华东理工大学过程装备与系统 (双语)

过程装备与控制工程专业评估结果排名（原创实用版）目录一、过程装备与控制工程专业简介二、过程装备与控制工程专业评估结果排名1.排名高校名称2.排名高校数量三、过程装备与控制工程专业优秀学校介绍1.大连理工大学2.西安交通大学3.东北大学4.浙江大学5.天津大学6.北京化工大学7.华东理工大学8.南京工业大学9.中国石油大学（华东）10.中国石油大学（北京）正文一、过程装备与控制工程专业简介过程装备与控制工程专业是一门集化学工程、机械工程、自动化工程、计算机工程等多学科交叉的综合性工程技术专业。

该专业主要培养具备过程装备设计、制造、运行、控制和管理能力的高级工程技术人才。

过程装备与控制工程专业的毕业生在化工、石油、能源、环保、轻工、制药等领域具有广泛的应用。

二、过程装备与控制工程专业评估结果排名根据相关资料整理，过程装备与控制工程专业排名如下：排名高校名称t排名高校数量1t大连理工大学t52t西安交通大学t53t东北大学t54t浙江大学t55t天津大学t56t北京化工大学t5-107t华东理工大学t5-108t南京工业大学t5-109t中国石油大学（华东）t5-1010t中国石油大学（北京）t5-1011t兰州理工大学t412t辽宁石油化工大学t4三、过程装备与控制工程专业优秀学校介绍1.大连理工大学大连理工大学是我国著名的工程技术高校之一，过程装备与控制工程专业具有较强的师资力量和科研实力，培养了大量优秀的工程技术人才。

2.西安交通大学西安交通大学是我国著名的综合性研究型高校，其过程装备与控制工程专业在教学、科研和产业应用等方面具有较强的优势，学校拥有一支高水平的师资队伍。

3.东北大学东北大学是我国著名的工科高校之一，具有较强的科研实力和师资力量，过程装备与控制工程专业具有较高的声誉和影响力。

4.浙江大学浙江大学是我国著名的综合性研究型高校，其过程装备与控制工程专业在科研和产业应用等方面具有较强的优势，培养了大量优秀的工程技术人才。

第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛
评审结果
由中国机械工业联合会主办，华东理工大学、化学工业出版社、中国机械工业联合会压力容器学会承办的“第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛”得到全国很多高校的大力支持及积极参加，参赛学校达24所，参赛队伍122个团队。

经过10所高校10位评审专家独立、公正的评审，评选出一等奖4名，二等奖8名，三等奖20名，优胜奖19名，优秀指导教师奖19名，优秀组织奖13名，现公布如下：
表1 第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛一等奖名单
表2 第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛二等奖名单
表3 第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛三等奖名单
表3 第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛三等奖名单（续）
表4 第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛优胜奖名单
表4 第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛优胜奖名单（续）
表5 第四届全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛优秀指导教师奖
表6 全国大学生过程装备实践与创新大赛优秀组织奖。

