouth tongs开口销cotter pin开孔凿hole punch开材方法(木材) conversion开环控制系统open-loop control system阳极；正极anode阳极氧化法；阳极处理anodizing集成电路integrated circuit (IC)集电极电流collector current云尺；云板；曲线规French curve云母mica韧皮部bast韧性toughness顺磁性paramagnetic material黄金分割golden section黄金比例golden ratio黄铜brass黑皮软钢black mild steel返回十三画传动系统drive system传动螺杆drive screw传意技巧；表达技巧communication technique传感器；换能器；转能器transducer传热性conductivity of heat传导conduction传导性conductivity倾角angle of inclination; rake angle倾斜面inclined plane势能；位能potential energy势梯度；位梯度potential gradient汇编语言；汇编语言assembly language 圆口夹钳round tongs圆形及椭圆形尺circle and ellipse guide圆形凸轮circular cam圆形开口牙板circular split die圆咀钳round nose pliers圆底弯刨round faced spokeshave圆弧运动circular motion圆枝round rod圆规compasses圆通；圆管round tube圆折边beaded edge圆盘锯；风车锯circular saw圆锉round file圆头弧刀round nose gouge圆头铆钉conical head rivet; round head rivet圆头螺丝round head screw圆头铁锤ball pein hammer; raising hammer圆瓣图pie chart圆铁砧bick iron圆凿；弧口凿gouge塞子plug塞状螺丝攻plug tap塑性plasticity塑性形变plastic deformation塑料plastics塑料土；橡皮泥plasticine塑料涂层plastic coating塑料层积片；层叠塑料片laminated plastic sheet涂料；油漆paint涂层金属片coated metal sheet塔轮cone pulley填角焊接fillet weld填料；填剂filler奥氏体austenite微分放大器；差动放大器differential amplifier微电子学microelectronics微调fine-adjustment溜板座；刀座鞍saddle详细图；零件详图details drawing意念；构想idea感温开关temperature sensitive switch感应电路sensor circuit感应器sensor搪瓷；珐琅；瓷釉enamel搪瓷炉；釉窑enamelling kiln搭接；叠榫lap joint搭焊lap welding搜集资料；数据搜集data collection摇摆钉法staggered nailing摇摆运动oscillating motion暗接斜角鸠尾榫secret mitre dovetail joint 暖色warm colour楔；劈尖wedge楔槽榫barefaced tongue and groove joint 楔铁drift极限制limit switch极限张应力ultimate tensile stress杨氏模量Young modulus榆木elm沟刨plough plane温度梯度temperature gradient温度调节器；恒温器thermostat温差电偶thermocouple温标temperature scale滑枕ram滑动件slider滑块曲柄机构slider crank mechanism滑刨；光刨smoothing plane滑轮pulley煤油；火水kerosene炼制合金alloying炼钢炉steel furnace照明lighting碎屑；切屑chip碎料板；刨花板particle board硼砂borax万用尺multi-purpose rule万用电表multimeter万向接头universal joint万向轴节universal coupling万能胶contact glue节奏；韵律rhythm节约能源conservation of energy经干木材seasoned timber脚掣footbrake脑力激荡法brainstorming葫芦夹钳pick-up tongs蜂鸣器buzzer装拆式结构knock-down construction装拆扣件knock-down fitting装订binding装配图；组合图assembly drawing装饰的图案或式样motif解决方法solution解决问题problem solving译码；译码decode试验testing跳菲；小型电路断路器miniature circuit breaker (MCB)载电live运动motion运动的控制control of motion运动的传送transmission of motion运动的转化conversion of motion运动学kinematics运算放大器operational amplifier运锯；带锯band-saw达底螺丝攻bottoming tap釉窑；搪瓷炉enamelling kiln钳pliers铅lead铅笔pencil铅笔刨pencil sharpener刨plane刨刀cutting blade; plane iron刨夹cap iron刨床shaping machine刨底sole刨削shaping刨削刀具shaping tool刨楔level cap铆钉rivet铆钉接合riveted joint铆钉模rivet set & snap铆接riveting闸床；剪床guillotine隔离器isolator电electricity电力分线箱distribution board电子束焊接electron beam welding电子零件electronic component电子零件接驳wiring电子管valve电子学electronics电木Bakelite电玉；醛树脂ureaformaldehyde (UF) 电池cell电池组battery电位；电势electric potential电位计potentiometer电位差potential difference电抗reactance电弧焊electric arc welding电阻抗impedance电阻值resistance电阻率resistivity电阻温度计resistance thermometer 电阻器resistor电流current电流表；安培计ammeter电流放大器current amplifier电流增益current gain电容率；介电常数permittivity电容量capacitance电容器capacitor电烙套件soldering kit电烙铁electric soldering iron电动势electromotive force电动机；马达；摩打motor电荷charge; electric charge电势；电位electric potential电感器inductor电极electrode电源开关switch电源频率；市电频率mains frequency计算机；计算器computer计算机辅助工程computer-aided engineering (CAE)计算机辅助控制computer-aided control计算机辅助设计computer-aided design (CAD)计算机辅助制造computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)计算机辅助设计与制造系统CAD/CAM system计算机数控computer numerical control (CNC)计算机数控车床CNC lathe电路circuit电磁线圈；筒形线圈；螺线管solenoid电枢；衔铁线圈armature电线electric wire电线退皮钳wire stripper电导率electrical conductivity电导量conductance电压voltage电压比voltage ratio电压比较器voltage comparator电压放大voltage amplification电压放大器voltage amplifier电压表voltmeter电压降voltage drop电压调节器voltage regulator电镀electroplating电钻electric drill零件；组件component零件分散图；爆炸图exploded drawing (view)零件表parts list零件详图；详细图details drawing零件图parts drawing零位校正zero correction顽磁性铁磁材料retentive ferromagnetic material饱和度saturation鸠尾榫；鱼尾榫；燕尾榫dovetail joint。

备案号：J249－2003SH欧阳光明（2021.03.07）中华人民共和国石油化工行业标准Standard for Petrochemical Industry of PRCSH 3501－2002代替SH3501－2001SH 3501-2002A substitute version of SH 3501-2001石油化工有毒、可燃介质管道工程施工及验收规范Specification for construction and acceptance of hypertoxic and combustible medium piping engineering in petrochemical industry Chinese language is the "original" language and if inconsistencies exist between English andChinese versions, the Chinese version takes precedence and the Chinese version is the legally binding version.原本以中文书就，如果英文和中文版本之间存在不一致，以中文版本为准，中文版本具有法律约束力。

2003－02－09 发布2003－05－01 实施国家经济贸易委员会发布Issued on Feb. 9, 2003 Implemented on May 1, 2003 Issued by State Economy & Trade Commission目次List of Contents前言……………………………………………………………………………………………Foreword1 范围……………………………………………………………………………………Scope2 规范性引用文件………………………………………………………………………Normative documents quoted3 总则……………………………………………………………………………………General4 管道分级………………………………………………………………………………Pipeline grading5 管道组成件检验………………………………………………………………………Inspection of constituent elements of pipeline5.1 一般规定………………………………………………………………………………General specifications5.2 管子检验………………………………………………………………………………Inspection of pipe5.3 阀门检验………………………………………………………………………………Inspection of valve5.4 其他管道组成件检验…………………………………………………………………Inspection of constituent elements of other pipes6 管道预制及安装………………………………………………………………………Prefabrication and installation of pipeline6.1 管道预制………………………………………………………………………………Prefabrication of pipeline6.2 管道安装………………………………………………………………………………Installation of pipeline7 管道焊接………………………………………………………………………………Welding of pipeline7.1 一般规定………………………………………………………………………………General specifications7.2 焊前准备与接头组对…………………………………………………………………Preparation and assembly of joints7.3 焊接工艺要求…………………………………………………………………………Requirement for welding procedure7.4 预热与热处理…………………………………………………………………………Preheating and heat treatment7.5 质量检验………………………………………………………………………………Quality inspection8 管道系统试验…………………………………………………………………………Test for piping system8.1 管道系统压力试验……………………………………………………………………Pressure test for piping system8.2 管道系统吹扫…………………………………………………………………………Sweeping for piping system8.3 气体泄漏性试验及真空度试验………………………………………………………Gas leakage test and test of vacuum degree9 交工文件………………………………………………………………………………Handover document附录A（资料性附录）常用有毒介质、可燃介质………………………………………Appendix A(Data Appendix) Common Hypertoxic and Combustible Medium附录B（资料性附录）焊接接头坡口形式及组对要求……………………………………Appendix B(Data Appendix)Type of Groove of Weld Joint and Requirements for Assembly 附：条文说明…………………………………………………………………………………Explanation to Clauses前言Foreword本规范是根据国经贸厅行业[2002]36号文的通知，由中国石化集团第五建设公司对《石油化工剧毒、可燃介质管道工程施工及验收规范》SH 3501－2001进行修订而成。

