高一英语必修4知识点总结
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Unit1 Women of achievement
by chance 碰巧,凑巧 mean doing 意味
着 look down on/ upon 蔑视,
come across 偶遇,碰 见 by now 直到现在
gain doctor d 'eg s ree 获得 carry on 继续,坚持 place an order
be con sidered as carry out 实行,执行 devote to (do ing) sth. concern on eself with be dressed in devote oneself to 致
intend to do sth./ doing sth. dress as be devoted to 专心
gain doctor 's degree 获得 fight for . get rid of =rid of J
take turns to do sth 采取步
fight aga inst move off 离开,启 do research on
put to death 判死刑 lead a life
mean to do 打算做某 事
crowd in 涌上心头
in the shade of
refer to 查阅, 参考,谈到 (其中, to
为 1.condition n. 状况
数) on no condition 决不
2.i nspire v. in spired adj. in spiri ng adj.
in spirati on n. 3.i ntend v. inten tio n n.
4. con siderate adj. con sider v.
consideration n 考
虑, con sideri ng prep
5.deliver v.
delivery n. 投递,交货
6.specialist n .专家,
专
special adj. specialize vi.
attach importance/value to sth.
1. a + +and a half , one and a half+ , the number of +
:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语 , 谓语动词用复数形式 , 如: One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。
2. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词 . 包括 police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通
The British police have only very limited powers. (2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词 . 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage
1.worthwhile adj. 值得的 ,值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth.
worth adj. worthy adj. be worth doing
可尊敬的 be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy to be done
2. attach sth to sth /附在某物上 attach oneself to
be attached to
3. alternative adj. 替换的,可 alternative energy 替代能源 have no alternative but to do alternative ways 可供选择的方 as an alter native alternative to
alternative
choice
preference 强调按自己喜欢的方式进行选择 4. run out 用完;耗尽 run after 追求;追赶 run at 5. f ree of charge=for free 免费 the charge for sth. 某 6. 表部分否定
run away 逃走 run into charge sb + money 收取某
All not= Not all Every no t=Not every
Both not=Not both
(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括audienee, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.女口:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。
3. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物,作主语时,谓语动词用复数.如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
4. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few mon ths was she allowed to beg in her project. 她的母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙;这才使她得以开始自己的计划。
(only位于句首并修饰状语,句子要发生部分倒装,将助动词或联系动词置于主语之前)
5. 一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall (第一人称),will (第二、三人称)动词原形构成。
美国英语则不管什么人称,
一律用will。
形式:
1. will / shall + 动词原形(否定句在will/shall后加not)
2、be going to+动词原形
用法:
(1)一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。
(2)在一般将来时的句子中,有时有表示将来时间的状语,有时没有时间状语,这时要从意思上判断是
否指未来的动作或情况。
例如:
(3)在以第一人称I或we作主语的问句中,一般使用助动词shall,这时或是征求对方的意见,或是询问一个情况
(4)be going to+ 动词原形
Will do 与be going to do 的区别:
be going to与will两者都可表示将要发生的事、将要去做某事,但它们有如下几点区别:
1. be going to表示近期、将要发生的事情,will表示的将来的时间则较远一些,
2. be going to表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。
3. be going to含有计划,准备"的意思,而will则没有这个意思,
4. 在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用be going to,而多用will,女口:
If any beasts come at you, I'll stay with you and help you
注意:be going to和will在含义和用法上稍有不同。
be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算;will多表示意愿,决心。
两者有时不能互换。
如:She is studying hard and is going to try for the exams.她正努力学习并尝试参加考试。
(is going to 不能用will替换)
主将从现:时间状语从句的主句是一般将来时,那么从句常常用一般现在时。
Units 2 Working the land 重点短语
since then从那时起thanks to幸亏,由于be satisfied with 对…感到满意with the hope of 满怀希望.. in some way 在某种程度上cause damage to对… 造成危害build up增强,强大no way肯定不,没门儿lead to导致,造成(to为介词)
focus on集中(注意力)
in no time 立即;马上
get around随便走走;传播;绕开
be limited to 有限
un der con struct ion 在修建中
one-way trip单向旅行
rush hour高峰期traffic jam 交通堵塞
get stuck被困住switch off 关掉a
list of 一列;一份what's more加
之,而且have a good view of 有一
个好的视角
重点句型
1.impress sth on sb 使某人铭记= impress sb with sth sth impress sb 某物给某人留下影响sb be impressed by impress sth on sb 使某人铭记= impress sb with sth sth is impressed on one's mind 某事被印在脑海里
have/leave/make/ a …impression on sb 给某人留下…的印象
2..react to…对…产生反应react with sth.与某物起(化学)反应
3•动词-ing形式作主语时,为了保持句子平衡,可以用it作形式主语。
常用的结构:
1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing
2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste of … etc. + v-ing 例如:It is no use crying over spilt milk.