华东理工大学过程装备与系统（双语）Chapter 1 Introduction to Process EquipmentKey TermsAxial bearings轴向轴承: devices designed to prevent back-and-forth movement of a shaft; also called thrust bearings.Boiler锅炉: a type of fired furnace used to boil water and produce steam; also known as a steam generator. Compressors 压缩机: mechanical devices designed to accelerate or compress gases; classified as positive displacement or dynamic.Coupling联轴器: a device that attaches the drive shaft of a motor or steam turbine to a pump, compressor, or generator.Driver: a device designed to provide rotational energy to driven equipment.Heat exchanger换热器: an energy-transfer device designed to transfer energy in form of heat from a hotter fluid to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids.Pumps泵: devices designed to move liquids from one place to another; classified as positive displacement or dynamic.Reactor反应器: a device used to combine raw materials, heat, pressure, and catalysts in the right proportions to form chemical bonds that create new products.Steam turbine蒸汽轮机: an energy-conversion device that converts steam energy(kinetic energy) to useful mechanical energy; used as drivers to turn pumps, compressors, and electric generators.Valve阀: a device used to stop, start, restrict(throttle), or direct the flow of fluids.Questions:1.Identify the purpose of a steam turbineThe purpose of a steam turbine is to converts kinetic energy to useful mechanical energy in order to drive pumps, compressors, and electric generators. (P9)2.Describe the importance of equipment lubrication.Lubrication protects the moving parts of equipment, helps remove heat generated and provides a fluid barrier between the metals parts to reduce friction, thus ensuring the good operation of process equipment. (P10)3.Explain the purpose of bearings and seals.Bearings prevent up-and-down and side-to-side or back-and-forth movement of a rotating shaft.Seals prevent leakage between internal compartments in a rotating piece of equipment. (P10)Rotary equipment uses seals and bearings to maintain operation integrity. (P20)4.What is the difference between rotary and stationary equipment?Rotary equipment is characterized by a circular movement and is composed of a driver, a connector, and the driven equipment. (P4)However, stationary equipment is static. (自己编的)5.How is power transmission in rotary equipment classified?Power transmission in rotary equipment is classified as speed-to-torque conversion or torque-to-speed conversion. (P6) Chapter 2 ValvesKey TermsCheck valves止回阀: mechanical valves that prevent reverse flow in piping.Control valves: automated valves used to regulate and throttle flow; typically provide the final control element of acontrol loop.Disc阀瓣: a device made of metal or ceramic that fits snugly in the seat of a valve to control flow.Gate valve闸阀: a device that places a movable metal gate in the path of a process flow.Globe valve止通阀: a device that places a disc in the path of a process flow.Safety/relief valve安全/释放阀: device set to a automatically relieve pressure in a closed system at apredetermined set point; relief valve valves are used for liquids; safety valves are used for gases. Stuffing box填料函: the section of a valve that contains packing.Throttling节流: reducing or regulating flow below the maximum output of a valve.Trim: the flow-control element and seats in a valve.Questions:6.Explain the purpose of valves in industrial manufacturing.The primary purpose of a valve is to direct and control the flow of fluids by starting, stopping, and throttling (restricting) flow to make processing possible. (P25)7.Identify the basic components of a gate valve.P27 Figure 2.28.List the main types of valves.Gate valves. Globe valves. Ball valves. Check valves. Butterfly valves. Plug valves. Diaphragm valves.Relief and safety valves. Automatic valves./doc/b718128130.html,pare a relief valve to a safety valve.Relief valve valves are used for liquids; safety valves are used for gases.10.List the four types of check valves.Swing check valve. Lift check valve. Ball check valve. Stop check valve.Chapter 3 Tanks, Piping, and VesselsKey TermsAlloy合金: a material composed of two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal.Blind盲板: a device used in piping to gain complete shutoff.Butt-weld piping: pipe on which the parts to be joined are the same diameter and simply welded together. Corrosion腐蚀: electrochemical reactions between metal surfaces and fluids that result in the gradual wearing away of the metal.Flanges法兰: used to connect piping to equipment or where piping may have to be disconnected; consist of two mating plates fastened with bolts to compress a gasket between.Floating-roof tank: has an open top and a pan-like structure that floats on top of the liquid and moves up and down inside the tank with each change in liquid level.Grounding: is described as procedure designed to connect and object to the earth with a copper wire and a grounding rod.Radiographic inspection: use of X-rays to locate defects in metals in much the same manner as an X-ray is taken of a broken bone.Socket-welded piping: type of piping in which the pipe is inserted into a larger fitting before being welded to another part.Tank farm罐区: a collection of tanks used to store and transport raw materials and products. Questions:11.List the different types of aboveground storage found ina tank farm.Low, medium, high pressure. (P51)12.What two types of blinds do we use?Paddle blinds and figure-eight blinds. (P64)13.How does increased temperature affect the performance of metals?In general, as temperature increases, the strength of metals decreases and corrosion rate increases. (P66) 14.What is an alloy steel?Steel that contains alloy elements is called alloy steel. (自己编的)15.What is corrosion, and how is it manifested?Corrosion is electrochemical reactions between metal surfaces and fluids that result in the gradual wearing away of the metal (定义). In a word, corrosion is metal loss. (P60)Corrosion attack manifests itself in many ways, such as general loss of metal, pitting, grooving, cracking, or other kinds of selective attack. (P60)Chapter 4 PumpsKey TermsCentrifugal pumps离心泵: a dynamic pump that accelerates fluid in a circular motion.Impeller叶轮: a device attached to the shaft of a centrifugal pump that imparts velocity and pressure to a liquid.Positive displacement正位移、容积式: class of equipment such as pumps and compressors that move specific amounts of fluid from one place to another; can be rotary or reciprocating.Priming灌液: becoming filled with fluid.Pulsation dampener缓冲器: a device installed close to a pump, in the suction or discharge line, to reduce pressure variations.Reciprocating pump往复泵: a positive displacement pumpthat uses a plunger, piston, or diaphragm moving in a back-and-forth motion to physically displace a specific amount of fluid in a chamber.Rotary pump回转泵: a positive displacement pump that uses rotating elements to move fluids.Slip泄漏: the percentage of fluid that leaks or slips past the internal clearance of a pump over