Forward this manual to all operators.Failure to operate this equipment asdirected may cause injury.SHIPPING DAMAGE CLAIMSWhen this equipment is shipped, title passes to the purchas-er upon receipt from the carrier. Consequently, claims for the material damaged in shipment must be made by the pur-chaser against the transportation company at the time ship-ment is received.BE SAFEYour new lift was designed and built with safety in mind. However, your overall safety can be increased by proper training and thoughtful operation on the part of the operator. DO NOT operate or repair this equip-ment without reading this manual and the important safety instructions shown inside.1645 Lemonwood Dr.Santa Paula, CA. 93060, USATel: 1-805-933-9970Fax: 1-805-933-9160Keep this operation manual near the machine at all times. Make sure thatALL USERS read this manual .SURFACE MOUNTED TWO-POST LIFTSEXCEL SERIESTWO-POSTSURFACE MOUNTEDAUTO AND LIGHT DUTY TRUCK LIFT This instruction manual has been prepared especially for you.Your new lift is the product of over 25 years of continuous research, testing and development and is the most technically advanced lift on the market today.READ THIS ENTIRE MANUAL BEFORE OPERATION BEGINS.RECORD HERE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATIONWHICH IS LOCATED ON THE SERIAL NUMBER DATA PLATESerial No. __________Model No. __________Manufacturing date __________WARRANTYYour new lift is warranted for five years on equipment structure; one year on all operating components to the original purchaser, to be free of defects in material and workmanship. The manufacturer shall repair or replace at their option for this period those parts returned to the factory freight prepaid which prove upon inspection to be defective.The manufacturer will pay labor costs for the first 12 months only on parts returned aspreviously described.This warranty does not extend to defects caused by ordinary wear, abuse, misuse, shippingdamage, or lack of required maintenance.This warranty is exclusive and in lieu of all other warranties expressed or implied. In no event shall the manufacturer be liable for special, consequential or incidental damages for the breach or delay in performance of the warranty. The manufacturer reserves the right to make design changes or add improvements to its product line without incurring any obligation tomake such changes on product sold previously.Warranty adjustments within the above stated policies are based on the model and serial number of the equipment. This data must be furnished with all warranty claims.WARRANTY IS NOT VALID UNLESSWARRANTY CARD IS RETURNEDPARTS INVENTORYQTY.PART(S) DESCRIPTION WHERE USED CHECK PARTS BOX4 Lift Pads Lift Pads For Arms4 3” Lift Pad Adapters Lift Pad Extensions4 6” Lift Pad Adapters Lift Pad Extensions4Arm Pins Arm Pins2 Cables Equalizer Cables103/4" x 4-3/4" Anchor Bolts Concrete Anchors1 Lot Shims To Shim / Level Lift1Short Hose From Power Unit To Cylinder1Long Hose Crossover Hose1 Micro switch With Cord / Clearfloor Only Overhead Micro Switch4 3/8” x 1” Hex Bolts To Secure Top Beam4 3/8” Hex Nuts To Secure Top Beam4 3/8” Lock washers To Secure Top Beam41/2”-13 Hex Nuts Equalizer Cable Adjusting Nuts45/16” x 1” Hex Bolts For Mounting Power Unit45/16” Hex Nuts For Mounting Power Unit190 Degree Fitting For Power Unit Hydraulic Fitting For Power Unit190 Degree Fitting For Cylinder Hydraulic Fitting For Offside Cylinder13-Port Hydraulic Fitting Assembly Hydraulic Fitting For Powerside Cylinder 1Can Spray Paint Touch Up Paint1Instruction Manual Instruction Manual1ALI Safety Instructions Safety InstructionsSHIPMENT PARTS1Power Unit Electric / Hydraulic Power Source1Powerside Column / With Mtg. Plate Powerside Column1Offside Column / No Mtg. Plate Offside Column1 Top Trough / Clearfloor Models Only Overhead Beam1 Coverplate / Floorplate Models Only Floor Pan4Lift Arms Lift ArmsBE SURE TO TAKE A COMPLETE INVENTORY OF PARTS BEFORE STARTING INSTALLATION1. Carefully remove the crating and packing materials. CAUTION!Be careful when cutting steel banding material as items may become loose and fall causing personal harm or injury.2. Inspect the lift for any signs of concealed shipment damage or shortages. Remember to report any shipping damage to the carrier and make a notation on the delivery receipt.3. Check the voltage, phase and properamperage requirements for the motor shown onthe motor plate. Wiring should be performed bya certified electrician only.1. Read and understand all safety warningprocedures before operating lift.2. Keep hands and feet clear. Remove handsand feet from any moving parts. Keep feet clearof lift when lowering. Avoid pinch points.3. Keep work area clean. Cluttered work areasinvite injuries.4. Consider work area environment. Do notexpose equipment to rain . Do not use in dampor wet locations. Keep area well lighted.5. Only trained operators should operate this lift.All non-trained personnel should be kept awayfrom work area. Never let non-trained personnelcome in contact with, or operate lift.6. Use lift correctly. Use lift in the propermanner. Never use lifting adapters other thanwhat is approved by the manufacturer.7. Do not override self-closing lift controls.8. Remain clear of lift when raising or loweringvehicle.9. Clear area if vehicle is on danger of falling.10. Always insure that the safeties are engagedbefore any attempt is made to work on or nearvehicle.11. Dress properly. Non-skid steel -toe footwearis recommended when operating lift.12. Guard against electric shock. This lift must begrounded while in use to protect the operatorfrom electric shock. Never connect the greenpower cord wire to a live terminal. This is forground only.13. Danger! The power unit used on this lift con-tains high voltage. Disconnect power at thereceptacle before performing any electricalrepairs. Secure plug so that it cannot beaccidentally plugged in during service.14. Warning! Risk of explosion. This equipmenthas internal arcing or sparking parts whichshould not be exposed to flammable vapors. Thismachine should not be located in a recessedarea or below floor level.15. Maintain with care. Keep lift clean for betterand safe performance. Follow manual for properlubrication and maintenance instructions. Keepcontrol handles and/or buttons dry, clean andfree from grease and oil.16. Stay alert. Watch what you are doing. Usecommon sense. Be aware.17. Check for damaged parts. Check foralignment of moving parts, breakage of parts orany condition that may affect its operation. Do notuse lift if any component is broken or damaged.18. Never remove safety related componentsfrom the lift. Do not use lift if safety relatedcomponents are damaged or missing.INTRODUCTIONTHIS SYMBOL POINTS OUT IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS WHICH IF NOT FOL-LOWED COULD ENDANGER THE PERSONAL SAFETY AND/OR PROPERTY OF YOUR-SELF AND OTHERS AND CAN CAUSE PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH.READ AND FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS IN THIS MANUAL BEFORE ATTEMPTING TOOPERATE THIS MACHINE.STEP ONE( Selecting Site )Before installing your new lift, check the following.1. LIFT LOCATION: Always use architects plans when available. Check layout dimension against floorplan requirements making sure that ade-quate space is available.2. OVERHEAD OBSTRUCTIONS: The area where the lift will be located should be free of overhead obstructions such as heaters, building supports, electrical lines etc.3. DEFECTIVE CONCRETE: Visually inspect the site where the lift is to be installed and check for cracked or defective concrete.STEP TWO( Floor Requirements )Specifications of concrete must be adhered to. Failure to