Testing-Tapping Screw Test Procedures-FIP 1000

methods of measurement to determine the pitch diameter of thread ring gages presents serious difficulties, particularly in securing proper contact pressure when a high degree of precision is required. The usual practice is to fit the ring gage to a master setting plug.When the thread ring gage is of correct lead, angle, and thread form, within close limits, this method is quite satisfactory and represents standard American practice. It is the only method available for small sizes of threads. For the larger sizes, various more or less satisfactory methods have been devised, but none of these have found wide application.用测量法来决定螺纹环规的螺纹中径出现了一些严重的问题, 特别是当要求高精度的时候,还难保证适当的接触压力. 常规的做法是把环规装到一个主定位塞里面. 如果这个螺纹环规的导程,角度正确及牙形在精密的极限范围内,那么这种方法是非常令人满意的, 代表了美国的标准做法. 这也是针对小螺纹的唯一方法. 对于大一点的螺纹, 有各种各样的方法,这些方法或多或少有些可取之处,但是无一能得到应运广泛.Screw Thread Gage Classification.—Screw thread gages are classified by their degree of accuracy, that is, by the amount of tolerance afforded the gage manufacturer and the wear allowance, if any. 螺纹规的分类----螺纹规根据精确程度(也即螺纹规的制造商所能提供的公差范围及磨损留量(如果有这个留量的话) 不同分为不同类别,There are also three classifications according to use: 1) Working gages for controlling production; 2) inspection gages for rejection or acceptance of the finished product; a n d 3) reference gages for determining the accuracy of the working and inspection gages.根据用途的不同有三种分类:1)用来控制生产的生产量规;2)用来判断成品是可以接受还是拒绝的检验量规;3)用来确定生产量规与检验量规的精确性的参考规.American National Standard for Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw ThreadsANSI/ASME B1.2-1983 (R1991).—This standard covers gaging methods for conformance of Unified Screw threads and provides the essential specifications for applicable gages required for unified inch screw threads.美国国家标准对统一英寸螺纹的测定与量规的规定ANSI/ASME B1.2-1983 (R1991).这个标准覆盖了统一螺纹一致性的测量方法并提供了用于统一螺纹的量规的关键规格.The standard includes the following gages for Product Internal Thread:这个标准包括用于产品内螺纹的如下量规.GO Working Thread Plug Gage for inspecting the maximum-material GO functional limit.通规生产量规是用于检查通端的最大实体作用极限.NOT GO (HI) Thread Plug Gage for inspecting the NOT GO (HI) functional diameter limit.止规螺纹塞规是用于检查止端的有效直径极限.Thread Snap Gage—GO Segments or Rolls for inspecting the maximum-material GO functional limit.螺纹卡规---通端是用于检查通端的最大实体作用极限.Thread Snap Gage—NOT GO (HI) Segments or Rolls for inspecting the NOT GO (HI) functional diameter limit.螺纹卡规---止端是检查止端的有效直径极限.Thread Snap Gages—Minimum Material: Pitch Diameter Cone Type and Vee andThread Groove Diameter Type for inspecting the minimum-material limit pitch diameter.螺纹卡规—最小材料:中径为锥形及V形及螺纹为凹槽形的直径,是用于检查最小材料极限的中径.Thread-Setting Solid Ring Gage for setting internal thread indicating and snap gages.螺纹调整实体环规, 是为了调整内螺纹指示规及卡规.Plain Plug, Snap, and Indicating Gages for checking the minor diameter of internal threads.普通塞规, 卡规及指示规是为了检测内螺纹的小直径.Snap and Indicating Gages for checking the major diameter of internal threads.卡规及指示规是为了检查内螺纹的大直径.Functional Indicating Thread Gage for inspecting the maximum-material GO functional limit and size and the NOT GO (HI) functional diameter limit and size.功能指示螺纹规是为了检验通端的最大材料限度及大小及止端的有效直径限度及大小.Minimum-Material Indicating Thread Gage for inspecting the minimum-material limit and size.最小材料指示螺纹规是为了检验最小的材料限度及大小.Indicating Runout Thread Gage for inspecting runout of the minor diameter to pitch diameter. 指示螺纹尾部的螺纹规是为了检验最小直径的螺纹尾部到螺纹中径.In addition to these gages for product internal threads, the Standard also covers differential gaging and such instruments as pitch micrometers, thread-measuring balls, optical comparator and toolmaker's microscope, profile tracing instrument, surface roughness measuring instrument, and roundness measuring equipment.除了这些测量产品内部螺纹的量规之外,这个标准还涉及了不同的测量方法及仪器,如螺距千分尺,测量螺纹的球, 光学比较仪, 精密工具制造者用的显微镜, 剖面扫描图仪, 表面粗糙度测量仪, 及圆度测量仪.The Standard includes the following gages for Product External Thread:这个标准还包含用于产品外部螺纹的下列量规.GO Working Thread Ring Gage for inspecting the maximum-material GO functional limit.通规生产螺纹环规是用于检测通端的最大实体作用极限.NOT GO (LO) Thread Ring Gage for inspecting the NOT GO (LO) functional diameter limit.止规螺纹环规(LO)是用于检测止端的有效直径极限Thread Snap Gage—GO Segments or Rolls for inspecting the maximum-material GO functional limit.螺纹卡规----通端是检查通端的最大实体作用极限.Thread Snap Gage—NOT GO (LO) Segments or Rolls for inspecting the NOT GO (LO) functional diameter limit.螺纹卡规—止端是为了检测止端的作用直径极限.Thread Snap Gages—Cone and Vee Type and Minimum Material Thread Groove Diameter Type for inspecting the minimum-material pitch diameter limit.螺纹卡规—圆锥形及V字形及最小实体的螺纹沟槽直径形, 用于检查螺距直径的最小实体中径极限.Plain Ring and Snap Gages for checking the major diameter. 普通环规与卡规是为了检测大径. Snap Gage for checking the minor diameter. 卡规是用于检测小径Functional Indicating Thread Gage for inspecting the maximum-material GO functional limit and size and the NOT GO (LO) functional diameter limit and size.功能螺纹指示量规是为了检查通端的最大实体极限及尺寸及止端的有效直径极限及尺寸.Minimum-Material Indicating Thread Gage for inspecting the minimum-material limit and size.最小实体螺纹指示量规示用来检测最小实体极限及尺寸.Indicating Runout Gage for inspecting the runout of the major diameter to the pitch diameter.指示螺纹尾部的量规是用来检验大径的螺纹尾部到螺纹中径.W Tolerance Thread-Setting Plug Gage for setting adjustable thread ring gages, checking solid thread ring gages, setting thread snap limit gages, and setting indicating thread gages.W公差的螺纹调整塞规,是用来调整可调螺纹环规, 检查实体螺纹环规,调整螺纹卡住极限的量规及调整指示螺纹量规.Plain Check Plug Gage for Thread Ring Gage for verifying the minor diameter limits of thread ring gages after the thread rings have been properly set with the applicable threadsetting plug gages.用于螺纹环规的普通检查塞规是用来校验螺纹环规在用可调的塞规调整后的小径限度.Indicating Plain Diameter Gage for checking the major diameter.普通直径指示量规是用来检验大径.Indicating Gage for checking the minor diameter.指示规是用来检查小径.In addition to these gages for product external threads, the Standard also covers differential gaging and such instruments as thread micrometers, thread-measuring wires, optical comparator and toolmaker's microscope, profile tracing instrument, electromechanical lead tester, helical path attachment used with GO type thread indicating gage, helical pathanalyzer, surface roughness measuring equipment, and roundness measuring equipment.The standard lists the following for use of Threaded and Plain Gages for verification of product internal threads:除了这些测量产品外部螺纹的量规之外,这个标准还涉及了不同的测量方法及仪器,如螺纹千分尺,测量螺纹的金属线, 光学比较仪, 精密工具制造者用的显微镜, 剖面扫描图仪, ,机电导程检测器, 与通规螺纹指示规一起用的螺旋状路径附加装置, 螺旋状路径分析器, 表面粗糙度测量仪, 及圆度测量仪.这个标准列出了下列信息以便用螺纹普通量规检验产品内螺纹.Tolerance: Unless otherwise specified all thread gages which directly check the product thread shall be X tolerance for all classes.公差: 除非另有说明, 直接检查产品螺纹的所有螺纹量规的公差在所有等级都是X.GO Thread Plug Gages: GO thread plug gages must enter and pass through the full threaded length of the product freely. The GO thread plug gage is a cumulative check of all thread elements except the minor diameter.通规螺纹塞规:通规螺纹塞规必须能自由地进入并通过产品的整个螺纹长度. 这个通规螺纹塞规是一个对所有螺纹部分,(除小径之外)的一个累积检查.NOT GO (HI) Thread Plug Gages: NOT GO (HI) thread plug gages when applied to the product internal thread may engage only the end threads (which may not be representative of the complete thread). Entering threads on product are incomplete and permit gage to start. Starting threads on NOT GO (HI) plugs are subject to greater wear than the remaining threads. Such wear in combination with the incomplete product threads permits furtherentry of the gage. NOT GO (HI) functional diameter is acceptable when the NOT GO (HI) thread plug gage applied to the product internal thread does not enter more than three complete turns. The gage should not be forced. Special requirements such as exceptionally thin or ductile material, small number of threads, etc., may necessitate modification of this practice.止规螺纹塞规(HI): 止规螺纹塞规(HI)在检验产品内螺纹时可能会只与末端螺纹配合(末端螺纹也许并能不代表完整的螺纹). 与产品上的螺纹配合是不完整的, 允许塞规转动.在止规塞规上转动螺纹主要取决于更大的磨损,而不是剩余的螺纹. 这些磨损加上产品上不完整的螺纹允许塞规进一步进入螺纹. 