重点语法
二、动词-ing 形式作宾语
•动词-ing 形式既可作动词的宾语,又可作介词的宾语。
1. 以下动词或短语只接动词-ing 形式作宾语:
admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest 等动词; can't stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短语。
2. 在下列短语中,to 是介词,后面应用动词-ing 形式作宾语:
be / get used to, look forward to, devote … to, pay attention to, object to 等。
3. 下列动词或短语既可以跟动词-ing 形式作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:
•like, love, prefer 如表示经常性的行为后接动词-ing 形式;如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式,但要注意:如果like, love, prefer 前有would ,后面则接动词不定式。
如:Would you like to go shopping with me?
•下列几组词接动词-ing 形式作宾语和不定式作宾语含义不同:Forget/remember /mean/regret
can' t help doing 禁不住做;can' t help (to) do 不能帮忙做。
•在allow, permit, advise , forbid 等动词后直接跟动词-ing 形式作宾语,如果这些词后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。
allow sb to do 如:
We don't allow smoking in the classroom.
We don't allow students to smoke.
•动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时,其后用动词-ing 的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,这时动词-ing 的主动形式表被动意义。
如:
Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.
三、动词-ing 的复合结构
动词-ing的复合结构即:物主代词或名词所有格(作宾语时也可以用代词宾格或名词普通格)+动词-ing。
如:Lucy's turning up surprised everyone present.
Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?
四、动词-ing 的时态、语态以及否定形式动词-ing 有一般式(doing) 和完成式(having done) 两种时态,一
般式的被动语态是being done,完成式的被动语态是having been done。
动词-ing的完成式所表示的动作发
生在谓语动词的动作之前。
动词-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。
例如:
I'm sorry for not having told you the news earlier.
Unit 3 A taste of English humour 重点短语
break into 闯入,进入brighten the lives of 照亮某人的
up to now 直到现在生活道路feel/be content with 对…满足
badly off 穷的,缺少的
I.vary in
vary from to
vary with ,
2 in volve sb in
in volve on eself in
be/get i nvolved in
3.more than surprised 十
分 /非常 more tha n
( )
4.on guard (保持 )警惕; J
on holiday 度假 on leave 休 班 on duty 值班
5.do sb a favour 帮某人
ask sb a favour 请某人
in favour of 赞成 do sb a favor = do a favor for sb 帮某
重点语法 (动词的 -ing 形式作定语、表语和补语) 一、动词 -ing 形式作表语
1. 表示主语的内容 ,可以转换到句首作主语
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. (= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job ) 2. 表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态 (动词 ing 相当一个形容词) The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。
3. 常用来作表语的现在分词有 astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving,
tiring, interesting, surprising 等。
全析提示:动词 -ing 形式作表语时,其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语,但用作表语的 -ing 形式也可带有自 己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is her staying too late every night.(staying too late every night 的逻辑主语 是 her ) 二、 动词 -ing 形式作定语
1 单个的动词 -ing 形式可以作前置定语,一般具有两种含义。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室
running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method =a method for working 工作方法
developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家 an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问 2 作定语的动词 -ing 形式如是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面 They lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south) 他们住 Do you know the boy playing basket? ( =Who is playing basket) 你 The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle 三、动词 -ing 形式作宾补
1、动词 -ing 形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面, 表示一个正在进
in search of 寻 pick out 挑选出 on the edge of in silence 沉默 make use of 使
star in 担任主角 by accident 偶 shake hands 握 in the distance body language
give away 泄露; show sb. the way take a sip 小喝一
When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.
2、当主句转换为被动结构时 , 原来作宾语补足语的动词 -ing 形式便转换为主语补足语。
They found the film very exciting. = The film is found very exciting.
3、能用 -ing 形式作宾语补足语的几类动词 :
1) 表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词, ( 常见的有 see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to 等) + sb + doing sth (作宾补) I felt somebody standing behind me.