do so could cause lift failure resulting in personal injury or death.A level floor is suggested for proper installation. Small differences in floor slopes may be compensated for by proper shimming. If a floor is of questionable slope, consider a survey of the site and/or the possibility of pouring a new level concrete slab."DO NOT install this lift on any asphalt surface or any surface other than concrete. "DO NOT install this lift on expansion seams or on cracked or defective concrete."DO NOT install this lift on a second / elevated floor without first consulting building architect."DO NOT install this lift outdoors unless special consideration has been made to protect the power unit from inclimate weather conditions.CONCRETE SPECIFICATIONS LIFT CONCRETEMODEL REQUIREMENT9,000 Lb. Models 4” Min. Thickness / 3000 PSI 12,000 Lb. Model 6” Min. Thickness / 3000 PSITOOLS REQUIRED"Rotary Hammer Drill Or Similar"3/4" Masonry Bit"Hammer"4 Foot Level"Open-End Wrench Set: 7/16" - 1-1/8" "Socket And Ratchet Set: 7/16" - 1-1/8" "Hex-Key / Allen Wrench Set "Medium Crescent Wrench "Medium Pipe Wrench"Crow Bar For Shim Installation "Chalk Line"Medium Flat Screwdriver "Tape Measure: 25 Foot Minimum "Needle Nose PliersNOTELAYOUT DIMENSIONSMODEL A B XL-9 132” / 3353mm17” / 432mmXL-9X145” / 3683mm17” / 432mmXL-9C132” / 3353mm17” / 432mmXL-9CX145” / 3683mm17” / 432mmXL-9AC132” / 3353mm17” / 432mmXL-9ACX145” / 3683mm17” / 432mmPR-12F155” / 3937mm28” / 711mmSTEP THREE( Site Layout )1. Determine which side will be the approach side.2. Now determine which side you prefer the power unit to be located on. The POWERSIDE column has the power-unit mounting bracket attached to the side. ( See diagram above for power unit location. )3. Once a location is determined, use a carpenters chalk line to layout a grid for the post locations. Keep all dimensions and squareness within 1/8”or malfunctioning of the lift will occur.4. After the post locations are properly marked, use a chalk or crayon to make an outline of the posts on the floor at each location using the post baseplates as a template.5. Double check all dimensions and make sure that the layout is perfectly square.6. Before continuing with the installation it is helpful to stand the posts up at their respective locations and get a visual of the shop, aisles and other clearances. Also, this is a good time to drive a vehicle into position and check for adequate clearance.FLOORPLAN LAYOUTSTEP FOUR( Installing The POWERSIDE Column )1. Before proceeding, double check measurements and make certain that the bases of each column are square and aligned with the chalk line.2. Using the baseplate on the POWERSIDE column as a guide, drill each anchor hole in the concrete approximately (4-1/2” deep / 9K models & 6-1/2” deep / 12K models ) using a rotary hammer drill and 3/4”concrete dril. To assure full holding power, do not ream the hole or allow drill to wobble. ( See Fig. 1 )5. After drilling, remove dust thoroughly from each hole using compressed air and/or wire brush. Make certain that the column remains aligned with the chalk line during this process.6. Assemble the washers and nuts on the anchors then tap into each hole with a hammer until the washer rests against the baseplate. Be sure that if shimming is required that enough threads are left exposed. ( See Fig. 2 )7. If shimming is required, insert the shims as necessary under the baseplate so that when the anchor bolts are tightened, the columns will be plumb. ( See Fig. 3 )8. With the shims and anchor bolts in place, tighten by securing the nut to the base then turning 2 -3 full turns clockwise. DO NOT use an impact wrench for this procedure. ( See Fig. 4 )STEP FIVE( Mounting The OFFSIDE column. )1. Position the OFFSIDE column at the designated chalk locations and secure to the floor following the same procedures as outlined in STEP FIVE.NOTE:To ease installation of the top beam onthe top beam is mounted.Fig. 3Fig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 4STEP SIX( Mounting the OVERHEAD BEAM. )Clearfloor Models Only1. Using a lifting devise, raise the OVERHEAD beam in position on top of the columns. Bolt to the columns using the 3/8” x 1” Hex Bolts, Nuts and Washers. ( See Fig. 5 )STEP SEVEN( Mounting the TOP PULLEY ASSEMBLY. )Floorplate Models Only1. Using a lifting devise, raise the OVERHEAD beam in position on top of the columns. Bolt to the columns using the 3/8” x 1” Hex Bolts, Nuts and Washers. ( See Fig. 6 )STEP EIGHT( Mounting The POWER UNIT )1. Attach the power unit to the POWERSIDE COLUMN using four 5/16" hex bolts and nylock nuts supplied. Fill the reservoir with 10 WT. HYDRAULIC OIL OR DEXRON TYPE III ATF. Make sure the funnel used to fill the power unit is clean. ( See Fig. 7 )STEP NINE( Routing The EQUALIZER CABLES )1. Raise and lock each carriage approximately 28” above the ground. ( See Fig. 8 )2. Make sure that the safety locks on each column are fully engaged before attempting to route equalizer cables. Carriages must be equal height from the floor before proceeding.Fig. 5Fig. 6Fig 8Fig 73. With the carriages in equal position from the floor, route the equalizer cables as shown below. ( See Fig. 9 & 10 )4. After the equalizer cables have been routed.adjust each cable so that they are equal tension.STEP TEN( Installing The Hydraulic Lines. )1. Install the hydraulic lines as shown below pay-ing careful attention to keep the hoses clean and free of debris. ( See Fig. 11 & 12 )When routing the hydraulic hose through the columns, make sure to route through the retaining rings welded inside each column.Make sure that the hose is clear of any moving parts. It may be necessary to tie hose clear by using nylon tie straps or wire. Failure to keep hydraulic lines clear may result in hydraulic line failure which may result in damage or personalharm.IMPORTANT NOTE:IMPORTANT NOTE:When installing hydraulic fittings and hoses it is not necessary to use Teflon tape or other sealant. Teflon tape and other sealing compounds can contaminate the system andcause malfunctioning of lift.Fig. 9Fig. 10Fig. 11STEP ELEVEN( Installing Overhead Micro Switch. )1. Install the overhead Micro Switch as shown below. Be sure to keep wire clear of moving parts. WIRING MUST BE PERFORMED BY A CERTIFIED ELECTRICIAN. ( See Fig. 13 )STEP TWELVE( Power Unit Installation. )1. The standard power unit for your lift is 220 volt,60HZ, single phase. All wiring must be performed by a certified electrician only. SEE WIRING INSTRUCTIONS AFFIXED TO MOTOR FOR PROPER WIRING INSTRUCTIONSIMPORTANT INSTALLATION NOTES"DO NOT run power unit with no oil. Damage to pump can occur."The power unit must be kept dry. Damage to power unit caused by water or other liquids such as detergents, acid etc., is not covered under warranty."Improper electrical hook-up can damage motor and will not be covered under warranty"Motor can not run on 50HZ without a physical change in motor."Use a separate breaker for each power unit."Protect each circuit with time delay fuse or circuit breaker."For 208-230 volt, single phase, use a 25 amp fuse."For 208-230 volt, three phase, use a 20 amp fuse."For 380-440 volt, three phase, use a 15 amp fuse.RISK OF EXPLOSION!! This equipment has internal arcing or sparking parts which should not be exposed to flammable vapors. Motor should not be located in a recessed area orbelow floor level.Fig 12Fig. 13STEP THIRTEEN( Installation Of Swing Arms. )1. Install swing arms as described below. Grease the carriage tube and all pivot pins prior to installation.MAINTENANCE RECORDS________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________Bend-Pak1645 Lemonwood Dr. Santa Paula, CA. 93060Tel: 1-805-933-9970 Fax: -1805-933-9160。