当止规塞规应用到产品内螺纹上时不能进入三个以上完整的齿时止端有效直径是可以接受的. 这个塞规不能强行转入. 如果有特殊要求,比如特别薄或柔软的材料,螺纹扣数很小,等等, 可能必须重新修正这个检测方法.GO and NOT GO Plain Plug Gages for Minor Diameter of Product Internal Thread: (Recommended in Class Z tolerance.) GO plain plug gages must completely enter and pass through the length of the product without force. NOT GO cylindrical plug gage must not enter. The standard lists the following for use of Thread Gages for verification of product external threads:用于产品内螺纹小径的通规与止规普通塞规(在Z等级公差中推荐了这个). 通规普通塞规必须在没有用强制力的情况下完全进入并通过产品的螺纹长度. 止规缸径规必须不能进入. 这个标准列出了如下信息以便使用螺纹量规来检验产品的外螺纹.GO Thread Ring Gages: Adjustable GO thread ring gages must be set to the applicable Wtolerance setting plugs to assure they are within specified limits. The product thread must freely enter the GO thread ring gage for the entire length of the threaded portion. The GO thread ring gage is a cumulative check of all thread elements except the major diameter.通规螺纹环规:可调的通端螺纹环规必须要调到可应用的W公差调整塞规来确保它们是在要求的限度里面. 产品的螺纹必须能自由地进入通端螺纹环规的整个螺纹部分长度. 这个通规螺纹环规是对除了大径之外的所有螺纹部分的累积检查.NOT GO (LO) Thread Ring Gages: NOT GO (LO) thread ring gages must be set to the applicable W tolerance setting plugs to assure that they are within specified limits.止规螺纹环规:止规螺纹环规必须要调到可应用的W公差调整塞规来确保它们在指定的极限内.NOT GO (LO) thread ring gages when applied to the product external thread may engage only the end threads (which may not be representative of the complete product thread) Starting threads on NOT GO (LO) rings are subject to greater wea r than the remaining threads. Such wear in combination with the incomplete threads at the end of the product thread permit further entry in the gage. NOT GO (LO) functional diameter is acceptable when the NOT GO (LO) thread ring gage applied to the product external thread does not pass over the thread more than three complete turns. The gage should not be forced. Special requirements such as exceptionally thin or ductile material, small number of threads, etc., may necessitate modification of this practice.止规螺纹环规当应用到产品的外螺纹时可能只能与末端的螺纹配合(末端的螺纹可能并不能代表整个产品螺纹).在止规环上转动螺纹取决于大的磨损,而不是剩余的螺纹. 这些磨损加上产品螺纹末端的不完整螺纹可以允许螺纹进一步进入环规. 当止规螺纹环规应用到产品外螺纹时没有通过三个以上完整的螺纹, 有效直径是接受的. 不能用力压规量. 在特殊情况下,比如特别薄或柔软的材料,螺纹扣数少,可能有必要对这个测量方法做修正.GO and NOT GO Plain Ring and Snap Gages for Checking Major Diameter of Product External Thread: The GO gage must completely receive or pass over the major diameter of the product external thread to ensure that the major diameter does not exceed the maximum- material-limit. The NOT GO gage must not pass over the major diameter of the product external thread to ensure that the major diameter is not less than the minimum-materiallimit. 用于检查产品外螺纹大径的通规与止规普通环规及卡规: 这个通规必须完全配合或经过产品外螺纹大径来确保大径不会超过最大实体极限. 这个止规必须不能通过产品外螺纹大径来确保大径不会小于最小实体极限.Limitations concerning the use of gages are given in the standard as follows:该标准中关于量规使用的局限性如下:Product threads accepted by a gage of one type may be verified by other types. It is possible, however, that parts which are near either rejection limit may be accepted by one typeand rejected by another. Also, it is possible for two individual limit gages of the same typeto be at the opposite extremes of the gage tolerances permitted, and borderline product threads accepted by one gage could be rejected by another. For these reasons, a productscrew thread is considered acceptable when it passes a test by any of the permissible gages in ANSI B1.3 for the gaging system that are within the tolerances.一个产品的螺纹为一种量规所接受的话可能也能被其他类型的量规所证实. 但是,有可能一些零件虽接近拒绝极限但可为一种量规所接受而却被其他类型的量规所拒绝.同样, 也有可能同一类型极限值不同的量规在量规所允许的公差的两个极端,并且副产品的螺纹被一种量规所接受而被另外外一种量规所拒绝. 因为这些原因, 当一个产品螺纹通过任何一种为ANSI B1.3所允许的量规的话那个产品的螺纹是可以接受的., ANSI B1.3说明了在公差范围内的测量方法.Gaging large product external and internal threads equal to above 6.25-inch nominalsize with plain and threaded plug and ri ng gages presents problems for technical and economicreasons. In these instances, verification may be based on use of modified snap or indicating gages or measurement of thread elements. Various types of gages or meas devices in addition to those defined in the Standard are available and acceptable when properly correlated to this Standard. Producer and user should agree on the method and equipment used. 对于测量相当于6.25英寸以上名义大小的产品外螺纹及内螺纹, 用普通的螺纹塞规及环规来测量存在技术问题及经济性问题. 在这些情况下, 需要用更改的卡规或指示规或螺纹参数的测量法来进行验证. 除了在该标准中规定的那些量规之外, 各种类型的量规及测量工具如果与该标准能很好地对应起来的话也可以用来测量.生产者与使用者应该在使用的方法与设备上达成一致.Thread Forms of Gages.—Thread forms of gages for product internal and externalthreads are given in Table 1. The Standard ANSI/ASME B1.2-1983 (R1991) also gives illustrations of the thread forms of truncated thread setting plug gages, the thread forms of full-form thread setting plug gages, the thread forms of solid thread setting ring gages, andan illustration that shows the chip groove and removal of partial thread.量规的螺纹形状------在表1中列出了用于测量产品内螺纹及外螺纹的量规的螺纹形状.ANSI/ASME B1.2-1983 (R1991)标准也用图例说明了切去了顶端的螺纹可调塞规的螺纹形状及完整的螺纹可调塞规的螺纹形状, 及实体螺纹可调环规的螺纹形状. 同时还有一个图例显示了切口的沟槽及去掉部分螺纹后的形状.Thread Gage Tolerances.—Gage tolerances of thread plug and ring gages, thread setting plugs, and setting rings for Unified screw threads, designated as W and X tolerances, are given in Table . W tolerances represent the highest commercial grade of accuracy and workmanship, and are specified for thread setting gages; X tolerances are larger than W tolerances and are used for product inspection gages. Tolerances for plain gages are givenin Table 3.螺纹量规的公差------在表1中列出了用于测量统一螺纹的螺纹塞规, 环规, 螺纹调节塞及调节环的测量公差, 这些公差是W公差及X公差. W公差是为螺纹调节规设定的, 代表了精确程度及工艺方面的最好商业等级.X公差比W公差要大, 用于产品检验量规. 在表3中给出了普通量规的公差.Determining Size of Gages: The three-wire method of determining pitch diameter size ofplug gages is recommended for gages covered by American National Standard B1.2, described in Appendix B of the 1983 issue of that Standard.决定量规的尺寸: 对于在美国国家标准B1.2中的附录B中的1983版本中涉及到的量规, 推荐用3根线的方式来决定塞规的螺纹中径.Size limit adjustments of thread ring and external thread snap gages are determined bytheir fit on their respective calibrated setting plugs. Indicating gages and thread gages for product external threads are controlled by reference to appropriate calibrated setting plugs. Size limit adjustments of internal thread snap gages are determined by their fit on their respective calibrated setting rings. Indicating gages and other adjustable thread gages for product internal threads are controlled by reference to appropriate calibrated setting ringsor by direct measuring methods.螺纹环规及外螺纹卡规的尺寸极限值调节由它们与各自的校准调节塞的相配来决定.产品外螺纹的指示规与螺纹规是参考合适的校准调节塞来控制的. 内螺纹卡规的尺寸极限值调节是由它们与各自的校准调节环的相配来确定的. 产品内螺纹的指示规与其他可调螺纹规是参考合适的校准调节环或者直接的测量方法来控制的Interpretation of Tolerances: Tolerances on lead, half-angle, and pitch diameter are variations which may be taken independently for each of these elements and may be takento the extent allowed by respective tabulated dimensional limits. The tabulated toleranceon any one element must not be exceeded, even though variations in the other two elements are smaller than the respective tabulated tolerances.公差的说明:导程的公差, 半角的公差及螺纹的中径公差是不同的, 这些公差可能会单独用于每个参数值,也可能为各自列表中的尺寸极限所允许的限度.任何一个参数值在列表中的公差都是不可以超越的, 尽管其他两个参数的变化会比列表中各自的公差小一点.Direction of Tolerance on Gages: At the maximum-material limit (GO), the dimensionsof all gages used for final conformance gaging are to be within limits of size of the product thread. At the functional diameter limit, using NOT GO (HI and LO) thread gages, the standard practice is to have the gage tolerance within the limits of size of the product thread.在量规上面公差的方向: 在最大实体限度(GO), 所有用于测量最后的一致性的量规的尺寸都必须在产品螺纹的尺寸限度之内.在有效直径限度内, 用止端螺纹量规(HI及LO), 标准的做法是让量规公差在产品螺纹的尺寸限度之内.Formulas for Limits of Gages: Formulas for limits of American National StandardGages for Unified screw threads are given in Table 5. Some constants which are requiredto determine gage dimensions are tabulated in Table 4.量规限度的规则: 在表5中给出了美国国家标准量规对统一螺纹极限值的规则. 在表4中给出了决定量规尺寸所需要的一些常数.。