a given time. Vapor lock气缚: condition in which a pump loses liquid prime and the impellers rotate in vapor. Questions:16.Describe the scientific principles associated with centrifugal pump operation and identify keycomponents.P8917.List the various types of rotary pumps.Screw pump, external gear, internal gear, sliding vane, flexible vane, lobe pumps.18.List the various types of reciprocating pumps.Piston, plunger, diaphragm.19.What are the advantages of centrifugal pumps?Centrifugal pumps are cheaper and require less maintenance and space.They will operate with a constant head pressure over a wide capacity range.It is easier to change the element on a centrifugal pump than on a PD pump, and it is easier to change the driver.A final advantage is the adaptability of the selected driver----variable horsepower and fixed or variablespeed. (P92)Chapter 5 CompressorsKey TermsAftercooler后冷却器: a heat-exchange device designed to remove excess heat from the discharge side of a multistage compressor.Compression ratio: the ratio of discharge pressure(psia) to suction pressure(psia). Multistage compressors use a compression ratio in the 3 to 4 range, with the same approximate compression ratio in rach stage. Demister除雾器: a cyclone-type device used to swirl and remove moisture from a gas.Dryer: removes moisture from gas.Lobe compressor罗茨压缩机: a rotary compressor that contains kidney bean-shaped impellers.Oil separator: removes oil from compressed gases.Stage: each cylinder in a compressor; specifically, the area where gas is compressed.Questions:20.List the two types of compressors.Dynamic, positive displacement, thermal.21.List the three rotary compressors.Rotary screw, lobe compressor, liquid ring, sliding vane, scroll.22.List the basic components of a centrifugal compressor. P12123.List the main difference between a single-stage and a multistage compressor.Single-stage compressors compress the gas once, whereas multistage compressors deliver the discharge of one stage to the suction of another stage. Single-stage compressors are designed for high gas flow rates and low discharge pressures; multistage compressors are designed for high gas flow rates and high discharge pressures. (P121)24.What is the difference between dynamic and positivedisplacement compressors?Dynamic compressors operate by accelerating the gas and converting the energy to pressure. They can deliver much higher flow rates than PD compressors. Positive displacement compressors operate by trapping a specific amount of gas and forcing it into a smaller volume. (P140)Chapter 7 Heat ExchangersKey TermsCondenser冷凝器: a shell-and-tube heat exchanger used to cool and condense hot vapors.Conduction传导: the means of heat transfer through a solid, nonporous material resulting from molecular vibration. Conduction can also occur between closely packed molecules.Convection对流: the means of heat transfer in fluids resulting from currenst.Counterflow逆流: refers to the movement of two flow streams in opposite directions; also called countercurrent flow.Fixed head固定头: a term applied to a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that has the tube sheet firmly attached to the shell.Laminar flow层流: streamline flow that is more or less unbroken; layers of liquid flowing in a parallel path. Radiant heat transfer辐射传热: conveyance of heat by electromagnetic waves from a source to receivers. Reboiler再沸器: a heat exchanger used to add heat to a liquid that was once boiling until the liquid boils again.Shell-and-tube heat exchange管壳式换热器: a heat exchanger that has a cylindrical shell surrounding a tube bundle.Turbulent flow湍流: random movement or mixing in swirls and eddies of a fluid.Questions:25.What is a heat exchanger?A heat exchanger is an energy-transfer device designed to transfer energy in form of heat from a hotterfluid to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids. (第一章)26.What is meant by the term floating head?Floating head heat exchangers are designed for high temperature differentials above 200℉(93.33℃).During operation, one tube is fixed and the other “floats”inside the shell. The floating end is not attached to the shell and is free to expand. (P163)27.List five types of heat exchangers.Pipe coil exchangers, double-pipe heat exchangers, shell-and-tube heat exchangers, reboilers, plate-and-frame heat exchangers, air-cooled heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers.28.Explain the purpose of using finned tubes in heat exchangers.Fins provide more surface area and allow greater heat transfer to take place. (P172)29.Contrast parallel and series flow through a heat exchanger.In series flow, the tube-side flow in a multipass heat exchanger is discharged into the tube-side flow of the second exchanger. This discharge route could be switched to shell side or tube side depending on how the exchanger is in service. The principle is that the flow passes through one exchanger before it goes to another. In parallel flow, the process flow goes through multiple exchangers at the same time.(P167)Chapter 8 Cooling TowersKey TermsAir intake louvers进风口: slats located at the bottom or sides of a cooling tower to direct airflow.Basin水池/槽: concrete storage compartment or catch basin located at the bottom of the cooling tower. Blowdown排污/清洗: a process of controlling the level of suspected solids in a cooling tower by removing a certain amount of water from the basin and replacing it with makeup water.Capacity可冷却的水量: the amount of water a cooling tower can cool.Cooling towers冷却塔: are evaporative coolers specifically designed to cool water or other mediums to the ambient wet-bulb air temperature.Drift eliminators收水器: devices used in a cooling tower to keep water from blowing out.Evaporate蒸发: to turn to vapor; evaporation removes heat energy from hot water.Forced-draft强制通风: type of mechanical-draft cooling tower that uses fans to push air into the tower. Induced-draft诱导通风: type of mechanical-draft cooling tower that uses fans to push air out of the tower. Questions:30.List and describe the basic components of a cooling tower.Water distribution header, splash bars, fill, basin, cooling water supply header, process exchangers, cooling water return header, drift eliminator. (P195自己看着抽出来的)31.Describe the relationship between heat exchangers and a cooling tower.In the manufacturing environment, heat exchangers and cooling towers work hand in hand to create a water-cooling system. Balabala… (P200)32.List five factors that affect the efficiency of a cooling tower.Evaporation, relative humidity, temperature, wind velocity, tower design, water contamination. (P194) 33.Which tower is most efficient: forced-draft or induced-draft? Why?Induced-draft. In an induced-draft cooling tower, the tower fan, located on the top of the tower, produces discharge rates strong enough to lift the hot air above the tower, so hot air is not recirculated into the tower. However, in a forced-draft cooling tower, the exiting air slows so much that it is recirculated back into the tower, cutting efficiency by 20%. (P198, 199)。