EXCEL在液塑限联合测定试验中的应用作者：刘喜峰来源：《中小企业管理与科技·上旬刊》2015年第12期摘要：液塑限联合测定试验是土力学实验中必做的一项，但学生在实验室操作时，深受试验结果处理的困扰，一方面圆锥下沉深度与含水率关系曲线是在双对数坐标系中绘制的，对于本科生而言有一定难度；另一方面曲线中数据点的选用与连接关系到试验的精度，需要谨慎处理。

因此，本文以学生测得的试验数据为例，应用EXCEL对其加以分析，改善关系曲线的绘制，以便快捷、准确地得出结论。

关键词：液限；塑限；EXCEL；双对数坐标系1 概述土体的塑限和液限均为界限含水率，塑限是土体从半固态转到可塑状态的界限含水率，而液限是土体从可塑状态转到流动状态的界限含水率。

这两种界限含水率和土粒组成、矿物成分、土粒表面吸附阳离子等性质有关，对粘性土的分类和工程性质的评价有着重要意义。

塑限和液限的测定可采用锥式液限仪联合试验，也可采用蝶式液限仪和滚搓法。

考虑到结果的准确性和实验工作量的大小，本实验室采用锥式液限仪联合试验。

测定时取风干土样（过0.5mm 筛）200g，加水拌匀制备试样。

测定试样在不同含水率时，相应圆锥体下沉深度。

记录三组数据后，在双对数坐标纸上，以含水率为横坐标，圆锥下沉深度为纵坐标，绘制关系图。

在直线上查得，纵坐标（即圆锥体下沉深度）为17mm所对应的横坐标（即含水率）为液限，而纵坐标为2mm时对应点的横坐标为塑限。

2 现存的问题在双对数坐标纸上绘制圆锥体下沉深度及含水率的关系直线，并不是一个精细的数据处理工作。

学生在描点和连线上都存在着问题，因此试验结果并不准确。

2.1 双对数坐标系传统的液塑限联合测定试验，在数据处理时会采用作图法，步骤繁琐，费时费力，而且学生在双对数坐标纸上描点连线后，线条不够平滑，坐标纸面不够美观干净，精度难以保证。

2.2 曲线的绘制将三组实验数据点落在坐标系后，下一步应将数据点连线。

因三组数据并非随机数据，而是要求圆锥体下沉深度在3～4mm，7～9mm，15～17mm，因此极可能出现三点不在同一条直线上的情况。

工程英语测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the term used to describe the process of turning raw materials into finished products?A. FabricationB. AssemblyC. MachiningD. Casting答案：A2. The primary function of a ________ is to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.A. MotorB. GeneratorC. TransformerD. Inverter答案：A3. In engineering, the term "stress" refers to:A. The internal resistance of a material to deformationB. The force applied to a materialC. The change in shape of a materialD. The rate of change of force答案：A4. Which of the following is not a type of welding process?A. Arc weldingB. Gas weldingC. Ultrasonic weldingD. Friction welding答案：C5. The process of designing and building a structure is known as:A. EngineeringB. ArchitectureC. ConstructionD. All of the above答案：D6. What does the abbreviation "CAD" stand for in the field of engineering?A. Computer-Aided DesignB. Computer-Aided DraftingC. Computer-Aided DevelopmentD. Computer-Aided Documentation答案：A7. The SI unit for pressure is:A. PascalB. NewtonC. JouleD. Watt答案：A8. A ________ is a type of joint that allows for relative movement between connected parts.A. Rigid jointB. Revolute jointC. Fixed jointD. Pin joint答案：B9. The process of removing material from an object to achieve the desired shape is known as:A. MachiningB. CastingC. ForgingD. Extrusion答案：A10. In engineering, the term "specification" refers to:A. A detailed description of the requirements of aprojectB. A list of materials to be used in a projectC. The estimated cost of a projectD. The timeline for a project答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The ________ is the process of cutting a flat surface ona material.答案：sawing12. A ________ is a type of bearing that allows for rotation.答案：ball bearing13. The term "gearing" refers to the use of gears to transmit ________.答案：motion14. The ________ is the study of the properties of materials.答案：material science15. In a hydraulic system, a ________ is used to control the flow of fluid.答案：valve16. The ________ is the process of heating and cooling a material to alter its physical properties.答案：heat treatment17. The ________ is a tool used to measure the hardness of a material.答案：hardness tester18. A ________ is a type of joint that connects two parts ata fixed angle.答案: hinge joint19. The ________ is the process of joining two pieces ofmetal by heating them to a molten state.答案：fusion welding20. The ________ is the study of the behavior of structures under load.答案：structural analysis三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "mechanical advantage" in engineering.答案：Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force in a simple machine, indicating how much the machine amplifies the force applied to it.22. Explain the concept of "factor of safety" in engineering design.答案：The factor of safety is a ratio used in engineering to ensure that a structure or component can withstand loads beyond the maximum expected in service, providing a margin of safety against failure.23. What is the purpose of a "stress-strain curve" in material testing?答案：A stress-strain curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the stress applied to a material and the resulting strain, used to determine the material's mechanical properties such as elasticity, yield strength, and ultimate strength.24. Describe the difference between "static" and "dynamic" loads in engineering.答案：Static loads are constant forces that do not changeover time, while dynamic loads are forces that vary in magnitude or direction over time, often due to movement or vibrations.25. What is "creep" in the context of material behavior under load?答案：Creep。