Designation:D1000–04An American National Standard Standard Test Methods forPressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used forElectrical and Electronic Applications1This standard is issued under thefixed designation D1000;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover procedures for testing pressure-sensitive adhesive-coated tapes to be used as electri-cal insulation.These tapes are classified as follows:1.1.1Class1—Non-elastomeric backings made from mate-rials such as:Paper,flat or creped,Fabric,uncoated or coated,Cellulose esterfilms,Polyethylene terephthalate(polyester)films,Fluorocarbon polymerfilms,Compositefilamentfilms,Polyamidefilms,Polyimidefilms,andCombinations thereof.1.1.2Class2—Elastomeric backings that are characterized by both high stretch and substantial recovery.These backings are made from materials such as:Vinyl chloride and co-polymers,Vinylidene chloride and co-polymers,andPolyethylene and co-polymers.1.2Laminates of Class1and Class2backings should be tested according to Class1test methods.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazards see Section3.1.4The procedures appear in the sections indicated below and in alphabetical order:Adhesion Strength to Steel and Backing at Room Temperature46-53 Adhesion Strength to Steel and Backing at Low Temperatures46-53 Bond Strength After Solvent Immersion110-115 Breaking Strength and Elongation at Room Temperature37-45 Breaking Strength and Elongation at Low Temperatures37-45 Conditioning6-8Curling and Twisting140-146 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage83-90 Effect of Accelerated Aging on High-Temperature Tapes97-103 Flagging66-76 Flammability104-109 Hazards/Precautions3 Insulation Resistance at High Humidity91-96 Length of Tape in a Roll28-36Oil Resistance116-122 Puncture Resistance123-128 Resistance to Accelerated Aging(Heat and Moisture)129-139 Sampling4 Specimen Preparation5 Thermosetting Properties77-82 Thickness21-27 Unwind Force at Room Temperature54-65 Unwind Force at Low Temperatures54-65 Width11-20N OTE1—These procedures apply to both Class1and Class2tapes except as noted above.1.5The values stated in SI units are the standard,unless otherwise noted.If a value for measurement is followed by a value in inch-pound or English units in parentheses,the second value may only be approximate and is for information only. Thefirst stated value is the preferred unit.N OTE2—These test methods are similar to IEC60454–3,but may differ sometimes in some details.1.6This is afire–test response standard.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2A167Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate,Sheet,and StripD149Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown V oltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power FrequenciesD257Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating MaterialsD295Test Methods for Varnished Cotton Fabrics Used for Electrical Insulation1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials,and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D09.07on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.Current edition approved Sept.1,2004.Published September2004.Originally approved st previous edition approved in1999as D1000–99.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.--`,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---D 374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD 1711Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD 3487Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical ApparatusD 5032Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humid-ity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin SolutionsE 691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method 2.2IEC Standard:IEC 60454-3Specification for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes for Electrical Purposes 33.Hazards3.1The following specific substances are flammable liq-uids.Do not use them in the vicinity of open flames or electrical contacts:acetone (see 50.1and 94.1),heptane (see 50.1and 94.1),and toluene (see 70.6).They must be stored in closed containers,and it is imperative to clean apparatus in a well-ventilated area.3.2As a toxic substance,toluene should be used only where adequate ventilation is provided and in such manner as to avoid any absorption through the skin (see 70.6).3.3Warning —Lethal voltages may be present during test methods which evaluate electrical properties.It is essential that the test apparatus,and all associated equipment that may be electrically connected to it,be properly designed and installed for safe operation.Solidly ground all electrically conductive parts that any person might come in contact with during the test.Provide means for use,at the completion of any test,to ground any parts which:were at high voltage during the test;may have acquired an induced charge during the test;may retain a charge even after disconnection of the voltage source.Thoroughly instruct all operators in the proper way to conduct tests safely.When making high voltage tests,particularly in compressed gas or in oil,the energy released at breakdown may be suffıcient to result in fire,explosion,or rupture of the test chamber.Design test equipment,test chambers,and test specimens so as to minimize the possibility of such occurrences and to eliminate the possibility of personal injury.SAMPLING4.Sample and Specimen Requirements4.1The producer and consumer shall agree upon the num-ber of rolls selected.Unless otherwise specified a minimum of three rolls per lot shall be selected.4.2For sampling purposes,a lot consists of identifiable materials of the same type,manufactured in one production run and offered for delivery at the same time.4.3All test methods in this standard are intended to produce a test value for a single roll.Any reference to averaging of measurements refers to the averaging of measurements on a single roll and not to the average of all sample rolls.AWhen referee testing is involved,use an average of 5determinations wherever6.1.1conditioning,n—the exposure of a material to the influence of a prescribed atmosphere for a stipulated period of time or until a stipulated relation is reached between material and atmosphere.7.Significance and Use7.1The physical and electrical properties such as adhesion, elongation,breaking strength,and dielectric breakdown will vary with temperature and moisture content.Actual service results are influenced by these factors.In order that test methods yield consistent and reproducible results,control the temperature and moisture content of the sample or specimen.8.Conditioning for Room Temperature Measurements 8.1Condition all rolls of tape for a minimum of24h to a temperature of2365°C(7369°F)before removing specimens for test.8.2Condition all test specimens for a period of1h in a controlled atmosphere at2365°C(7369°F)and50610% relative humidity prior to testing.8.3Unless otherwise specified,testing shall be conducted at 2365°C(7369°F)and50610%relative humidity.8.4For referee testing purposes,subject all sample rolls toa controlled laboratory temperature of2361°C(73.461.8°F)for a minimum period of24h before removing specimens for test.8.5Unless otherwise specified,condition all referee test specimens for a period of1h in a controlled laboratory atmosphere at2361°C(73.461.8°F)and5062%relative humidity.8.6Unless otherwise specified,referee testing shall be conducted at2361°C(73.461.8°F)and5062%relative humidity.9.Conditioning for Low Temperature Measurements9.1Elastomeric backings of Class2tapes may be subject to cold temperature tests.In these cases,place prepared speci-mens or rolls of tape in a cold room and condition for at least 2h at the desired temperature(for example,10°C,0°C,–10°C,–18°C,etc.).10.Apparatus for Low Temperature Conditioning10.1Cold room or cold chamber capable of maintaining the desired cold temperatures during testing.WIDTH OF TAPEMethod A—Steel Ruler11.Apparatus11.1A steel scale having divisions at0.5mm or1⁄64-in. intervals.12.Test Specimens12.1Select test specimens of approximately450mm(18-13.Procedure13.1Place the test specimen,after conditioning,without tension or pressure,adhesive side down on a hard smooth surface.Measure the width perpendicular to the edge with the steel scale at three approximately equally-spaced points along the length.14.Report14.1Report the average width in millimetres or inches,plus the maximum and minimum,if specified.15.Precision and Bias15.1This test method has been in use for many years,but no statement of precision has been made and no activity is planned to develop such a statement.15.2This test method has no bias because the value for width is defined in terms of this test method.Method B—Caliper16.Apparatus16.1A pair of calipers with a scale length larger than width of the roll of tape,having divisions at0.5-mm or1⁄64-in. intervals.17.Test Specimen17.1One roll of tape,conditioned in accordance with Section8.Unless damaged,no outer layers need to be removed.18.Procedure18.1The outer turns of the roll must have clean and sharp edges.Discard any damaged or crushed edges.After condi-tioning the roll of tape,place it on a table in a vertical position. Open the jaws of the calipers and slide them over the cut edges of the tape so that the scale shaft is parallel to the table.Close the caliper jaws slowly so as to just touch the sides of the tape roll.Be careful not to crush the edges and keep the caliper jaws perpendicular to the edges of the tape.Measure the width perpendicular to the edges in mm(in.)to the nearest0.5mm (1⁄64in.)at three approximately equally-spaced points along the circumference of the roll.19.Report19.1Report the average width in millimetres or inches,plus the maximum and minimum,if specified.20.Precision and Bias20.1This test method has been in use for many years,but no statement of precision has been made and no activity is planned to develop such a statement.20.2This test method has no bias because the value for width is defined in terms of this test method.THICKNESS21.1.1thickness,n—the perpendicular distance between the opposite surfaces of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape as deter-mined in accordance with this test method.22.Significance and Use22.1The thickness is of value in controlling uniformity and providing design data,as well as for use in determining physical and electrical properties.23.Apparatus23.1Thickness Gage—A dead weight thickness gage as prescribed in Apparatus C of Test Methods D374,with the following modifications:23.1.1Presser Foot Diameter—6mm(1⁄4in.).23.1.2Anvil Diameter—6mm to50mm(1⁄4to2in.). 23.1.3A weighted presser foot so that the total pressure applied to a specimen is equal to5065kPa(7.660.5psi). Calibrate the gage for the actual load exerted by the presser foot.N OTE3—Any commercial instrument,including hand-held micrometer, that satisfies23.1.3may be use for the thickness measurement.24.Test Specimens24.1In accordance with5.2and Section8,prepare and condition specimens of tape of a single thickness a minimum length of450mm(18in.).Letflexible specimens relax for at least2min before testing.25.Procedure25.1Place the test specimen upon the anvil of the gage, smoothly,with adhesive side down,but without tension.Lower the presser foot onto the tape gradually to minimize any impact force,allowing it to rest upon the tape for2s,and then observe the reading to the nearest0.0025mm(0.0001in.)of the thickness gage scale.Make sure no air bubbles are trapped.25.2Take three measurements uniformly distributed over the surface of the test specimen.26.Report26.1Report the following information:26.1.1The average thickness to the nearest0.0025mm (0.0001in.)plus the maximum and minimum,if specified. 27.Precision and Bias27.1Data obtained from a round-robin investigation on several types of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape indicate that thickness measurements within a single laboratory can be expected to fall within65%of the mean value,and that measurements between laboratories can be expected to fall within610%of the overall mean value.427.2A statement of bias is not applicable in view of the unavailability of a standard reference material for this property.LENGTH OF TAPE IN A ROLL28.Terminology28.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:28.1.1length of tape in a roll,n—the number oflinear metres or yards of tape wound into a roll as measured in accordance with these test methods.29.Significance and Use29.1Measurement of the length of tape in a roll is necessary to ensure receiving correct quantities.Method A—Balance Method30.Apparatus30.1Balance—Two required,one capable of weighing to the nearest0.1g,the other capable of weighing to1mg. 30.2Steel Rule—Capable of measuring to the nearest2mm (0.1in.).31.Test Specimen31.1A test specimen is a single thickness of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape approximately1m(3ft)long removed from a full roll of tape as received from the manufacturer. Condition each specimen as described in Section8.32.Procedure32.1Determine the number of rolls to be tested for length in accordance with the schedule described in Section4.32.2Remove the core from the roll.Weigh each roll to the nearest0.1g(Note4).Remove a specimen of tape approxi-mately1m(3ft)long from the roll in accordance with the procedure described in Section5,except DO NOT DISCARD thefirst three layers.After conditioning,measure the relaxed length of the specimen to the nearest2mm or0.1in.and weigh to the nearest mg.N OTE4—If it is desired to run additional tests on the tape in the roll,it is permissible tofirst weigh the roll with the core in place and then subtract the weight of the core after all test specimens are removed. 