Reading material 14Evaporation1． IntroductionThe objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent. In the overwhelming majority of evaporations the solvent is water. Evaporation is conducted by vaporizing a portion of the solvent to produce a concentrated solution of thick liquor. Evaporation differs from drying in that the residue is a liquid-sometimes is highly viscous one-rather than a solid; it differs from distillation in that the vapor usually is a single component, and even when the vapor is a mixture, no attempt is made in the evaporation step to separate the vapor into fractions; it differs from crystallization in that emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals. In certain situations, e.g., in the evaporation of brine to produce common salt, the line between evaporation and crystallization is far from sharp. Evaporation sometimes produces a slurry of crystal in a saturated mother liquor.Normally, in evaporation the thick liquor is the valuable product and the vapor is condensed and discarded. In one specific situation, however, the reverse is true. Mineral-bearing water often is evaporated to give a solid-free product for boiler feed, for special process requirements, or for human consumption. This technique is often called water distillation, but technically it is evaporation. Large-scale evaporation processes have been developed and used for recovering potable water from seawater. Here the condensed water is the desired product. Only a fraction of the total water in the feed is recovered, and the remainder is returned to the sea.2. Liquid CharacteristicsThe practical solution of an evaporation problem is profoundly affected by the character of the liquor to be concentrated. It is the wide variation in liquor characteristics (which demands judgment and experience in designing and operating evaporators) that broadens this operation from simple heat transfer to a separate art. Some of the most important properties of evaporating liquids are as follows. Concentration Although the thin liquor fed to an evaporator may be sufficiently dilute to have many of the physical of water, as the concentration increases, the solution becomes more and more individualistic. The density and viscosity increase with solid content until either the solution becomes saturated or the liquor becomes too viscous for adequate heat transfer. Continued boiling of a saturated solution causes crystals to form; these must be removed or the tubes clog. The boiling point of the solution may also rise considerably as the solid content increases, so that the boiling temperature of a concentrated solution may be much higher than that of water at the same pressure.FoamingSome materials, especially organic substances, foam during vaporization. A stable foam accompanies the vapor out of the evaporator, causing heavy entertainment. In the extreme cases, the entire mass of liquid may boil over into the vapor outletand be lost.Temperature sensitivity Many fine chemicals pharmaceutical products, and foods are damaged when heated to moderate temperatures for relatively short times. In concentrating such materials special techniques are needed to reduce both the temperature of the liquid and the time of heating.Scale Some solutions deposit scale on the heating surface. The overall coefficient then steadily diminished, until the evaporator must be shut down and the tubes cleaned. When the scale is hard and insoluble, the cleaning is difficult and expensive.Materials of construction Whenever possible, evaporator are made of some kind of steel. Many solutions, however, attack ferrous metals or are contaminated by them. Special materials such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, aluminum, imperious graphite, and lead are then used. Since these materials are expensive, high heat transfer rates become especially desired to minimize the first cost of the equipment. Many other liquid characteristics must be considered by the designer of an evaporator. Some of these are specific heat, heat of concentration, freezing point, gas liberation on boiling, toxicity, explosion hazards, radioactivity, and necessity for sterile operation. Because of the variation in liquor properties, many different evaporator designers have been developed. The choice for any specific problem depends primarily on the characteristics of the liquid.3. Single and multiple-effect operationMost evaporators are heated by steam condensing on the metal tubes. Nearly always the material to be evaporated flows inside the tubes. Usually the steam is at low pressure, below 3 atm abs; often the boiling liquid is under moderate vacuum, at pressure down to about 0.05 atm abs. Reducing the boiling temperature of the liquid increase the temperature difference between the steam and the boiling liquid and thus increase the heat transfer rate in the evaporator.When a single evaporator is used, the vapor from the boiling liquid is condensed and discarded. This method is called single-effect evaporation, and although it is simple, it utilizes steam ineffectively. To evaporate 1 kg water from a solution call for from 1 to 1.3 kg of steam. If the vapor from one evaporator is fed into steam chest of a second evaporator and the vapor from second is then sent to a condenser, the operation becomes double-effect. The heat in the original steam is reused in the second effect, and the evaporation achieved by a unit mass of steam fed to the first effect is approximately doubled. Additional effects can be added in the same manner. The general method of increasing the evaporation per kilogram of steam by using a series of evaporator between the steam supply and the condenser is called multiple-effect evaporation.4. General types of evaporatorHorizontal-tube natural circulation evaporator the horizontal bundle of heating tubes is similar to the bundle of tubes in a heat exchanger. The steam enters into the tubes, where it condenses. The steam condensate leaves at the other end of the tubes. The boiling liquid solution covers the tubes. The vapor leaves the liquid surface, often goes through some deentraining device such as a baffle to preventcarryover of liquid droplets, and leaves out the top. This type is relatively cheap and is used for no viscous liquid having high heat transfer coefficients and liquids that do not deposit scale. Since liquid circulation is poor, they are unsuitable for viscous liquid. In almost all cases, this evaporator and the types discussed below are operating continuously, where the feed enters at a constant rate and the concentrate leaves at a concentrate rate.Vertical-type natural circulation evaporator in this type of evaporator, vertical rather than horizontal tubes are used, and the liquid is inside the tubes and the steam condenses outside the tubes. Because of boiling and decreases in density, the liquid rises in the tubes by natural circulation and flows downward through a large central open space or downcomer. This natural circulation increases the heat transfer coefficient. It is not used with viscous liquid. This type is often called the short-tube evaporator. A variation of this is the basket type. Where vertical tubes are used, but the heating element is held suspended in the body so there is an annular open space as the downcomer. The basket type differs from the vertical natural circulation evaporator, which has a central instead of annular open space as the downcomer, this type is widely used in the sugar, salt, and caustic soda industries.Long-tube vertical-type evaporator since the heat transfer coefficient on the steam side is very high compared to that on the evaporating liquid side, high liquid velocities are desirable. In a long-tube vertical-type evaporator the liquid is inside the tubes. The tubes are 3 to 10 m long and the formation of vapor bubbles inside the tubes causes a pumping action giving quite high liquid velocities. Generally, the liquid passes through the tubes only once and is not reticulated. Contact times can be quite low in this type. In some case,as when the ratio of the feed to evaporation rate is low.Natural recirculation of the product through the evaporators done by adding a large pipe connection between the outlet concentrate line and the feed line. This is widely used for producing condensed milk. Falling-film evaporator a variation of the long tube type is the falling-film evaporator, wherein the liquid is fed to the top of the tubes and flows down the walls as a thin film. Vapor-liquid separation usually takes place at the bottom. This type is widely used for concentrating heat-sensitive material such as orange juice and the other fruit juices, because the holdup time is very small (5 to 10 s or more).and the heat-transfer coefficients are high.Forced-circulation type evaporator this liquid film heat transfer coefficient can be increased by pumping to cause forced circulation of the liquid inside the tubes. This could be done in the long tube vertical type by adding a pipe concentrate with a pump between the outlet concentrate line and the feed line. However, usually in a forced-circulation type, the vertical tubes are shorter than in the long-tube type. Also, in other cases a separate and external horizontal heat exchanger is used. This type is very useful for viscous liquids.阅读材料14蒸发1、介绍蒸发的目的是浓缩不易挥发的溶质和易挥发的溶剂组成的溶液。