2021 年第41卷第3期蚵北大学学板（令然科学版）Journal of Hebei UniversityCNatural Science Edition)2021Vol. 41 N o. 3D()I：10. 3969/j. issn. 1000 - 1565. 2021. 03. 002复合材料板弯扭耦合特性数值模拟张颖“2,安利强、王璋奇1(1•华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院，河北保定071003,2.河北大学建筑工程学院，河北保定071002)摘要：为研究复合材料风机叶片弯扭耦合特性，将风机叶片简化为对称非均勾复合材料层合板，研究 不同的耦合区域对弯扭耦合效应的影响.在复合材料层合板不同区域对称铺设相同纤维角度的增强板，分析 在集中静力荷栽作用下，层合板的静态弯扭耦合特性；结合模态分析方法，利用模态置信准则（M A C),定量 分析不同位置耦合层合板的弯扭耦合动态效应.结果表明，在低阶模态时，中部区域耦合板耦合效果明显，端 部耦合板在高阶模态时弯扭耦合效果更明显.关键词：层合板；模态特性；弯扭耦合；模态识别矩阵中图分类号：T H213. 3 文献标志码：A文章编号：1000 - 1565(2021)03 -0231 -07 Numerical simulation of bend-twist coupling properties of laminate platesZHANG Ying1,2, AN Liqiang1, WANG Zhangqi1(1. School of Energy P o w e r and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric P o w e r University, Baoding 071003，China; 2. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hebei University, Baoding 071002,China)Abstract：In order to analyze the effect of b e n d twist coupling (B T C) of large w i n d turbine blade, the blade w a s simplified to a s y m m e t r i c un-uniform laminate plates, the influence of coupling area o n bend- twist coupling effect w a s studied b y numerical analysis m e t h o d.B y introducing s y m m e t r i c off-axis orientations in different locations of the five plates, the static deformations to p e r f o r m the coupling feature w e r e analyzed un d e r the concentrated force. A n e w m e t h o d w a s proposed in this paper to quantitatively devscribe the bending-torsional coupling pe r f o r m a n c e of laminates using m o d a l assurance criteriorC M A C).T h e results s h o w that coupling effect of laminates coupled in the central region w e r e significant at low- order vibrations, while the coupling effect of laminates coupled near the e n d w a s m o r e obvious at higher- order m odes.Key words：laminate plate；m o d a l characteristic；b e n d twist coupling；m o d a l identification matrix在大型风力发电机叶片设计中，广泛应用复合材料层合板，复合材料具有质量轻、比模量高、比强度高、耐腐蚀、耐疲劳以及抗振动等优点.由于复合材料的各向异性，受力时会产生拉伸、剪切、弯曲和扭转之间的耦合效应[13].近几年来复合材料板的振动特性受到研究人员的关注.王子文等W通过改变梁帽位置单轴向布的铺层角度在叶片中引人弯扭耦合效应，改变铺层角度和耦合区域，叶片在弯曲变形同时发生扭转变形.收稿日期：2020 - 10 -01基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（51675179);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目（2019Q N133);河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目（QN2021025)第一作者：张颖（1981—），女，河北晋州人，河北大学讲师，华北电力大学在读博士，主要从事风力发电机叶片振动特性研究.E-mail：h b u z y®163. com通信作者：安利强（1974 —），男，河北保定人，华北电力大学教授，博士，主要从事输电线路振动、风力发电机结构振动特性研究• E-mail:alq2146@163. com232河北大学学报（自然科学版）第41卷5个不同的耦合位置120 m m张龙等[5」将复合材料叶片简化为对称非均衡悬臂层合板.基于经典层合板理论，提出刚度权值和载荷系数 2个分析参数，分析了弯扭耦合效应中参数对结构变形的影响.B e r n a r d 等[6]设计了弯扭耦合层合梁装置，改 变铺层角度和设计不同密度的夹心材料，研究梁的弯扭耦合特性.S h a a t 等〜研究了弯扭耦合层合板的模态 频率解析解和缺陷因素对不连续层合板结构的振动特性影响.许德伟等w 在对称层合板的基础上添加铺层 使得整个层合板成为非对称或非均衡层合板，用数值方法对添加铺层后的层合板在拉伸或弯曲载荷作用下 产生的端面变形进行了研究，得到了最有利的添加铺层位置和添加层铺设角.周邢银等:9]将复合材料叶片简 化为对称非均匀层合板梁，有限元结合静态位移测量方法，分析得出中心区域耦合获得显著的弯扭耦合效 应.文献[1-9]主要定性分析对称均匀复合材料板的弯扭耦合特性，对局部增强的弯扭耦合板的模态特征定 量分析研究较少，因此有必要研究耦合区域对复合材料板的弯扭耦合效应的影响.本文在不同位置对称偏轴铺设纤维层，实现了层合板的弯扭耦合设计，对5块复合材料层合板进行有限元 数值模拟，研究其静力和模态特性.复合材料板的固有频率和振型特性，与增强板的铺设位置等设计因素有密 切关系.模态转换现象在复合材料板振动问题中是复杂的耦合振动问题，结构发生模态转换，可能由振动系统 中的质量、刚度、阻尼等参数改变引起:1°].在振型转换区内，当相邻2阶频率较接近时，其模态会出现相互转换 现象.本文对于不同位置耦合的复合材料板，提出采用模态置信因子M A C 定量描述层合板弯扭耦合特性的方 法.结果表明，某两阶频率接近的模态振型分量出现模态分量转移现象，这类板的弯扭耦合效应也较显著.1不同区域耦合薄板模型复合材料薄板，如图1所示，悬臂薄板长800 m m ,宽200 m m ,厚2 m m ,板的约束区域在左端，大小为200 m m X 120 m m .在板不同区域，对称铺设20度的增强纤维铺层分别为A 、B 、C 、D 、E 板，对应增强位置为区域（1)〜区域（5)，大小为136 m m X 200 m m ,厚度为2 m m .图1给出C 板的详细铺层，其他4块板，除了 耦合板位置不同，其他位置铺设和C 板相同.板的密度为1921 3.弹性常数为£, =43. 605 G P a ， E 2=E 3 = 14.05 G P a ,G 12= G 23 =G .；1 = 3. 801 G P a .Fig. 12层合板静力分析k g /m \ ^ 3.801 G P a.A B C D E (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)136 m m 136 m m 136 m m 136 r2 m m 20o耦合板图1不同位置耦合的板铺层布置Different location coupling (>f laminates layout在有限元软件A N S Y S 中，建立5块不同区域耦合板的有限元模型，单元类型Sh e lll 81,在板的端部作用集中荷载，大小为1 N ，进行静力分析，研究不同位置耦合复合材料板的弯扭特性，图2和图3为在单位集第3期张颖等：复合材料板弯扭耦合特性数值模拟23300.20.4 0.6 0.80 0.20.4 0.60.8位置/m位置/m图2 z 向位移图3绕jc 轴的扭转角Fig. 