32.3Calculate the metres per roll as follows:Metres per roll5weight of roll less core3length of specimen,mmweight of specimen31000(1)32.4Calculate the yards per roll as follows:Yards per roll5weight of roll less core3length of specimen,in.weight of specimen336(2)Method B—Length Sensor Method33.Apparatus33.1Length Sensor—A device to measure length by using a benchmarked rotating wheel which rolls,with low torque and contact pressure,against the circumference of the roll as it unwinds.The apparatus includes a spindle for mounting the tape,the length sensor mechanism,and a read-out and rotating wind-up roll that can be used to either manually or automati-cally unwind the roll of tape.See Fig.1.34.Procedure34.1Determine the number of rolls to be tested for length in34.2Mount the roll on the shaft adjacent to the sensor.Position the roll and length sensor so that the sensor is in contact with the circumference of the roll and the leading end of the roll is directly under the sensor.Zero the sensor and manually pull the leading edge of the tape and fix it to the wind-up roll.At the start of the unwinding,make sure that the length sensor maintains good contact with the roll and does not slip or bind.After unwinding is completed,take the reading of the length sensor.35.Report35.1Report the following information:35.1.1The length of tape in each roll to the nearest 0.1m (0.1yd).36.Precision and Bias36.1These test methods have been in use for many years,but no statement of precision has been made and no activity is planned to develop such a statement.36.2These test methods have no bias because the value for length is defined in terms of these test methods.BREAKING STRENGTH AND ELONGATION 37.Terminology37.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:37.1.1breaking strength of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape ,n —the force required,per unit width,to break the tape when tested under prescribed conditions.37.1.2elongation of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape ,n —the increase in length at break when the tape is tested under prescribed conditions.37.1.2.1Discussion —In the case of Class 1tapes,the elongation may include creep in the jaws which is often partially compensated for by “necking”of the specimen.38.Significance and Use38.1Breaking Strength —Breaking strength of tape is im-portant as a measurement of its uniformity,quality,and ability to withstand tensile stress in application and service.38.2Elongation —Elongation of tape is important as a measurement of its uniformity and quality,as well as a rough 38.3In the case of Class 2tapes,testing at lowtemperature is necessary to ensure that the tape performs well at cold winter temperatures.N OTE 5—Values obtained in dry ice chambers and walk-in cold rooms may not be equivalent.39.Apparatus39.1Testing Machine —A testing machine of the constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)type is preferred.Equip the machine with a device for recording the tensile load and the amount of separation of the grips (Note 6)such that both of these measuring systems are accurate to 62%of the breaking load or the amount of separation of the grips.The apparatus must be capable of providing smooth,uniform jaw movement during testing,and the rate adjustable in increments necessary to produce strain rates that are specified for the materials under test.Equip the machine with a load cell with a capacity such that the breaking load of the material under test falls between 10and 90%of the maximum capacity of the load cell.N OTE 6—A high response speed in the recording system is desirable,particularly when relatively high strain rates are employed.The speed of pen response for recorders is supplied by manufacturers of this equipment.Take care to conduct tests at conditions such that response time (ability of recorder to follow actual load)will produce less than 2%error.39.2Extension Indicator —A suitable instrument for deter-mining the distance between two fixed points located within the gage length of the test specimen at any time during the test.It is desirable,but not essential,that this instrument automati-cally record this distance as a function of the load on the test specimen,or of the elapsed time for the start of the test,or both.If only the latter is obtained,also take load-time data.The extension indicator will usually have a separation of 25mm (1in.)between points and be a minimum of 25mm (1in.)from both the top and bottom jaws.39.3Holding Fixtures —The holding fixtures may be any of the following types,provided that the fixture does not cut the specimen or cause slippage:39.3.1Air Jaws —A device that can be fitted with various types of grips that will clamp onto a specimen through lever arms actuated by compressed air cylinders built into the body.The design provides a high gripping force with standard air pressure.Increased air pressure raises the gripping force to accommodate materials that are often difficult to hold in other types of grips.39.3.2Drum Jaws —Two smooth cylindrical metallic drums,50mm (2in.)in diameter with a minimum length of 38mm (11⁄2in.),suitably marked to aid in proper specimen alignment.N OTE 7—While drum jaws are permissible,they are not preferred.The design of drum jaws makes it extremely difficult to identify accurately the gage length between jaws.39.3.3Manual Jaws —A device that can be fitted with various types of grips that will clamp onto a specimen through a manually operated lever.39.3.4Grips —For manual jaws.39.3.4.1Line Contact grips have faces designed to con-FIG.1Measuring Device for Determination of Length of Tape in aRoll (Length Sensor Method)combining one standardflat face with an opposing face from which protrudes a half-round.39.3.4.2Flat Faced grips have their surfacesfinished in order to give the best clamping force on the material for test. The choice is determined largely by practical experience with the materials tested.The faces may be smooth-ground,rubber-coated,or serrated.In general,the smooth-ground surface offers high gripping efficiency with mostflat materials.The rubber-coated surface is of value with materials that tend to be weakened by pinching at the edge of the jaw face.The serrated surface is recommended for stronger materials that require the greatest gripping action.N OTE8—Double coated tape may be used to reinforce gripping,by applying a thin piece of tape on each side of theflat grips.39.3.4.3Cold Chamber—For cold temperatures testing,if a cold chamber is used for conditioning,it must be equipped with a slot suitable for inserting the tape.39.3.4.4Gloves—White cotton for handling very cold samples.40.Conditioning40.1Condition rolls of tape or specimens according to Sections6-10for either room or low temperature testing. 41.Test Specimens41.1Select specimens in accordance with5.2and Section8. Use specimens that are the width of the tape as received if possible.If it is necessary to trim the specimens due to the machine or jaw width limitations,take extreme care since hand trimming may materially affect the test results.See5.3for recommended procedures to slit narrower widths.Put bench-marks on the specimens,if needed.42.Procedure42.1Air Jaws or Manual Jaws—Position the crosshead at the desired gage length and insert the specimen in the grips. Tighten the movable gripfirst.If this process applies a preload on the specimen,do not change the balance adjustment to compensate for it.Adjust the initial length of the specimen between contact points to100mm(4in.).42.2Drum Jaws—Hold the test specimen in place by placing approximately three quarters of a turn of the tape around each holdingfixture with the adhesive side in contact with the drum.Place the tape in the center of the drums with the edges parallel to the scribed lines.Adjust the initial length of the specimen between contact points to100mm(4in.). 42.3Use a constant jaw speed of300613mm/min(126 1⁄2in./min),unless otherwise specified.42.4Discard breaks that occur at the jaws.Make a mini-mum of three acceptable determinations.43.Calculation43.1Read the breaking strength directly from the recording chart or digital readout.43.2Read the percent elongation from the chart or digital readout or record the distance between benchmarks at the instant of break or rupture,and note the jaw separation or the Elongation,%5[~D22D1!/D1#3100(3) where:D1=original distance between jaws or benchmarks,and D2=distance at instant of break or rupture between jaws or benchmarks.44.Report44.1Report the following information:44.1.1Temperature conditions,44.1.2Average breaking strength expressed in newtons per 10mm of width(N/10mm)or in pounds-force per inch of width,plus the maximum and minimum,if specified,and 44.1.3Average percent elongation,plus the maximum and minimum,if specified.45.Precision and Bias45.1Data obtained from a round-robin investigation on several types of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape indicate that breaking-strength measurements within a single laboratory can be expected to fall within615%of the mean value,and elongation measurements to within625%of the mean value. Among different laboratories they can be expected to fall within620%and630%,respectively,of the overall mean value.445.2A statement of bias is not applicable in view of the unavailability of a standard reference material for these prop-erties.ADHESION STRENGTH TO STEEL AND BACKING 46.Terminology46.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:46.1.1adhesion strength of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape,n—the force necessary to remove the tape from a prescribed surface when measured in accordance with this test method.47.Significance and Use47.1In many applications the use of a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape depends upon adhesion strength to give satisfac-tory performance.The adhesion property is also important in determining the uniformity of quality.48.Apparatus48.1Testing Machine—A crosshead type(constant rate of extension)testing machine,with two clamps with centers in the same plane,parallel with the direction of the motion of the stressing clamp,and so aligned that the clamps will hold the specimen entirely in the same plane,and with a graduated tension weighing device having an accuracy of at least45g (0.1lb)or less per scale division,and preferably23g(0.05lb) or less per scale division.Equip the machine with a device that allows a head separation of a minimum of250mm(10in.).48.2Test Panel5—Aflat steel sheet having a bright annealed finish,50by125by1.5mm(2by5by1⁄16in.).Use stainlesssteel Type302or304as prescribed in Specification A167with surface roughness height of0.05060.025µm(2.061.0µin.) arithmetic average deviation from the mean line.48.3Rubber Covered Steel Roller—A steel roller,Fig.2,80 62.5mm(3.2560.1in)in diameter and45mm61mm (1.7560.05in.)wide,covered with rubber approximately6 mm(1⁄4in.)in thickness having a durometer hardness of806 5Shore A.To apply pressure to the specimen,use a roller weighing2000650g(4.560.1lb).Construct the roller so that the weight of the handle is not added to the weight of the roller during use.49.Test Specimens49.1Use test specimens that are250mm(10in.)long and no more than25mm(1in.)wide.Remove each specimen from the roll in accordance with5.2so that neither surface in the test area contacts the operator’sfingers nor any other foreign object.49.2Prepare three test specimens from each roll.50.Procedure50.1Adhesion to Steel Panel—Prepare the polished surface of the steel panel by scrubbing it thoroughly,using a clean piece of surgical gauze saturated with any solvent capable of facilitating the removal of adhesive residue(Caution:see3.1). Scrub the panel again using a clean piece of surgical gauze saturated with heptane or any other appropriate solvent(Cau-tion:see3.1).Discard the gauze after each cleaning step.After all traces of solvent evaporate,wipe the surface of the panel with a clean dry piece of surgical gauze.N OTE9—For referee testing,use new cleaned steel panels.50.2Remove the specimen from the roll.Let it relax for about2min or more.Apply it,adhesive side down,to the polished surface of the panel.Apply the specimen so that a 125-mm(5-in.)length extends beyond one end of the panel.50.3For tapes less than25mm(1in.)wide,cut other strips from the same sample roll and apply parallel and adjacent to the test specimen to provide a total width of approximately25the tape lengthwise,once in each direction at the rateofapproximately300mm/min(12in./min).After the tape is onthe panel for20min(Note10),double back the free end of thetest specimen at an angle of180°and peel25mm(1in.)of thetape off the panel at the doubled end.Clamp this portion of theexposed panel in the lower jaw of the testing machine andplace the free end of the tape in the upper e a jaw travelrate of300mm/min(12in./min).After thefirst25mm(inch)of tape is removed from the panel,read the specimen adhesionover approximately the next50mm(2in.)at approximately13-mm(1⁄2in.)intervals.Do not take any readings during theremoval of the last25mm(inch)of tape from the panel.N OTE10—In order to expedite testing,the adhesion may be measuredimmediately after application of the tape to the panel,except for refereetesting.This procedure results in slightly lower and more variable values.50.4Test double-sided tapes by removing the liner materialand covering the adhesive surface not under test with softtissue paper,such as facial tissue.50.5Reinforce glass cloth tapes which may break on180°pullback with another thickness of the same tape.Report thismodification.50.6Adhesion to Backing—Conduct the test of the adhesionof a tape to its own backing in a similar manner,exceptfirstaffix a strip of the tape under test to each test panel with bothends wrapped around the ends of the e clean steelplates.Follow the procedure described in50.1-50.3exceptapply the test specimen to the tape backing rather than to thesteel panel.Both test specimen and tape backing are to be usedonce.51.Procedure for Low Temperatures Testing51.1For low temperature measurements,specimens pre-pared in Section49will be conditioned for2h according toSections9and10before e white cotton gloves forhandling very cold samples.52.Report52.1Report the following information:52.1.1Testing temperatures,52.1.2Kind of test(to steel or to backing),and52.1.3Average of the three test values for each kind of testexpressed in newtons per10mm of width(N/10mm)or inounces-force per inch of width,plus the maximum or mini-mum,if specified.53.Precision and Bias53.1For adhesion to steel,in a round-robin investigationinvolving two laboratories and several types of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes(plastic,cloth,and paper-backedtapes),data generated utilizing the procedures described inPractice E691indicate that the coefficient of variation withina single laboratory,(Vr%)j,is expected to be as much as7%whereas the coefficient of variation between laboratories,(VL%)j,is expected to be as much as10%.6FIG.2Suggested Construction of Roller for Adhesion StrengthTest。

