Branch scoring encourages fruit development and climacteric in persimmon
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BranchscoringencouragesfruitdevelopmentandclimactericinpersimmonM.Juan,C.Mesejo,A.Martı´nez-Fuentes,C.Reig,M.Agustı´*InstitutoAgroforestalMediterra´neo,UniversidadPolite´cnica,CaminodeVera,s/n,46022Valencia,Spain
1.IntroductionPersimmontree(DiospyroskakiL.f.)belongstothefamilyEbenaceae.ItisadeciduousfruittreespeciesnativetoChinathatbelongstotheso-calledgroupofminorfruittreespecies,notwidelygrownbutofgreatimportanceintheproducingareasandforthediversificationofagrofoodproduction.AccordingtoFAO,by2007persimmonfruitproductionexceeded3,320,000t,China(70%),Korea(10%)andJapan(7%)beingthemainproducercountries.CommercialproductionisalsofoundinAustralia,Brazil,Israel,Italy,NewZealand,SpainandUSA.Thepersimmoniswelladaptedtotemperaturezonesupto408latitude.Tradeinpersimmonismainlyforfreshconsumption,andfruitqualityisofprimeimportanceforgoodreturns.Inpersimmon,somecultivars,e.g.‘RojoBrillante’,areharvestedpriortotheclimactericandmarketedafterdeastringency.Forthispurpose,fruitispickedwhenitreachesanorangecolour,butithasnotreachedfullsize.Inthesecases,anencouragementinfruitcolourandanincreaseinfruitsizeareofprimeimportance.Theapplicationofsyntheticauxinsattheonsetofcellenlargementstagehasprovedtobeeffectiveinenhancingfruitsizeinseveralspecies(Schiaparellietal.,1995)andeveninadvancingclimactericinpersimmon(Agustı´etal.,2004),butthereisaprevailingtendencytoreducetheuseofplantgrowthregulatorsbecauseofeffectsontheenvironmentoronhumanhealthfrominappropriateuse.Accordingly,girdlingbranchesmayreplacetheiruseinsomecases.Scoring(asimpleknifecutencirclingthebranch)hasprovedtobeeffectiveimprovingfruitsizeinseveralfruittreespecies(Gorenetal.,2003).
Theeffectofscoringincreasingfruitsizehasbeendemon-stratedtobeadirecteffect,sinceitcanbeachievedwithoutreducingthenumberoffruitpertree(Agustı´etal.,1997,1998,2005).However,themechanismthroughwhichscoringactsisnotyetclearlyunderstood.Changesinthepartitioningofphoto-synthatesandmineralelements(Wallersteinetal.,1974,1978a,b;Fishleretal.,1983;Goldschmidtetal.,1985)andinhormonecontent(Gorenetal.,1971;Wallersteinetal.,1973;Dannetal.,1985;CuttingandLyne,1993;AutioandGreene,1994)andingeneexpression(Lietal.,2003)havebeenreported.InCitrus,scoringsignificantlyincreasesquantumyieldefficiencyofphotosystemIIofyoungleaves(Rivasetal.,2007).Nevertheless,itisacceptedthatscoringobstructsthedownwardphloemtransport,resultingintheaccumulationofphotosynthatesinthecanopyandimprovingtheavailabilityofmetabolitesfordevelopingorgansabovethecutting(Wallersteinetal.,1978b).Theaimsofthisstudyweretodeterminetheeffectofbranchscoringonenhancingfruitsizeandacceleratingfruitripeninginpersimmon,andtoestablishtheappropriatescoringdate.
2.MaterialsandmethodsExperimentswereconductedinacommercialplantationof7-year-oldtreesofpersimmon(D.kakiL.f.),cv.‘RojoBrillante’,buddedontoD.lotusL.f.rootstock,growinginaloamy-claysoilwithfurrowirrigationatCarlet,Valencia,Spain(latitude398110N;
longitude08290Nandaltitude28m).Theexperimentswereconductedover2years(2006–2007).Inthefirstyear,thesecondarybranchesondiameterwerescoredatgrowth77oftheBBCHgrowthscale(Garcı´a-Carbonelletal.,2002;i.e.atabout70%offinalfruitsize).Theaimofthesecondyearwastodeterminethebestdateofscoring.The
ScientiaHorticulturae122(2009)497–500ARTICLEINFOArticlehistory:Received2March2009Receivedinrevisedform25May2009Accepted2June2009Keywords:EthyleneFruitsizeFruitripeningGirdlingABSTRACTBranchscoringof‘RojoBrillante’persimmon(Diospyroskaki)increasedfruitsizeatharvestandcausedasignificantshiftinthedistributionoffruitdiameterstothelargersizes,theresponsemagnitudedependingonthedateofscoring.Scoringatthe75–77growthstageoftheBBCH-scaleencouragedthedevelopmentoffruitwhichgrewfaster,reachedcommercialcolour,ripeningandfleshsoftnessearlier,andthereforewasharvestedearlier.Althoughfruitweightwassignificantlyincreasedbyscoring,thenumberoffruitwasnotmodifiedandtherewasnotasignificantincreaseinyield.Fruitfromtreesscoredattheonsetofcellenlargementstageinitiateethyleneproductionbeforefruitfromunscoredtrees.Scoringdidnotmodifyfollowingyield.ß2009ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+34963879330;fax:+34963877331.E-mailaddress:magusti@prv.upv.es(M.Agustı´).
ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectScientiaHorticulturae
journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/scihorti
0304-4238/$–seefrontmatterß2009ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2009.06.003