2Plate displacement of z directionFig. 3 Torsion angle of x axis3悬臂板的模态特性3.1不同位置耦合板的频率对比对板进行模态分析，得到不同位置耦合板的频率变化.图4为板的前10阶频率变化对比图.对于4阶以+A 转角 +B 转角 -+C 转角 十D 转角 '+E 转角根部区域中部区域中荷载作用下的扭转和弯曲位移变化规律.板平面坐标系为:平面，垂直平面的方向为Z 方向，板弯曲位 移即Z 方向位移，扭转位移为绕X 轴的转角.由图2可知，在静力荷载作用下，5块复合材料板，在不同区域对称铺设20度板后，发生弯曲变形，越接 近自由端，位移越大，最大弯曲挠度均出现在自由端.A 板弯曲位移最小，E 板具有最大结构弯曲位移.说明A 板的弯曲刚度最大，E 板弯曲刚度最小.图3扭转角变化规律可知，变形曲线出现几个特征区域段.对于各块板的根部区域，5块板的扭转角都较 小，B 板扭转角最大，E 板扭转角最小.对于中部区域，B 板开始突然增加，曲线斜率迅速增加，一直在端部保持 最大扭转角，C 板扭转角度和B 板类似，迅速增加，表现仅次于A 板的扭转特性，表明中部区域耦合特性显著. 而B 板则从中部区域开始扭转角度变缓，趋于一个平稳值.D 板扭转角度和A 板接近，保持较小的扭转角度.20「模态数/阶图4前10阶频率Fig. 4First ten frequencies)1852 ^632 111、-NH /肼眾234河北大学学报（f彳然科学版）第41卷上的高阶模态，B、C、D板表现出较强的弯扭耦合特性，D板在第4阶扭转频率最大，C板在第6阶频率最大. 7阶以上的频率值变化趋势更为复杂，并不是单一某块板频率一直处于最大.针对不同位置耦合复合材料板的前6阶固有频率和振型特性，进行深人分析，在表1中给出前6阶频 率，其中字母b代表弯曲，字母t代表扭转.比如，M o d e lb表示弯曲为主的第1阶模态，M o d e l'表示扭转为主 的第1阶模态，M o d d11表示弯曲为主的第2阶弯曲模态.表1耦合板的固有频率Tab. 1FEA frequency value of coupling lamina Hz 模态M o d e lb M o d e 1'Mode 2b M o d e2'M o d e 3b M o d e 3'A 4. 9715.4030. 3352. 8581. 67109.07B 3. 7618. 8919. 4742. 1961.4785. 66C 3. 1314.8221. 643.0257. 2126. 13D2. 6411. 1122.0567.2870. 95102.27E2. 209. 4518. 3945. 9855. 47105.40 b表示弯曲；t表示扭转.3.2模态节线特征为了验证5块板不同耦合位置引起的弯扭耦合特性，分析5块板的节线分布特征，将模态位移图分成 2组，分别是前3阶低阶弯曲模态和扭转模态.如图5所示，每一块板的模态，前3个为弯曲模态，后3个为 扭转模态.蓝色区域表示板位移为零的点集，红色区域表示模态位移最大的点集.每个板的节线即位移为零的线. 若为纯弯曲模态，节线将平行丁板的短边.本文5块复合材料层合板分别在不同位置对称铺设20度板，耦合 板都表现出一定的弯扭耦合特性.1阶模态以弯曲为主，无节线.2阶、3阶弯曲模态的节线不再平行于短边，层合板的扭转模态节线沿各板的中心线不对称，在扭转的同时出现局部的弯曲模态.图5可见，B、C、D 3块板耦合效果比较明显，尤其B板第2阶弯曲模态和第1阶扭转模态，D板的第 3阶弯曲模态和第2、第3阶扭转模态耦合效果比较明显.■m!■§m I■■I■IIDI X B I1D JfjB u r n■M:<B IA板C板a、b、c.第1、2、3阶弯曲模态；d、e、f.第1、2、3阶扭转模态.图5前6阶模态节线Fig. 5 First sixth modal nodal lines3.3模态形状分析模态节线图5可知，在不同位置，耦合特征差异明显.提取有限元模型上下边界节点z方向的位移，连线 得到前6阶模态板的振动形状图.通过对应点的位移差定性分析耦合性状变化.在图6中，横轴表示节点编 号位置，纵轴表示模态位移.可见，第1阶弯曲模态各板耦合效果都不明显，上下边界基本重合.13板的2阶 模态形状变化最大，D板的第3阶弯曲模态形状变化最大，耦合效果非常明显.1阶扭转模态中，B板的变化 较大，2阶扭转模态中D板的变化较大，3阶扭转模态中，C板和D板形状变化比其他板更加明显.从图6中第3期张颖等：复合材料板弯扭耦合特性数值模拟235能够直观地看到各板的耦合效果差异.3.4M AC矩阵模态置信准则（M A C)值[n]，用来描述理论和实验模态振型之间的相关性，式（1)中，为理论模态向 量，〇,,,为实验模态向量.本文中用该准则定量描述耦合板和非耦合板之间的振型相关性，提取0°耦合 板提取20°耦合板.将模态置信矩阵做识别矩阵，定量分析在不同位置加强板的耦合程度.M A C(0h(O h，O pi)(0,(1)A3hBB3hTB3bBC3hTC3hBD3hTD3hBE3hTE3hBA2tTA2tBB2tTB2tBCO TC2tBD2tTD2tBE2tTE2tB节点编号节点编号AltTAltBBltTBltBCltTCltBDltTDltBEltTEltB节点编号A3tTA3tBB3tTB3tBC3tTC3tBD3tTD3tBE3tTE3tBa、b、c.第1、2、3阶弯曲模态；d、e、f.第1、2、3阶扭转模态.图6前3阶弯曲和扭转模态Fig. 6 First three bending and twistmodes236河北大学学报（自然科学版>第41卷0°加强的纤维板模态振型关于模型中的x轴对称，没有发生耦合现象，本文中将0°加强的纤维板作为相应不同位置耦合的参考板.表2为耦合板的识别系数，用字母和数字组合表示.字母t表示扭转模态.b表示弯曲模态，后面数字表示模态阶数，例如b l表示第1阶弯曲模态.本文给出前6阶振型的M A C矩阵，每一列数据反映其模态组成，从表2中可以看出每阶模态中弯曲和扭转的比例.例如，B板的第2阶模态，由62%b2(B0第2阶弯曲变形）、27%t l(B〇第1阶扭转变形）、6%b3(B0的第3阶弯曲变形）以及2%b l(B0第1阶弯曲变形）组成.对比板的前3阶模态，B板的耦合效果最明显，A板耦合效果较小，C板的低阶模态耦合较好，E板高阶模态耦合效果明显.B板耦合现象显著发生在第2阶和第3阶模态，第2阶扭转模态由27%t l和62%b2组成，第3阶弯曲模态由80%t l和14%b2组成，这种现象称为模态转换，当相邻2阶模态频率接近，模态振型出现耦合特殊组合跳跃现象.在高阶模态中，D板第4阶模态主要由72%t2和24%b3组成.第5阶模态是由37%t2和58%b3组成，这说明D板的高阶模态弯扭耦合效应最明显.表2耦合板的识别系数Tab. 2 Identification of configuration%A板B板C板模态123456123456123456bl990000096200008909000t l0990000027803000900900b200980003621401009089011t2000990001389080809000b3000098006208900010980t3000009800070910000097D板E板模态123456123456bl90022409307000t l09100070900703b220970116092010t2000723720709200b3700245800000980t3070009002000964 结论对不同位置偏轴对称铺设的复合材料层合板，进行静力和模态分析.静力学角度描述板的弯扭耦合效果变化规律.从模态分析角度.利用非耦合板和耦合板的模态置信矩阵，定量描述每阶模态中的弯曲和扭转分量，得到以下结论：1) 利用模态节线特征可以直观描述弯扭耦合特征，而模态置信因子可以定量分析复合材料层板模态的组成分量，二者结合可以更精细化地研究耦合板的弯扭动态特性.2)板的弯扭耦合位置影响板的模态节线分布，弯曲模态和扭转模态耦合程度可以通过M A C值计算得第3期张颖等：复合材料板弯扭耦合特性数值模拟237到.B板和D板出现不同程度的模态跳跃现象，B板的低阶模态的耦合效果最明显，高阶模态中D板的耦合 效果较明显•该结论对于研究风机叶片弯扭耦合特性具有重要的设计指导意义.参考文献：[1]刘建良，梅志远，唐宇航，等.典型复合材料板振动特性综合对比分析及设计规律研究[J].振动与冲击，2019,38(15):65-72. 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基于ETAP仿真软件和Excel电子表格的发电厂继电保护定值整定计算发表时间：2017-10-23T14:08:52.433Z 来源：《电力设备》2017年第17期作者：代增丽杜辉[导读] 摘要：继电保护整定计算是电力系统能够正常运行的重要保障，整定计算涉及的计算量很大，极大的占用了工程人员的时间，利用ETAP软件和Excel电子表格可使继电保护整定计算变的简便而富有效率，最大程度地降低了出错率，保证分析计算和继电保护整定的正确性。