色牢度（Color fastness）又称染色牢度、染色坚牢度，是指纺织品的颜色对在加工和使用过程中各种作用的抵抗力。

根据试样的变色和未染色贴衬织物的沾色来评定牢度等级。

纺织品色牢度检测是纺织品内在质量测试中一项常规检测项目。

纺织品在其使用过程中会受到光照、洗涤、熨烫、汗渍、摩擦和化学药剂等各种外界的作用，有些印染纺织品还经过特殊的整理加工，如树脂整理、阻燃整理、砂洗、磨毛等，这就要求印染纺织品的色泽相对保持一定牢度。

纺织品色牢度测试水色牢度测试WaterISO 105-E01:2013, GB/T 5713-2013, SATRA TM 6-1993, BS EN ISO 105-E01:2013, AATCC 107-2013GB/T 5713-2013海水色牢度测试Sea WaterAATCC 106-2013, ISO 105-E02-2013, GB/T 5714-1997GB/T 5714-1997氯水色牢度测试Chlorinated WaterAATCC 162-2011, BS EN ISO-E03:2010, DIN EN ISO 105-E03:2010, ISO 105-E03:2010, GB/T 8433:2013GB/T 8433-2013水洗色牢度测试WashingAATCC 61-2013, BS EN ISO 105-C10:2007, ISO 105-C10:2006, BS EN ISO 105-C06:2010, ISO 105-C06:2010, DIN EN ISO105-E03:2010, SATRA TM 250-2002, AS 2001.4.15-2006(R2016), GB/T 3921-2008, GB/T 12490-2014GB/T 3921-2008, GB/T 12490-2014干洗色牢度测试Dry cleaningAATCC 132-2013, DIN/BS EN ISO 105-D01:2010, ISO105-D01:2010, SATRA TM 173-1995, GB/T 5711-2015GB/T 5711-2015摩擦色牢度测试Dry&Wet crocking/Rubbing纺织面料：AATCC 8-2016, DIN 54021-1:2014, AS 2001.4.3-1995, ISO 105-X12:2016, GB/T 3920-2008, ISO 105-X16:2016, AATCC 116-2013, GB 18401-2010GB/T 3920-2008, GB 18401-2010皮革面料：ISO 11640:2012, ISO 17700:2004, QB/T 2537-2001, QB/T 2882-2007皮革面料：QB/T 2537-2001, QB/T 2882-2007汗液色牢度测试PerspirationAATCC 15-2013(E2014), ISO 105-E04:2013, SATRA TM 174-2016, JIS L0848-2014, DIN 53160-2:2010, GB/T 3922-2013, GB 18401-2010,SATRA TM335-1994, ISO 11641:2012GB/T 3922-2013唾液色牢度测试SalivaDIN 53160-1-2010*, GB/T 18886-2002GB/T 18886-2002光照色牢度测试LightAATCC 16.3-2014, ISO 105-B02:2014, GB/T 8427-2008蓝标4级或40AFU内GB/T 8427-2008蓝标4级热压（熨烫）色牢度Hot pressingQB/T 2926-2007, GB/T 6152-1997, ISO 105-X11:1994, AATCC 133-2013干热色牢度Dry heatAATCC 117-2013, EN ISO 105-P01:1993, GB/T 5718-1997, ISO 105-P01:1993水斑Water spottingAATCC 104-2014, AS/NZS 2001.4.4-1998, BS EN ISO105-E07:2010, GB/T 5717-2013, ISO 105-E07:2010, JISL0853-1994存放升华色牢度Transfer of Dyes(Sublimation duringstorage)GB/T 5718-1997, JIS L 0854-2013, DIN 54056:2017颜色迁移测试Dye transferSN/T 2470-2010, AATCC 163-2013, ISO 105-X10:1993酚黄变测试Phenolic yelwing testSN/T 2468-2010, ISO 105-X18:2007耐黄变测试Yellowing TestASTM D1148-2013, HG/T3689-2014HG/T3689-2014耐光、汗复合色牢度Colour fastness to light with artificial perspiration GB/T 14576-2009, ISO 105-B07:2009拼接互染色牢度Colour fastness to transfer in joints。

钢制管道焊接验收标准1SY/T 4103-- 钢质管道焊接及验收1 范围本标准适用于使用碳钢钢管、低合金钢钢管及其管件,输送原油、成品油及气体燃料等介质的长输管道、压气站管网和泵站管网的安装焊接。