过程装备与控制工程大学新生常见问题（FAQ）涂善东1. 过程装备与控制工程是比较注重总体流程的设计还是细节零部件的设备的运作控制呢？本专业知识体系以“装备”为主体，“过程”与“控制”为二翼。

既要有过程工艺（流程）的总体概念，同时掌握过程装备的设计。

2. 当代的大学生最缺少什么，最应该培养什么品质？我国大学生要努力培养求真的品质，质疑、批判的意识，不断创新的精神。

3. 过程装备与控制工程这个专业中男生较多，那么我们女生在学习这个专业，和以后就业会有优势吗？有什么优势，具体体现在什么地方？随着科学技术的进步，工程师的主要工作已不是依靠体力来实现，女性工程师的优势也就得以体现。

同时国家致力提高女性工程师的比重和地位，这已成社会发展的必然。

女工程师的耐心细致往往也是许多男性工程师所不及。

但要做出成绩关键要战胜自己、不断进取。

美国国家工程院有一女性工程师网站：http://www. ，值得访问。

4. 该专业对人体有什么潜在危害（比如职业病）？本专业没有职业病问题。

不过和其他专业一样，不注意身体锻炼，年纪大了后，也会有腰酸背痛的老年病。

5. 为什么不能保证过程工程的安全呢？是因为对装备或工程并不完全了解还是因为无法预料的不稳定因素？过程装备技术在过去一百多年的发展中，可以说已较好地实现了过程工业的安全，但是人类为了更加有效地利用资源，必须不断改进技术，如提高工艺参数，必须使用新的材料和结构，由此会带来新的风险。