（山东电力建设第三工程公司）摘要：继电保护整定计算是电力系统能够正常运行的重要保障，整定计算涉及的计算量很大，极大的占用了工程人员的时间，利用ETAP软件和Excel电子表格可使继电保护整定计算变的简便而富有效率，最大程度地降低了出错率，保证分析计算和继电保护整定的正确性。

关键词：ETAP软件 Excel电子表格继电保护整定计算Abstract: The relay protection setting calculation is the guarantee of the electrical power system normal run. The setting calcalation involves a large amount of calcualtion and take up a lot of time.The setting calculation change simple and efficient, reduce the error rate, ensure the correctnesss of analysis and calculation when we use ETAP software and Excel worksheet.Key words: ETAP software Excel worksheet Relay protection Setting calculation1.引言继电保护作为保障电网安全稳定运行的第一道防线，担负着保卫电网和设备安全的重要职责[1]。

第38卷第1期2024年1月山东理工大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Shandong University of Technology(Natural Science Edition)Vol.38No.1Jan.2024收稿日期:20221209基金项目:陕西省自然科学基金项目(2018JQ1043)第一作者:栗雪娟,女,lxj_zk@;通信作者:王丹,女,1611182118@文章编号:1672-6197(2024)01-0073-06Cahn-Hilliard 方程的一个超紧致有限差分格式栗雪娟,王丹(西安建筑科技大学理学院,陕西西安710055)摘要:研究四阶Cahn-Hilliard 方程的数值求解方法㊂给出组合型超紧致差分格式,将其用于四阶Cahn-Hilliard 方程的空间导数离散,采用四阶Runge-Kutta 格式离散时间导数,将二者结合得到四阶Cahn-Hilliard 方程的离散格式,并给出了该格式的误差估计㊂通过编程计算得到其数值解,并与精确解进行对比,结果表明本文的数值方法误差小,验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性㊂关键词:四阶Cahn-Hilliard 方程;组合型超紧致差分方法;四阶Runge-Kutta 方法;误差估计中图分类号:TB532.1;TB553文献标志码:AA supercompact finite difference scheme for Cahn-Hilliard equationsLI Xuejuan,WANG Dan(School of Science,Xiᶄan University of Architecture and Technology,Xiᶄan 710055,China)Abstract :A numerical method for solving the fourth order Cahn-Hilliard equation is studied.The combi-national ultra-compact difference scheme is given and applied to the spatial derivative discretization of the fourth order Cahn-Hilliard equation.The fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is used to discrete time deriv-atives.The discrete scheme of the fourth order Cahn-Hilliard equation is obtained by combining the two methods,and the error estimate of the scheme is given.Finally,the numerical solution is obtained by programming and compared with the exact solution.The results show that the numerical method in this paper has a small error,verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.Keywords :fourth order Cahn-Hilliard equation;combinational supercompact difference scheme;fourthorder Runge-Kutta;error estimation㊀㊀本文考虑的四阶Cahn-Hilliard 方程为u t -f u ()xx +ku xxxx =0,x ɪ0,2π[],t >0,u x ,0()=u 0x (),x ɪ0,2π[],u 0,t ()=0,u 2π,t ()=0,t >0,ìîíïïïï(1)式中:求解区域为0,2π[],且kn ȡ0;f u ()为光滑函数;u 0x ()表示t =0时刻的初值;u t 表示u 关于时间t 求偏导数,u t =∂u∂t;f u ()xx表示f u ()关于x求二阶偏导数,f u ()xx=∂2f u ()∂x 2;u xxxx 表示u 关于x 求四阶偏导数,u xxxx=∂4u∂x4;u 是混合物中某种物质的浓度,被称为相变量㊂1958年,Cahn 和Hilliard 提出Cahn-Hilliard 方程,该方程最早被用来描述在温度降低时两种均匀的混合物所发生的相分离现象㊂随着学者对该方程的研究越来越深入,该方程的应用也越来越广泛,特别是在材料科学和物理学等领域中有广泛的应用[1-3]㊂㊀Cahn-Hilliard 方程的数值解法目前已有很多研究,文献[4]使用了全离散有限元方法,文献[5]使用了一类二阶稳定的Crank-Nicolson /Adams-Bashforth 离散化的一致性有限元逼近方法,文献[6-7]使用了有限元方法,文献[8]使用了不连续伽辽金有限元方法,文献[9]使用了Cahn-Hilliard 方程的完全离散谱格式,文献[10]使用了高阶超紧致有限差分方法,文献[11]使用了高阶优化组合型紧致有限差分方法㊂综上所述,本文拟对Cahn-Hilliard 方程构造一种新的超紧致差分格式,将空间组合型超紧致差分方法和修正的时间四阶Runge-Kutta 方法相结合,求解Cahn-Hilliard 方程的数值解,得到相对于现有广义格式精度更高的数值求解格式,并对组合型超紧致差分格式进行误差估计,最后通过数值算例验证该方法的可行性㊂1㊀高阶精度数值求解方法1.1㊀空间组合型超紧致差分格式早期的紧致差分格式是在Hermite 多项式的基础上构造而来的,Hermite 多项式中连续三个节点的一阶导数㊁二阶导数和函数值的数值关系可以表示为ð1k =-1a k f i +k +b k fᶄi +k +c k fᵡi +k ()=0㊂(2)1998年,Krishnan 提出如下紧致差分格式:a 1fᶄi -1+a 0fᶄi +a 2fᶄi +1+hb 1fᵡi -1+b 0fᵡi +b 2fᵡi +1()=1h c 1f i -2+c 2f i -1+c 0f i +c 3f i +1+c 4f i +2(),(3)式中:h 为空间网格间距;a 1,a 0,a 2,b 1,b 0,b 2,c 1,c 2,c 0,c 3,c 4均表示差分格式系数;f i 表示i 节点的函数值;fᶄi 和fᵡi 分别表示i 节点的一阶导数值和二阶导数值;f i -1,f i -2,f i +1,f i +2分别表示i 节点依次向前两个节点和依次向后两个节点的函数值;fᶄi -1,fᶄi +1分别表示i 节点依次向前一个节点和依次向后一个节点的一阶导数值;fᵡi -1,fᵡi +1分别表示i 节点依次向前一个节点和依次向后一个节点的二阶导数值㊂式(2)对应f (x )展开以x i 为邻域的泰勒级数为f x ()=f x i ()+hfᶄx i ()+h 2fᵡx i ()2!+㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀h3f‴x i ()3!+h 4f 4()x i ()4!+h 5f 5()x i ()5!+h 6f 6()x i ()6!+h 7f 7()x i ()7!