适用的焊接接头型式为对接接头、角接接头和搭接接头,适用的焊接方法为焊条电弧焊、埋弧焊、熔化极及非熔化极气保护电弧焊、药芯焊丝自保护焊、气焊和闪光对焊,以及上述方法之间相互组合的焊接方法。

适用的焊接位置为固定焊、旋转焊,或者两种位置的结合。

本标准规定了对管道安装焊接接头进行破坏性试验验收标准、射线检测、超声波检测、磁粉检测及渗透检测验收标准。

2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的条款经过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款。

凡是标注日期的引用文件,其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本标准,然而,鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。

凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本适用于本标准。

GB/T 3091 低压流体输送用焊接钢管(ISO 559:1991,Steel Tubes forWater and Sewage SecondEdition,NEQ)GB/T 3375 焊接名词术语GB/T 5117 碳钢焊条(ANSI/AWS A5.1:1991 Covered Carbon Steel Arc1WeldingElectrodes,EQV)GB/T 5118 低合金钢焊条(ANSI/AWS A5.5:1981 Low Alloy Steel CoveredArc WeldingElectrodes,NEQ)GB/T 5293 埋弧焊用碳钢焊丝和焊剂(ANSI/AWS A5.17:1989 ,EQV) GB/T 8110 气体保护电弧焊用碳钢、低合金钢焊丝(ANSI/AWSA5.18:1979 ,Carbon SteelFiller Metals for Gas Shielded Arc Welding,NEQ)GB/T 8163 输送流体用无缝钢管(ISO 559:1991,Steel Tubes for Waterand Sewage SecondEdition,NEQ)GB/T 97ll.1 石油天然气工业输送钢管交货技术条件第一部分:A级钢管(ISO 3183:1996,EQV)GB/T 10045 碳钢药芯焊丝(ANSI/AWS A 5.20:1995, Carbon SteelElectrodes for Flux Cored Arcwelding,EQV)GB/T 12470 埋弧焊用低合金钢焊丝和焊剂(ANSI/AWS A 5.23,NEQ) GB/T 13793 直缝电焊钢管(JIS G3444:1988, Carbon Steel Tubes forGeneral StructuralPurposes,NEQ)2GB/T 14957 熔化焊用钢丝GB/T 14958 气体保护焊用钢丝GB/T 17493 低合金钢药芯焊丝(ANSI/AWS A 5.29:1980,EQV)JB/T 7902 线型像质计SY/T 0327 石油天然气钢质管道对接环焊缝全自动超声波检测(APISTD 1104:1999,Weldingof Pipelines and Related Facilities,NEQ;ASTM E1961:1998, Standard Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Examination of Girth Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units E,NEQ)SY/T 5038 普通流体输送管道用螺旋缝高频焊钢管(API SPEC5L,Specification for LinePipe,NEQ)国质检锅[ ]248号中华人民共和国国家技术监督局<特种设备无损检测人员考核与监督管理规则>API RP 2201 rocedures for Welding or Hot Tapping on Equipment in ServiceAPI Spec 5L 线管规范(API SPEC 5L,Specification for Line Pipe)API Std 1104 管道及相关设施的焊接(Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities)ASTM E92金属材料维氏硬度的测试方法Standard Test Method for3Vickers Hardness of MetallicMaterials E)ASTM E165 液体渗透剂检验的标准试验方法(Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination)ASTM E709 粉检验指南(Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination)ASTM E1025 用于放射学的孔型像质指示计的设计,制造(StandardPractice for Design,Manufacture,andMaterial Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology)ASTM E747 用金属丝透度计进行射线实验的质量控制标准方法(Standard Practice for Design,Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology)AWS A5.1 碳钢药皮电弧焊焊条(Covered Carbon Steel Arc Welding Electrodes)AWS A5.2 铸铁和钢质气焊焊丝(Iron and Steel Oxyfuel Gas Welding Rods)AWS A5.5 低合金钢药皮电弧焊焊条(Low Alloy Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes)AWS A5.17 埋弧焊碳钢焊丝及焊剂 (Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged-Arc Welding)4AWS A5.18 气保护电弧焊碳钢填充金属(Carbon Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Arc Welding)AWS A5.20 碳钢药芯电弧焊焊丝(Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc welding)AWS A5.28 气体保护电弧焊低合金钢填充金属(Low-Alloy Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Arc Welding)AWS A5.29 低合金钢药芯电弧焊焊丝(Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux C ored Arc Welding)3定义3.1 业主 company工程的主管单位或建设单位,或由其委派或授权的单位或代表。

UL817 工厂检验现场代表目击测试指引目录导线连接可靠性测试 (1)端子牢固性测试 (3)绝缘皮牢固性测试 (5)防拉力传入测试 (7)散丝与断丝目检 (10)软线连接器触片下陷深度检测 (11)插孔深度测量 (13)绝缘耐压测试 (15)极性与导通测试 (17)绝缘电阻测试 (19)突拉测试 (21)外被保持测试 (24)高温吊端子测试 (26)摇摆测试 (28)附录 (30)导线连接可靠性测试（Conductor Secureness Test）依据标准：UL817 (81.1，81.2)测试对象：插头的端子（blade，pin）或软线连接器的接触片（female contact）与电线连接好后，模塑或装配到插头或连接器之前。

样品数量：Normal：13 条Tightened：20 条Reduced：5 条测试方法：在电线与端子之间施加一个力（电线大于或等于18AWG时为20磅（89牛），电线小于18AWG时为8磅（36牛）），保持1分钟。

注意：该力可以由砝码（dead weights）或拉力测试仪（tensile testing machine）提供，但如果使用拉伸测试仪器，拉伸时速度不可超过1inch/min，拉力测试仪精度为0.1磅(0.4牛),准确度应在读数值的±2%之内。

砝码与拉伸测试仪器均需要校验。

判定：连接处无断裂为合格。

端子牢固性测试（Security of blades or pin）依据标准：UL817（82.1 – 82.3）测试对象：插头/转换插头，装配好后。

样品数量：Normal：13 条Tightened：20 条Reduced：5 条测试方法：对于模塑后的插头/转换插头，在每个端子与插头本体之间可施加20磅（89牛）的力，保持2分钟；对于在现场装配的平行端子的插头/转换插头，除了每个端子单独测试外，两个端子还应同时做上述测试。

判定：移开砝码后，端子位移不超过3/32英寸(2.4mm)为合格。

东莞市莱刚钢结构有限公司批准：HYM 文件编号：REV： 1 日期：2007/10/13 页码：1/12参考文件：AWS D1.1: 2006, ASTM /E747，ASME SEC.V, ASME B31.3作业指导书(一)Task Steering（第一版1nd edition）编制：审核：批准：执行日期：2007年10月20日东莞市莱刚钢结构有限公司批准：HYM 文件编号：REV： 1 日期：2007/10/13 页码：2/12参考文件：AWS D1.1: 2006, ASTM /E747，ASME SEC.V, ASME B31.31．目的Purpose1.1为使钢结构的部件和焊缝采用X射线检测时其全过程的操作规范化，以便获得合格的透照底片，正确反映产品质量。

Standardize the whole process of X-ray inspecting in order to acquire eligible negative reflecting quality of products correctly.2．适用范围Applied scope2.1本规程适用于钢结构中板厚3~40mm的对接焊缝的射线透照检测。

Thisregulations is applied to radial inspecting of butt weld of 3~40mm thickness steel structure plate.3．引用标准Quoted standards3.1ANSI/AWS D1.1(2006) “Structural welding code-s teel”（钢结构焊接标准）3.2ASTM/E 747（使用金属线透度计控制射线照相检测质量的方法）3.3ASME SEC .V3.4ASME B31.34．实施步骤Procedure of performance4.1人员的要求Requirements of personnel4.1.1从事射线照相检测的人员，必须掌握射线探伤的基础技术，具有足够的部件和焊缝射线探伤经验，并掌握一定的材料，焊接基础知识。

IPC-TM-650 实验方法手册目·录Section 目视检测方法 Visual Test Methods手动微切片法陶瓷物质金相切片半自动或全自动微切片设备针孔评估，染色渗透法镀通孔结构评估未覆和覆金属材料表面检查玻纤厚度玻璃纤维的重量玻璃纤维的纤维数量纤维数计算，有机纤维工艺铜箔表面刮伤检验不溶解的双氰胺目视检验绕性印制电路材料内含物和空洞的检验物理量纲测试方法 Dimensional Test Methods外观尺寸确认目视检测尺寸导体边界清晰度测量介电质尺寸稳定性和柔韧性钻孔孔径的测量镀通孔孔径的测量孔的位置孔位和线路位置连接焊盘重合度【层与层之间】重量方法测定铜的厚度处理后和未经处理的铜箔总厚度和外观因素剥离载体后铜箔重量和厚度可蚀刻载体铜箔重量和厚度测量孔内镀层厚度锡粉颗粒尺寸分配-对于类型1-4使用屏幕方法锡粉颗粒尺寸-使用显微镜测试方法锡粉颗粒尺寸-光学图片分析器方法最大锡粉颗粒的定义电线尺寸（扁平的线路）用钻孔样板来评估底片透明图评估原图底片金属箔表面粗糙度和轮廓（触针法）金属箔表面粗糙度和外观（触针法）机械法测量基材板厚度切片测定基材覆铜厚度测量图形孔位剪切的层压板和半固化片长度、宽度和垂直度化学量纲测试方法 Chemical Test Methods覆金属铜箔层压板的化学清洗层压板、半固化片及涂胶箔产品的耐药品性（暴露于溶剂）基材的耐化学性（耐二氯甲烷）过硫酸铵蚀刻法氯化铁蚀刻法氯化铜蚀刻法印制线路板用材料的燃烧性印制线路板用层压板的燃烧性玻璃布结构印制、蚀刻、电镀测试铜箔或镀层的纯度半固化的树脂含量（灼烧法）半固化片的树脂含量（称重法）上胶后的半固化重量半固化片的数值流动百分度不流动”半固化片的树脂流动度半固化片的凝胶化时间半固化片的挥发物含量铜箔保护涂层质量热固性防旱的（耐久性）固化测试UV诱发的干膜阻焊剂的固化（耐久性）溶剂萃取的电阻率表面污染物的离子检测（动态法）.固化物料的固化程度表面有机污染物的检测方法（企业内）表面有机污染物的检测方法（红外分析法）机械测试方法 Mechanical Test Methods 镀层附着力文字油墨附着力加工转移测定铜箔的弯曲疲劳和延展性层压板的弯曲强度（室温下）层压板的弯曲强度（高温下）热油冲击印制电路材料的加工性覆金属箔板的剥离强度。