2)表示指使意义的动词使役动词, (常见的有 have, set, keep, get, catch, leave 等)+sb/ sth + doing sth (作宾 补) We kept the fire burning all night long. 我们让火整夜燃烧着。
I won ‘ t have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。
4、see, hear, feel, watch 等动词之后用 -ing 形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别:
We heard the telephone ring. We heard the telephone ringing. 前者表示动作正在进行,后者表示(或强调)动作的全过程。
1. carry out/perform/conduct /do/make an experiment 做实验
2. convert A into/to B 把 A 转换成 B
3. take the place of = replace 取代,代替 in place of 取代,代替 (介词短语 ) instead of 代替 ,而不是 (介词短语 )
4. a quantity of + 不可数名词 ,谓语动词用单数 quantities of+ 可数名词复数 ,谓语动词用复数 quantities of+ 不可数名词 ,谓语动词用复数
5.owing to /thanks to /due to /because of 由于 …
6. he key to … 的关键 the answer to the question 问题的答案 notes to the text 课文注释 an end to the meeting 会议的结束 the entrance to the building 大厦的入口 Unit 5 Theme parks 重点短语
Unit4 Body language 重点短语 defend aga inst 保卫…以免受 in defence 防御,保障 intruduce sb to sb 向某人介绍某人 kiss sb on some part 亲吻某个部位 together with 与某人一起 be likely to 很可能…;有希望… on the contrary 相反 nod at sb 向某人点头 greet sb with/by 通过…向某人问候
重点句型
express one 's feelings 表达感情 in general 总的来说;通常 at a job fair 在求职会上 at ease 舒适;自由自在 lose face 丢脸
turn one 'sback to 背对;背弃 turn one 'shead away 把头转过去 be willing to 渴望… , 愿意… look upset about sth 对.. 感到沮丧
experiment with sth 用某物实验
experiment on sth. 对某物进行实验 have a narrow escape 九死一生 a fire escape 紧急出口 ;安全门 earn make get/gain one 's living 谋生 be diagnosed with 被诊断出 … , 患 有…
become the voice of 成为 … 的代言人 partly because of 一部分因为
fantasy-- n. 幻想;怪念头 fantastic adj. 奇异的;稀奇古怪的 fantast n. 幻想家 preserve-vt 保存,保留 n 保护区 presevation-n 保护,保留
athletic--adj.运动的athlete- n.运动员;运动选手 -athletics- n.体育(运动);
minority;-n. 少数;少数民族 minor adj. 较小的;次要的 majority n. 多数; advance; vt.&vi. 前进;促进;提前 advanced--adj. 高级的;年老的;先进的 重点句型
A lake is an area of water surrounded by land.
湖泊就是由陆地所围成的一片水域。
本句使用了过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句 which is surrounded by land ,其具体用法如下: 过去分词作定语常常位于其所修饰的名词前;过去分词短语作定语时,常常位于其所修饰的名词后,相当 于一个定语从句。
On a distant mountain was a sign in 20- foot characters. 远山上写着 20 英尺大的汉字。
本句中由于地点状语放在了句首,且主语是名词
a sig n ,所以使用了完全倒装。
Unit 6 Unexplained Mysteries of the Natural World 重点短语 close to (在时间或空间上)接近 be likely to 很可能 be similar to 与 …相似
quite something 不寻常的;令人惊讶的 jump out of 从… .跳出 a group of 一群 walk along 沿着 …..走 calm down ( 使 )安静下来 句型
1. attack sb with sth 用某物攻击某人 be attacked with a disease 患/害病 make an attack on/upon 对… 发动攻击 a heart attack 心脏病突发
2. There happens to be …碰巧有 .. There appears to be … 似乎有 .. There seems to be …好像有
come straight to the point 谈正题 ;开门见山 beside/off the point 不切正题 ,无关紧要 to the point 切题 ,中肯 be on the point of 正要 语法
情态动词表可能性的用法 情态动词 +have 用法归纳
no wonder (that )难怪;不足为奇 be modeled after 根据…模仿;仿造 in advance 提前 get close to 接近 come to life 活跃起来 be familiar with 熟悉,熟知
at the edge of 在….边缘 at least 至少
be heavy with 充满;有大量的 go through 通过;完成 know about 了解
go on a trip 去 … 访问 on a spot 在现场 ,当场 in the distance 在远处 ,在远方 from a distance 从远处 at a distance of 在一定距离处 keep sb at a dista nee 对某人冷淡
be related to 与…有关,与…有联系 relate sth to sth 把…与… 联系起来 make a fortune 发财 try one 's fortune 碰碰运气 die out 灭绝 ;灭亡 ; come to light 暴露 ,被发现 ,表现出来 bring to light 让人知道 ,公布于世 adapt oneself to 使自己适应于
1. must have done sth.肯定做了某事(表示对过去的某事做出肯定的判断)
He knew the film. He must have seen it.
2. may/might have done 可能/大概已经做了某事(表示对过去情况的可能性推测)可用于肯定句(意思是“可能已经” )和否定句(意思是“可能没有” );might 的语气没有may 那么肯定。
但有时might 可用来表示过
Tom may have bought a new pen because I don't see the old one..
3. can ' couldn thave done sth.
思是“不可能已经” )和疑问句;
The ground is dry, so it can 'thave rained last night.
4. could have done sth. 本来能够做(却没有做某事)could 除用于否定句及疑问句外,是“那时可能;本来可以,但实际并未发生”。
)
5. should have done st h .过去应该做某事(而没做)= ought to have done sth
You are late. You should have come 1 minute earlier.
6. shouldn thave done sth.
= oughtn 'tto have done sth.
She is crying. You shouldn 'thave told her the sad news.
7. needn'thave done sth. 原来不必做某事(却已经做了)
Tom has bought a new pen. You needn'thave lent him your pen.
8. would rather have done sth. 本来想做某事(却未做成)
I would rather have come to help you with your English, but I was too busy at that time.
1、情态动词+ 动词原形表示对现在或将来情况的推测
2、情态动词+ be doing 表示对现在或将来正在进行
3、情态动词+ have been doing 表示对过去正在发生can 常用于否定句(可用于肯定句(意。