总体来说，过程工业较交通、矿山等还是要安全得多。

从事过程装备技术的工程师本身并无什么职业风险，但是要通过其不断改进的设计制造和运行来确保生产装臵不会给别人带来风险。

6. 来到华理，很喜欢华理，也很喜欢这个专业，可是发现大学生的各种发展方向不一样，我也比较茫然。

有学长说“60分万岁”，我面临着能力与知识之间的纠结，内心比较矛盾，希望老师指点望尽早设定目标，早“励志”、早“明德”。

“60分万岁”的人往往会遭遇“59分死亡”。

华东理工大学过程装备与系统(双语)Chapter 1 Introduction to Process EquipmentKey TermsAxial bearings轴向轴承: devices designed to prevent back-and-forth movement of a shaft; also called thrust bearings.Boiler锅炉: a type of fired furnace used to boil water and produce steam; also known as a steam generator. Compressors压缩机: mechanical devices designed to accelerate or compress gases; classified as positive displacement or dynamic.Coupling联轴器: a device that attaches the drive shaft of a motor or steam turbine to a pump, compressor, or generator.Driver: a device designed to provide rotational energy to driven equipment.Heat exchanger换热器: an energy-transfer device designed to transfer energy in form of heat from a hotter fluid to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids.Pumps泵: devices designed to move liquids from one place to another; classified as positive displacement or dynamic.Reactor反应器: a device used to combine raw materials, heat, pressure, and catalysts in the right proportions to form chemical bonds that create new products.Steam turbine蒸汽轮机: an energy-conversion device that converts steam energy(kinetic energy) to useful mechanical energy; used as drivers to turn pumps, compressors, and electric generators.Valve阀: a device used to stop, start, restrict(throttle), or direct the flow of fluids.Questions:1.Identify the purpose of a steam turbineThe purpose of a steam turbine is to converts kinetic energy to useful mechanical energy in order to drive pumps, compressors, and electric generators. (P9)2.Describe the importance of equipment lubrication.Lubrication protects the moving parts of equipment, helps remove heat generated and provides a fluid barrier between the metals parts to reduce friction, thus ensuring the good operation of process equipment. (P10)3.Explain the purpose of bearings and seals.Bearings prevent up-and-down and side-to-side or back-and-forth movement of a rotating shaft.Seals prevent leakage between internal compartments in a rotating piece of equipment. (P10)Rotary equipment uses seals and bearings to maintain operation integrity. (P20)4.What is the difference between rotary and stationary equipment?Rotary equipment is characterized by a circular movement and is composed of a driver, a connector, and the driven equipment. (P4)However, stationary equipment is static. (自己编的)5.How is power transmission in rotary equipment classified?Power transmission in rotary equipment is classified as speed-to-torque conversion or torque-to-speedconversion. (P6)Chapter 2 ValvesKey TermsCheck valves止回阀: mechanical valves that prevent reverse flow in piping.Control valves: automated valves used to regulate and throttle flow; typically provide the final control element of a control loop.Disc阀瓣: a device made of metal or ceramic that fits snugly in the seat of a valve to control flow.Gate valve闸阀: a device that places a movable metal gate in the path of a process flow.Globe valve止通阀: a device that places a disc in the path of a process flow.Safety/relief valve安全/释放阀: device set to a automatically relieve pressure in a closed system at a predetermined set point; relief valve valves are used for liquids; safety valves are used for gases. Stuffing box填料函: the section of a valve that contains packing.Throttling节流: reducing or regulating flow below the maximum output of a valve.Trim: the flow-control element and seats in a valve.Questions:6.Explain the purpose of valves in industrial manufacturing.The primary purpose of a valve is to direct and control the flow of fluids by starting, stopping, and throttling (restricting) flow to make processing possible. (P25)7.Identify the basic components of a gate valve.P27 Figure 2.28.List the main types of valves.Gate valves. Globe valves. Ball valves. Check valves. Butterfly valves. Plug valves. Diaphragm valves.Relief and safety valves. Automatic valves.pare a relief valve to a safety valve.Relief valve valves are used for liquids; safety valves are used for gases.10.List the four types of check valves.Swing check valve. Lift check valve. Ball check valve. Stop check valve.Chapter 3 Tanks, Piping, and VesselsKey TermsAlloy合金: a material composed of two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal.Blind盲板: a device used in piping to gain complete shutoff.Butt-weld piping: pipe on which the parts to be joined are the same diameter and simply welded together.Corrosion腐蚀: electrochemical reactions between metal surfaces and fluids that result in the gradual wearing away of the metal.Flanges法兰: used to connect piping to equipment or where