Copyright © 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and ColoristsAATCC Technical Manual/2008TM 8-200717Developed in 1936 by AATCC Commit-tee RA38; revised 1937, 1952, 1957,1961, 1969, 1972, 1985, 1988, 1996,2004, 2005, 2007; reaffirmed 1945;1989; editorially revised and reaffirmed 1968, 1974, 1977, 1981, 1995, 2001;editorially revised 1986, 2002. Partly equivalent to ISO 105-X12.1. Purpose and Scope1.1 This test method is designed to de-termine the amount of color transferred from the surface of colored textile materi-als to other surfaces by rubbing. It is ap-plicable to textiles made from all fibers in the form of yarn or fabric whether dyed,printed or otherwise colored. It is not rec-ommended for use for carpets or for prints where the singling out of areas may be too small using this method.1.2 Test procedures employing white test cloth squares, both dry and wet with water, are given.1.3 As washing, drycleaning, shrink-age, ironing, finishing, etc., may affect the degree of color transfer from a mate-rial, the test may be made before, after, or before and after any such treatment.2. Principle2.1 A colored test specimen is rubbed with white crock test cloth under con-trolled conditions.2.2 Color transferred to the white test cloth is assessed by a comparison with the Gray Scale for Staining or the Chro-matic Transference Scale and a grade is assigned.3. Terminology3.1 colorfastness, n.—the resistance of a material to change in any of its color characteristics, to transfer of its color-ant(s) to adjacent materials, or both, as a result of the exposure of the material to any environment that might be encoun-tered during the processing, testing, stor-age or use of the material.3.2 crocking, n.—a transfer of color-ant from the surface of a colored yarn or fabric to another surface or to an adjacent area of the same fabric principally by rubbing.4. Safety PrecautionsNOTE: These safety precautions are for information purposes only. The pre-cautions are ancillary to the testing proce-dures and are not intended to be all inclu-sive. It is the user’s responsibility to usesafe and proper techniques in handling materials in this test method. Manufac-turers MUST be consulted for specific details such as material safety data sheets and other manufacturer’s recommenda-tions. All OSHA standards and rules must also be consulted and followed.4.1 Good laboratory practices should be followed. Wear safety glasses in all laboratory areas.5. Apparatus and Materials5.1 AATCC Crockmeter or comparable alternate apparatus (see 13.2, 13.3 and Fig. 1).5.2 Test Cloth, cut in 50 mm squares (see 13.4).5.3 AATCC Chromatic Transference Scale (see 13.5).5.4 Gray Scale for Staining (see 13.5).5.5 White AATCC Textile Blotting Paper (see 13.5).5.6 Specimen Holder for Crockmeter (see 13.3).5.7 In-house poor crocking cloth.5.8 Crockmeter V erification Cloth.This item may be used in lieu of an in-house poor crocking cloth when such poor in-house crocking cloth is not avail-able (see 13.15).6. Verification6.1 Verification checks on the opera-tion of the test and the apparatus should be made routinely and the results kept in a log. The following observations and corrective actions are extremely impor-tant to avoid incorrect test results where abnormal crock images can result and in-fluence the rating process.6.2 Use the Crockmeter Verification Cloth or in-house poor crocking fabricwith known behavior and conduct three dry and wet crock tests.6.2.1 A poor circular image with un-even dye pick-up may indicate the crock-ing finger needs resurfacing (see 13.6).6.2.2 A double, elongated image may indicate a loose clip (see 13.6).6.2.3 A stretched and streaked crock image may be due to mounting the crock square diagonally.6.2.4 Scuff marks to the sides of the specimen indicate the loops to the wire clips are positioned downwards and are not high enough to prevent rubbing the specimen surface.6.2.5 A streak in the center of the crock cloth image and in the direction of rub-bing may mean the top of the metal base is warped and not flat. This will require a brace insert to square up the tester base.6.2.6 If specimen holders are used,place the holder over the specimen on the tester base. Move the crocking finger on the crocking arm to the most forward po-sition and observe whether it hits the in-side edge of the holder. If this occurs,move the holder slightly forward for all tests. Without correction, this problem will cause a dark area on one side of the crocking image.6.2.7 Confirm the wet pick-up tech-niques (see 9.2).6.2.8 Replace the abrasive paper on the tester base if it is smooth to the touch in the crocking area compared to the adja-cent area, or if slippage of the specimen is noticed (see 13.7).6.2.9 In routine testing, observe if mul-tiple streaks are on the crocking image.Position specimen normally with the long dimension oblique to the warp and fill-ing. If the direction of rubbing falls along a twill line or surface pattern, etc., then streaks may occur. If they do occur,slightly adjust the angle for testing.7. Test Specimens7.1 Two specimens are used, one each for the dry and the wet tests.7.1.1 Additional specimens may be used to increase the precision of the aver-age (see 12.1).7.2 Cut specimens at least 50 × 130 mm (2.0 × 5.1 in.) and position for testing pref-erably with the long dimension oblique to warp and filling or wales and courses.7.2.1 Larger or full width lab samples may be used without cutting individual specimens, when multiple tests are needed and when using for production testing.AATCC Test Method 8-2007Colorfastness to Crocking: AATCC Crockmeter MethodFig. 1—Crockmeter.Copyright © 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists18TM 8-2007AATCC Technical Manual/20087.3 Yarns. Knit a piece of fabric at least 50 × 130 mm, or wind yarn tightly on a suitable form at least 50 × 130 mm with the yarn running in the long direction; or otherwise stretched (see 13.8).8. Conditioning8.1 Prior to testing, precondition and condition the test specimens and the crock squares for crock testing as di-rected in ASTM D 1776, Conditioning Textiles for Testing. Condition each spec-imen for at least 4 h in an atmosphere of 21 ± 1°C (70 ± 2°F) and 65 ± 2% RH by laying each test specimen or crock square separately on a screen or perforated shelf of conditioning rack.9. Procedures9.1 Dry Crocking Test.9.1.1 Place a test specimen on the base of the Crockmeter resting flat on the abra-sive cloth with its long dimension in the direction of rubbing (see 13.6 and 13.7).9.1.2 Place specimen holder over speci-men as an added means to prevent slippage.9.1.3 Mount a white test cloth square,the weave parallel with the direction of rubbing, over the end of the finger which projects downward from the weighted sliding arm. Use the special spiral wire clip to hold the test square in place. Posi-tion the clip with loops upward. If the loops point downward they can drag against the test specimen.9.1.4 Lower the covered finger onto the test specimen. Beginning with the finger positioned at the front end, crank the meter handle 10 complete turns at the rate of one turn per second to slide the covered finger back and forth 20 times. Set and run the motorized tester for 10 complete turns. Refer to individual specifications for any other required number of turns.9.1.5 Remove the white test cloth square, condition (see 8.1) and evaluate as directed in Section 10. In the case of napped, brushed or sanded material when loose fiber might interfere with the rating,remove the extraneous fibrous material by pressing lightly on the crock circle with the sticky side of cellophane tape before evaluating.9.2 Wet Crocking Test.9.2.1 Establish technique (see 13.10)for preparing wet crock cloth squares by weighing a conditioned square, then thor-oughly wet out white testing square in distilled water. Prepare only one square at a time.9.2.2 Weigh dry crock square. Using a syringe tube, graduated pipette or auto-matic pipetter, draw up water in mL to 0.65 times weight of crocking square. If crocking square weight equals 0.24 gm,the mL used would be 0.24 × 0.65 = 0.16mL. Lay crocking square on white plasticmesh over a dish. Apply water evenly over crocking square and weigh the wet square. Calculate wet pickup according to instructions in AATCC Methods 8 and 116, Colorfastness to Crocking test meth-ods. If needed, adjust the amount of water used to wet the square and using a new crocking square, repeat steps. When 65 ±5% wet pickup is achieved, record the amount of water used. Draw up the re-corded amount of water into the syringe tube, graduated pipette or automatic pi-petter for each wet crocking performed during the current day. Repeat this pro-cess each day.9.2.3 Avoid evaporative reduction of the moisture content below the specified level before the actual crock test is run.9.2.4 Continue as directed in 9.1.9.2.5 Air dry the white test square, then condition (see 8.1) before evaluating. In the case of napped, brushed or sanded material when loose fiber might interfere with the rating, remove the extraneous fibrous material by pressing lightly on the crock circle with the sticky side of cello-phane tape before evaluating.10. Evaluation10.1 Rate the amount of color trans-ferred from the specimen to the white test square under examination by means of the Chromatic Transference Scale or the Gray Scale for Staining (see 13.11 and 13.14).10.2 Back the test square with three layers of white test cloth while evaluating.10.3 Rate dry and wet crocking