㊂㊀㊀(4)㊀㊀差分格式的各项系数由式(3)决定,可得到如下的三点六阶超紧致差分格式:716fᶄi +1+fᶄi -1()+fᶄi -h 16fᵡi +1-fᵡi -1()=㊀㊀1516h f i +1-f i -1(),98h fᶄi +1-fᶄi -1()+fᵡi -18fᵡi +1+fᵡi -1()=㊀㊀3h 2f i +1-2f i +f i -1()ìîíïïïïïïïïïï(5)为优化三点六阶紧致差分格式,并保持较好的数值频散,将迎风机制[12]引入式(5),构造出如下三点五阶迎风型超紧致差分格式:78fᶄi -1+fᶄi +h 19fᵡi -1-718fᵡi -172fᵡi +1()=㊀㊀1h -10148f i -1+73f i -1148f i +1(),25fᵡi -1+fᵡi +1h 1910fᶄi -1+165fᶄi +910fᶄi +1()=㊀㊀1h 2-135f i -1-45f i +175f i +1()㊂ìîíïïïïïïïïïï(6)左右边界可达到三阶精度紧致格式:fᶄ1-132fᶄ2+fᶄ3()+3h4fᵡ2+fᵡ3()=㊀㊀-12h f 3-f 2(),fᵡ1+3728h fᶄ3-fᶄ2()+3914h fᶄ1-3356fᵡ3-fᵡ2()=㊀㊀f 3-2f 1+f 2(),ìîíïïïïïïïï(7)fᶄN -132fᶄN -2+fᶄN -1()-3h 4fᵡN -2+fᵡN -1()=㊀㊀12h f N -2-f N -1(),fᵡN -3728h (fᶄN -2-fᶄN -1)-3914h fᶄN -3356(fᵡN -2-㊀㊀fᵡN -1)=1314h 2f N -2-2f N +f N -1()㊂ìîíïïïïïïïïïï(8)上述组合型超紧致差分格式只需要相邻的三个节点便可以同时求得一阶导数和二阶导数的五阶精度近似值,比普通差分格式的节点更少,降低了计算量㊂为便于编程计算,将上述构造的组合型超紧致差分格式重写为矩阵表达形式㊂假设U 为位移矩阵,其大小为m ˑn ,则求一阶导数和二阶导数的离47山东理工大学学报(自然科学版)2024年㊀散过程可以用矩阵运算表示为AF=BU,(9)结合内点的三点五阶迎风型超紧致差分格式和边界点的三点三阶差分格式,组成式(9)中等式左边的矩阵A和等式右边的矩阵B,大小分别为2mˑ2n 和2mˑn;F为奇数行为空间一阶导数和偶数行为空间二阶导数组成的矩阵,大小为2mˑn㊂以上矩阵分别为:A=10-13/23h/4-13/23h/439/14h1-37/28h33/5637/28h-33/567/8h/91-7h/180-h/7219/10h2/516/5h19/1007/8h/91-7h/180-h/7219/10h2/516/5h19/100⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱7/8h/91-7h/180-h/7219/10h2/516/5h19/100-13/2-3h/4-13/2-3h/410-37/28h-33/5637/28h33/56-39/14h1éëêêêêêêêêêêêêêêêêùûúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúú,(10)F=∂u∂x()1,1∂u∂x()1,2∂u∂x()1,n-1∂u∂x()1,n∂2u∂x2()1,1∂2u∂x2()1,2 ∂2u∂x2()1,n-1∂2u∂x2()1,n︙︙︙︙∂u∂x()m,1∂u∂x()m,2∂u∂x()m,n-1∂u∂x()m,n∂2u∂x2()m,1∂2u∂x2()m,2 ∂2u∂x2()m,n-1∂2u∂x2()m,néëêêêêêêêêêêêêêùûúúúúúúúúúúúúú,(11) B=012/h-12/h-13/7h213/14h213/14h2-101/48h7/3h-11/48h-13/5h2-4/5h217/5h2-101/48h27/3h-11/48h-13/5h2-4/5h217/5h2⋱⋱⋱-101/48h7/3h-11/48h-13/5h2-4/5h217/5h2012/h-12/h-13/7h213/14h213/14h2éëêêêêêêêêêêêêêêêêùûúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúú,(12)U=u1,1u1,2 u1,n-1u1,nu2,1u2,2 u2,n-1u2,n︙︙︙︙u m-1,1u m-1,2 u m-1,n-1u m-1,nu m,1u m,2 u m,n-1u m,néëêêêêêêêùûúúúúúúú㊂(13)㊀㊀由式(9)可得F=A-1BU㊂(14)㊀㊀解线性代数方程组(9)可得Cahn-Hilliard方程的空间一阶导数和二阶导数㊂对于四阶导数,可将已求得的二阶导数替代式(14)中的U,再次使用式(14)进行求取㊂57第1期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀栗雪娟,等:Cahn-Hilliard方程的一个超紧致有限差分格式1.2㊀时间离散格式在对很多偏微分方程的数值求解中不仅需要高精度的空间离散格式,同时还需要高精度的时间离散格式㊂普通的一阶精度时间离散格式显然满足不了高精度计算要求,因此本文选用时间四阶Runge-Kutta 格式进行时间离散㊂Runge-Kutta 方法是基于欧拉方法改进后的求解偏微分方程的常用方法,这种方法不仅计算效率高,而且稳定性好㊂格式的推算过程如下:假设求解方程为∂u∂t+F u ()=0,(15)式中F 是对空间变量的微分算子,则修正的四阶Runge-Kutta 格式为u 0i =u n i ,u 1i =u n i-Δt 4F u ()()0i,u 2i =u ni -Δt 3F u ()()1i,u 3i =u n i-Δt 2F u ()()2i,u n +1i =u n i -Δt F u ()()3i ㊂ìîíïïïïïïïïïïïï(16)1.3㊀误差估计以五阶精度将fᶄi -1,fᶄi +1,fᵡi -1,fᵡi +1泰勒级数展开:fᶄi -1=fᶄi -hfᵡi +h 22!f (3)i -h 33!f (4)i +㊀㊀h 44!f (5)i -h 55!f (6)i ,fᶄi +1=fᶄi +hfᵡi +h 22!f (3)i +h 33!f (4)i+㊀㊀h 44!f (5)i +h 55!f (6)i ,fᵡi -1=fᵡi -hf (3)i +h 22!f (4)i -h 33!f (5)i+㊀㊀h 44!f (6)i -h 55!f (7)i ,fᵡi +1=fᵡi +hf (3)i +h 22!f (4)i +h 33!f (5)i +㊀㊀h 44!f (6)i +h 55!f (7)i ㊂ìîíïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïïï(17)将式(17)代入式(6),所求得组合型超紧致差分格式的一阶导数及二阶导数对应的截断误差为:78fᶄi -1+fᶄi +h19fᵡi -1-718fᵡi -172fᵡi +1()=㊀1h -10148f i -1+73f i -1148f i +1()+78640f 6()ih 5,25fᵡi -1+fᵡi +1h 1910fᶄi -1+165fᶄi +910fᶄi +1()=㊀-135f i -1-45f i +175f i +1()-5125200f 7()i h 5,ìîíïïïïïïïïïï(18)78640f 6()i h 5ʈ8.101ˑ10-4f 6()i h 5,5125200f 7()ih 5ʈ2.023ˑ10-3f 7()i h 5㊂ìîíïïïï(19)㊀㊀使用组合型超紧致差分格式的好处是在每一个网格点上存在一个一阶和二阶连续导数的多项式㊂本文比较了组合型超紧致差分格式和现有广义格式的一阶导数和二阶导数的截断误差:fᶄi +αfᶄi +1+fᶄi -1()+βfᶄi +2+fᶄi -2()=㊀㊀a f i +1-f i -12h +b f i +2-f i -24h +c f i +3-f i -36h ,fᵡi +αfᵡi +1+fᵡi -1()+βfᵡi +2+fᵡi -2()=㊀㊀a f i +1-2f i +f i -1h 2+b f i +2-2f i +f i -24h2+㊀㊀c f i +3-2f i +f i -39h 2,ìîíïïïïïïïïïïï(20)式中参数α,β,a ,b ,c 在各种格式中取不同的值(表1,表2)㊂本文发现在各种方案中,组合型超紧致差分格式的截断误差最小㊂表1㊀不同格式一阶导数的截断误差格式αβa b c 截断误差二阶中心010013!f 3()ih 2标准Padeᶄ格式1/403/20-15f 5()ih 4六阶中心03/2-3/51/1036ˑ17!f 7()ih 6五阶迎风143ˑ16!f 6()ih 5表2㊀不同格式二阶导数的截断误差格式αβa b c 截断误差二阶中心01002ˑ14!f 4()ih 2标准Padeᶄ格式1/1006/50185ˑ16!f 6()ih 4六阶中心03/2-3/51/1072ˑ18!f 8()ih 6五阶迎风165ˑ17!f 7()ih 567山东理工大学学报(自然科学版)2024年㊀2㊀数值算例误差范数L 1和L 2的定义为:L 1=1N ðNi =1u -U ,L 2=1N ðNi =1u -U ()2㊂对四阶Cahn-Hilliard 取f u ()=u 2,k =2,在边界条件u 0,t ()=u 2π,t ()=0下的计算区域为0,2π[],方程的精确解为u x ,t ()=e -tsin x2,数值解为U ㊂对给出的数值算例,计算误差范数L 1和L 2,并采用四种方法进行数值模拟,对其数值结果进行误差分析和对比,结果见表3,本文所使用方法效果最佳,由此证明所提方法的有效性和可行性㊂表3㊀0.5s 时刻精确度测试结果(N =10)方法L 1误差L 2误差间断有限元格式1.56235ˑ10-21.37823ˑ10-2普通中心差分格式1.66667ˑ10-18.33333ˑ10-2紧致差分格式7.14286ˑ10-31.78571ˑ10-3组合型超紧致差分格式6.48148ˑ10-36.34921ˑ10-4㊀㊀用本文提出的式(6) 式(8)和式(16)计算算例,图1 图3给出了不同时刻数值解与精确解的(a)精确解(b)数值解图1㊀0.1s 的精确解与数值解(a)精确解(b)数值解图2㊀0.5s 的精确解与数值解(a)精确解(b)数值解图3㊀1s 的精确解与数值解77第1期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀栗雪娟,等:Cahn-Hilliard 方程的一个超紧致有限差分格式对比图,可以看出,数值解与精确解吻合很好,表明本文给出的数值格式是可行的,并且精度较高㊂3　结论本文研究了组合型超紧致差分方法和四阶Runge-Kutta方法,并将其运用于四阶Cahn-Hilliard 方程的数值求解,通过研究与分析,得到如下结论: 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