piping may have to be disconnected; consist of two mating plates fastened with bolts to compress a gasket between.Floating-roof tank: has an open top and a pan-like structure that floats on top of the liquid and moves up and down inside the tank with each change in liquid level.Grounding: is described as procedure designed to connect and object to the earth with a copper wire and a grounding rod.Radiographic inspection: use of X-rays to locate defects in metals in much the same manner as an X-ray is taken of a broken bone.Socket-welded piping: type of piping in which the pipe is inserted into a larger fitting before being welded to another part.Tank farm罐区: a collection of tanks used to store and transport raw materials and products.Questions:11.List the different types of aboveground storage found in a tank farm.Low, medium, high pressure. (P51)12.What two types of blinds do we use?Paddle blinds and figure-eight blinds. (P64)13.How does increased temperature affect the performance of metals?In general, as temperature increases, the strength of metals decreases and corrosion rate increases. (P66) 14.What is an alloy steel?Steel that contains alloy elements is called alloy steel. (自己编的)15.What is corrosion, and how is it manifested?Corrosion is electrochemical reactions between metal surfaces and fluids that result in the gradual wearing away of the metal (定义). In a word, corrosion is metal loss. (P60)Corrosion attack manifests itself in many ways, such as general loss of metal, pitting, grooving, cracking, or other kinds of selective attack. (P60)Chapter 4 PumpsKey TermsCentrifugal pumps离心泵: a dynamic pump that accelerates fluid in a circular motion.Impeller叶轮: a device attached to the shaft of a centrifugal pump that imparts velocity and pressure to a liquid.Positive displacement正位移、容积式: class of equipment such as pumps and compressors that move specific amounts of fluid from one place to another; can be rotary or reciprocating.Priming灌液: becoming filled with fluid.Pulsation dampener缓冲器: a device installed close to a pump, in the suction or discharge line, to reduce pressure variations.Reciprocating pump往复泵: a positive displacement pump that uses a plunger, piston, or diaphragm moving in a back-and-forth motion to physically displace a specific amount of fluid in a chamber. Rotary pump回转泵: a positive displacement pump that uses rotating elements to move fluids.Slip泄漏: the percentage of fluid that leaks or slips past the internal clearance of a pump over a given time. Vapor lock气缚: condition in which a pump loses liquid prime and the impellers rotate in vapor. Questions:16.Describe the scientific principles associated with centrifugal pump operation and identify keycomponents.P8917.List the various types of rotary pumps.Screw pump, external gear, internal gear, sliding vane, flexible vane, lobe pumps.18.List the various types of reciprocating pumps.Piston, plunger, diaphragm.19.What are the advantages of centrifugal pumps?Centrifugal pumps are cheaper and require less maintenance and space.They will operate with a constant head pressure over a wide capacity range.It is easier to change the element on a centrifugal pump than on a PD pump, and it is easier to change the driver.A final advantage is the adaptability of the selected driver----variable horsepower and fixed or variablespeed. (P92)Chapter 5 CompressorsKey TermsAftercooler后冷却器: a heat-exchange device designed to remove excess heat from the discharge side of a multistage compressor.Compression ratio: the ratio of discharge pressure(psia) to suction pressure(psia). Multistage compressors use a compression ratio in the 3 to 4 range, with the same approximate compression ratio in rach stage. Demister除雾器: a cyclone-type device used to swirl and remove moisture from a gas.Dryer: removes moisture from gas.Lobe compressor罗茨压缩机: a rotary compressor that contains kidney bean-shaped impellers.Oil separator: removes oil from compressed gases.Stage: each cylinder in a compressor; specifically, the area where gas is compressed.Questions:20.List the two types of compressors.Dynamic, positive displacement, thermal.21.List the three rotary compressors.Rotary screw, lobe compressor, liquid ring, sliding vane, scroll.22.List the basic components of a centrifugal compressor. P12123.List the main difference between a single-stage and a multistage compressor.Single-stage compressors compress the gas once, whereas multistage compressors deliver the discharge of one stage to the suction of another stage. Single-stage compressors are designed for high gas flow rates and low discharge pressures; multistage compressors are designed for high gas flow rates and high discharge pressures. (P121)24.What is the difference between dynamic and positive displacement compressors?Dynamic