fast-ness by means of the Gray Scale for Staining or the 9-step AATCC Chromatic Transference Scale. (Usage of these scales is discussed in AATCC Evaluation Procedures 2, 3 and 8, respectively.)Grade 5—negligible or no color transfer.Grade 4.5—color transfer equivalent to Step 4-5 on the Gray Scale for Staining or Row 4.5 on the 9-step AA TCC Chro-matic Transference Scale.Grade 4—color transfer equivalent to Step 4 on the Gray Scale for Staining or Row 4 on the 9-step AATCC Chromatic Transference Scale.Grade 3.5—color transfer equivalent to Step 3-4 on the Gray Scale for Staining or Row 3.5 on the 9-step AA TCC Chro-matic Transference Scale.Grade 3—color transfer equivalent to Step 3 on the Gray Scale for Staining or Row 3 on the 9-step AATCC ChromaticTransference Scale.Grade 2.5—color transfer equivalent to Step 2-3 on the Gray Scale for Staining or Row 2.5 on the 9-step AATCC Chro-matic Transference Scale.Grade 2—color transfer equivalent to Step 2 on the Gray Scale for Staining or Row 2 on the 9-step AATCC Chromatic Transference Scale.Grade 1.5—color transfer equivalent to Step 1-2 on the Gray Scale for Staining or Row 1.5 on the 9-step AATCC Chro-matic Transference Scale.Grade 1—color transfer equivalent to Step 1 on the Gray Scale for Staining or Row 1 on the 9-step AATCC Chromatic Transference Scale.10.4 Average individual results to the nearest 0.1 grade when multiple speci-mens are tested or when a panel of evalu-ators rate color transfer.11. Report11.1 State whether dry or wet crocking test.11.2 Report the grade determined in 10.3.11.3 Report the grade determined in 10.4 to the nearest 0.1 grade.11.4 State whether Gray Scale for Staining or Chromatic Transference Scale was used for evaluating staining (see 13.5, 13.9).11.5 If any pretreatment or aftertreat-ment was given to any specimens (see 1.3) indicate method of treatment.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision. An interlaboratory test was conducted in 1986 to establish the precision of the test method. Testing was conducted under the normal atmospheric conditions of each laboratory and not necessarily under ASTM standard condi-tions. Two operators at each of 12 labora-tories evaluated 5 fabrics in 3 replications by both dry and wet test method. Each of 3 raters independently rated the stained crock squares using both the Gray Scale for Staining and the Chromatic Transfer-ence Scale. The original data is on file at the AATCC Technical Center.12.1.1 The components of variance as standard deviations of the Gray Scale for Staining or Chromatic Transference Scale rating units are given in Table I.12.1.2 Critical differences are given in Table II.Table I—Components of VarianceTest ScaleDryWetChromatic Gray ChromaticGray Single Operator/Rater Within Laboratory Between Laboratory0.200.200.100.200.190.170.240.310.380.250.340.54Copyright © 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and ColoristsAATCC Technical Manual/2008TM 8-20071912.1.3 Example for determining be-tween laboratory differences using one observer and the chromatic scale are given in Table III.Interpretation: For the dry crock test,since the difference between labs is less than the critical differences in 12.1.2(0.82), the difference in results is not sig-nificant. For the wet crock test, since the difference between labs is greater than the critical difference (1.53), the differ-ence in results is significant.12.2 Bias. The true value of colorfast-ness to crocking can only be defined in terms of a test method. Within this limita-tion, this test method has no known bias.13. Notes13.1 For carpets, AATCC Method 165, Col-orfastness to Crocking: Carpets—AATCC Crockmeter Method, under the jurisdiction of Committee RA57, Floor Covering Test Meth-ods, should be used.13.2 The AATCC Crockmeter provides a reciprocating rubbing motion simulating the action of a human finger and forearm.13.3 The AATCC Crockmeter is so de-signed that the 16 ± 0.3 mm (0.625 ± 0.01 in.)diameter finger moves back and forth, with each complete turn of the crank, in a straight line along a 104 ± 3 mm track on the speci-men, with a downward force of 9 N ± 10%(2lb ± 10%). Two models, a manual and a motorized Crockmeter are available fromSDL Atlas L.L.C., 1813A Associate Lane,Charlotte NC 28217; tel: 704/329-0911; fax:704/329-0914; e-mail: info@.Comparable apparatus, such as the Crock-master, both manual and motorized, is available from James H. Heal & Co. Ltd.,Richmond Works, Halifax HX3 6EP, Eng-land; tel: 44 1422 366355; fax: 44 1422352440; e-mail: info@.13.4 Crockmeter Test Cloth is available from Testfabrics Inc., P.O. Box 26, 415 Dela-ware St., W. Pittston PA 18643; tel: 570/603-0432; fax: 570/603-0433; e-mail: testfabric@; or Textile Innovators Corp., div. of SDL Atlas L.L.C., 3934 Airway Drive, Rock Hill SC 29732; tel: 803/329-2110; fax: 803/329-2133; e-mail: info@.13.4.1 Crockmeter Test Cloth should meet the following specifications:Fiber100% 10.3-16.8 mm combed cotton staple, desized,bleached, with no optical brightener or finishing mate-rial presentYarn 15 tex (40/1 cotton count),5.9 turns/cm “z”Thread count 32 ± 3 warp ends/cm: 33 ± 3picks filling/cmWeave 1/1 plain pH 7 ± 0.5Mass/sq meter 113 ± 5 g greige: 100 ± 3 gfinishedWhiteness W = 80 ± 2 (Method 110)13.5 The Chromatic Transference Scale,Gray Scales for Staining and White AATCC Textile Blotting Paper are available from AATCC, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park NC 27709; tel: 919/549-8141; fax: 919/549-8933; e-mail: orders@.13.6 Accidental damage to the rubbing fin-ger, spiral clip or abrasive paper should be repaired as follows: neatly renew the abrasive paper; bend the clip further open or shut around a rod slightly smaller in diameter than the crock peg; resurface the finger by move-ment on an extra piece of fine emery cloth in amanner simulating regular use.13.7 The abrasive material currently sup-plied with the Crockmeter is “Wet or Dry Waterproof Silicon Carbide, W-320-A, Soft Back.” Replacement pieces are available from SDL Atlas L.L.C., 1813A Associate Lane,Charlotte NC 28217; tel: 704/329-0911; fax:704/329-0914; e-mail: info@.13.8 For more convenient crock testing of multiple strands of yarn or thread a dowel at-tachment is useful. This attachment was de-veloped to avoid the tendency of the standard finger to dig into and push aside the yarns, or slide off them and possibly give erroneous results. This attachment is 25 mm in diameter by 51 mm long. Positioned on its side and held in place by the standard finger, it provides a wider test area, and holds the white test square by two spring loaded clips. For additional in-formation on this development see the article by C. R. Trommer, “Modification of the AATCC Crockmeter for Yarn Testing,” Amer-ican Dyestuff Reporter , V ol. 45, No. 12, p357,June 4, 1956; also see articles by S. Korpanty and C. R. Trommer, “An Improved Crock-meter for Yarn Testing,” American Dyestuff Reporter , V ol. 48, No. 6, p40, March 23, 1959.A yarn testing finger kit for installation on the Crockmeter is available from SDL Atlas L.L.C., 1813A Associate Lane, Charlotte NC 28217; tel: 704/329-0911; fax: 704/329-0914;e-mail: info@.13.9 It has been noted that different grades may result depending upon whether the Gray Scale for Staining or Chromatic Trans-ference Scale is used for the evaluation. It is,therefore, important to report which scale was used.13.10 Experienced operators do not have to repeat this weighing procedure during a test session once the technique is established.13.11 For very critical evaluations and in cases of arbitration, grades must be based on the Gray Scale for Staining.13.12 For a discussion of crock testing, see the article by J. Patton, “Crock Test Problems can be Prevented,” Textile Chemist and Color-ist , V ol. 21, No. 3, p13, March 1989; and “Test-ing for Crocking: Some Problems and Pitfalls”by Allan E. Gore, Textile Chemists and Color-ists , V ol. 21, No. 3, p17, March 1989.13.13 For prints where the singling out of areas too small to test with the standard AATCC Crockmeter is necessary, see AATCC Method 116, Rotary Vertical Crockmeter Method. Specimens tested by both test methods may show dissimilar results. There is no known correlation between the two methods.13.14 An automated electronic grading sys-tem may be used as long as the system has been demonstrated to provide results that are equal to and provide equal or better repeatabil-ity and reproducibility than an experienced grader performing visual evaluation.13.15 Crockmeter Verification Cloth is available from Textile Innovators Corp., div of SDL Atlas L.L.C., 3934 Airway Drive, Rock Hill SC 29732; tel: 803/329-2110; fax: 803/329-2133; e-mail: info@. Details on the performance of the current lot of Crockmeter Verification Cloth are available from the AATCC Technical Center.Table II—Critical DifferencesFor the components of variance in Table I, two averages of observed values should be considered significantly different at the 95% probability level if the difference equals or exceeds the following critical differences.Test ScaleNo. of ObservationsDryWetChromatic Gray ChromaticGray Single Operator/Rater 1350.550.320.240.540.310.240.680.390.300.700.400.31Within Laboratory 1350.770.600.600.750.610.57 1.080.930.90 1.171.021.00Between Laboratory1350.820.690.660.890.770.741.531.431.411.901.811.79The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.96 which is based on infinite degrees of freedom.Table III—Crock Test ResultsDryWet Lab A 4.5 3.5Lab B 4.0 1.5Difference0.52.0。