compressors operate by accelerating the gas and converting the energy to pressure. They can deliver much higher flow rates than PD compressors. Positive displacement compressors operate by trapping a specific amount of gas and forcing it into a smaller volume. (P140)Chapter 7 Heat ExchangersKey TermsCondenser冷凝器: a shell-and-tube heat exchanger used to cool and condense hot vapors.Conduction传导: the means of heat transfer through a solid, nonporous material resulting from molecular vibration. Conduction can also occur between closely packed molecules.Convection对流: the means of heat transfer in fluids resulting from currenst.Counterflow逆流: refers to the movement of two flow streams in opposite directions; also called countercurrent flow.Fixed head固定头: a term applied to a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that has the tube sheet firmly attached to the shell.Laminar flow层流: streamline flow that is more or less unbroken; layers of liquid flowing in a parallel path. Radiant heat transfer辐射传热: conveyance of heat by electromagnetic waves from a source to receivers. Reboiler再沸器: a heat exchanger used to add heat to a liquid that was once boiling until the liquid boils again.Shell-and-tube heat exchange管壳式换热器: a heat exchanger that has a cylindrical shell surrounding a tube bundle.Turbulent flow湍流: random movement or mixing in swirls and eddies of a fluid.Questions:25.What is a heat exchanger?A heat exchanger is an energy-transfer device designed to transfer energy in form of heat from a hotterfluid to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids. (第一章)26.What is meant by the term floating head?Floating head heat exchangers are designed for high temperature differentials above 200℉ (93.33℃).During operation, one tube is fixed and the other “floats”inside the shell. The floating end is not attached to the shell and is free to expand. (P163)27.List five types of heat exchangers.Pipe coil exchangers, double-pipe heat exchangers, shell-and-tube heat exchangers, reboilers, plate-and-frame heat exchangers, air-cooled heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers.28.Explain the purpose of using finned tubes in heat exchangers.Fins provide more surface area and allow greater heat transfer to take place. (P172)29.Contrast parallel and series flow through a heat exchanger.In series flow, the tube-side flow in a multipass heat exchanger is discharged into the tube-side flow of the second exchanger. This discharge route could be switched to shell side or tube side depending on how the exchanger is in service. The principle is that the flow passes through one exchanger before it goes to another. In parallel flow, the process flow goes through multiple exchangers at the same time.(P167)Chapter 8 Cooling TowersKey TermsAir intake louvers进风口: slats located at the bottom or sides of a cooling tower to direct airflow.Basin水池/槽: concrete storage compartment or catch basin located at the bottom of the cooling tower. Blowdown排污/清洗: a process of controlling the level of suspected solids in a cooling tower by removing a certain amount of water from the basin and replacing it with makeup water.Capacity可冷却的水量: the amount of water a cooling tower can cool.Cooling towers冷却塔: are evaporative coolers specifically designed to cool water or other mediums to the ambient wet-bulb air temperature.Drift eliminators收水器: devices used in a cooling tower to keep water from blowing out.Evaporate蒸发: to turn to vapor; evaporation removes heat energy from hot water.Forced-draft强制通风: type of mechanical-draft cooling tower that uses fans to push air into the tower. Induced-draft诱导通风: type of mechanical-draft cooling tower that uses fans to push air out of the tower. Questions:30.List and describe the basic components of a cooling tower.Water distribution header, splash bars, fill, basin, cooling water supply header, process exchangers, cooling water return header, drift eliminator. (P195自己看着抽出来的)31.Describe the relationship between heat exchangers and a cooling tower.In the manufacturing environment, heat exchangers and cooling towers work hand in hand to create a water-cooling system. Balabala… (P200)32.List five factors that affect the efficiency of a cooling tower.Evaporation, relative humidity, temperature, wind velocity, tower design, water contamination. (P194) 33.Which tower is most efficient: forced-draft or induced-draft? Why?Induced-draft. In an induced-draft cooling tower, the tower fan, located on the top of the tower, produces discharge rates strong enough to lift the hot air above the tower, so hot air is not recirculated into the tower. However, in a forced-draft cooling tower, the exiting air slows so much that it is recirculated back into the tower, cutting efficiency by 20%. (P198, 199)。