Chapter 2 - Causes of Crop Loss in Canada

九年级英语精彩答案九年级英语精彩答案听力部分：第一节：1. What did the man do yesterday?答案：He watched a football match.2. Where did the woman go yesterday?答案：She went shopping.3. What sport does the man like best?答案：He likes basketball best.4. How did the woman feel about the traffic?答案：She felt it was terrible.5. What time does the man arrive at school?答案：At 7:45.第二节：6. Who is the girl talking to?答案：She is talking to her friend.7. What subject is the girl good at?答案：She is good at English.8. What did the boy buy for his sister?答案：He bought a book for her.9. What does the girl want to be when she grows up? 答案：She wants to be a fashion designer.10. What problem does the boy have?答案：He has trouble sleeping.听力材料：第一节：1. M: What did you do yesterday?W: I went shopping. How about you?M: I watched a football match.2. M: The traffic was terrible yesterday. Did you have any trouble? W: Yes, it was awful! I was stuck in it for nearly an hour.3. W: What sport do you like best?M: I like basketball best.4. M: How did you feel about the film?W: I think it was really good, but the ending was a bit confusing.5. W: What time do you arrive at school?M: I usually arrive at 7:45.第二节：6. W: Hi, Jane! Who are you talking to?M: Oh, I'm talking to my friend on the phone.7. W: What subject are you good at?M: I'm good at English.8. M: What did you buy for your sister's birthday?W: I bought her a book.9. W: What do you want to be when you grow up?M: I want to be a fashion designer.10. M: What's the matter? You look tired.W: I have trouble sleeping.阅读部分：A Life without ComputersA computer is a machine that we use almost every day. We can do many things with a computer. But what would life be like without computers?First of all, we wouldn't be able to use the Internet. We wouldn't be able tosend emails, play online games or do research on the web. We would have to rely on books and newspapers for information. Secondly, we wouldn't be able to use computers to do our work or study. We wouldn't be able to write essays or reports on the computer. We would have to write everything on paper.However, life would still go on. We would still be able to talk to friends and family in person. We would still be able to listen to music or watch television. We would just have to do things the old-fashioned way.So, maybe life without computers wouldn't be so bad after all!11. What is a computer?答案：A machine that we use almost every day.12. What wouldn't we be able to do without computers?答案：We wouldn't be able to use the Internet, send emails, do research on the web, or write essays or reports on the computer.13. What would we have to rely on for information without computers?答案：Books and newspapers.14. How would we write everything without computers?答案：We would have to write everything on paper.15. Would life still go on without computers?答案：Yes, life would still go on.BMy HobbiesI have many hobbies that I enjoy doing in my free time. One of my favorite hobbies is playing basketball. I play basketball every weekend with my friends. We have a lot of fun and it's a great way to get exercise.Another hobby of mine is reading. I love to read all kinds of books, but my favorite type of book is science fiction. I can spend hours reading a good science fiction book.I also like to travel. I have been to many countries around the world and I hope to visit even more. It's a great way to experience different cultures and to learn about the world.In addition, I enjoy playing video games. I play video games with my brother and we have a lot of fun. It's a great way to relax and unwind after a long day.16. What is one of the writer's favorite hobbies?答案：Playing basketball.17. Who does the writer play basketball with?答案：The writer plays basketball with friends.18. What is the writer's favorite type of book?答案：Science fiction.19. How long can the writer spend reading a good science fiction book?答案：The writer can spend hours reading a good science fiction book. 20. Who does the writer play video games with?答案：The writer plays video games with their brother.完形填空部分：What is climate change?Climate change is a long-term shift in global or _______ climate patterns. Itaffects the Earth's temperature, rainfall, winds, and other features. It is caused primarily by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun and cause the Earth's temperature to rise.The effects of climate change can be _______ to people and the environment. They include rising sea levels, extreme weather events, decreased crop yields, and melting polar ice caps. These changes can lead to food and water shortages, the spread of disease, and the loss of _______species.There are steps that can be taken to _______the effects of climate change. These include using renewable energy sources, reducing waste and pollution, and conserving energy. Governments and individuals can work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the planet.Climate change is a serious issue that affects us all. We must take action to mitigate its effects and protect our planet for future generations.21. What is climate change?答案：A long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns.22. What causes climate change?答案：Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.23. What are the effects of climate change?答案：Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, decreased crop yields, and melting polar ice caps. These changes can lead to food and water shortages, the spread of disease, and the loss of species.24. What steps can be taken to mitigate the effects of climate change?答案：Using renewable energy sources, reducing waste and pollution, and conserving energy.25. Who can work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the planet?答案：Governments and individuals.。

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C]or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 , to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you’ll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent.7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.1. [A] therefore[B] however[C] again[D]moreover2. [A] Emphasize[B] Identify[C] Access[D] Explain3. [A] nearly[B] curiously[C] eagerly[D] quickly4. [A] claim[B] prove[C] check[D]recall5. [A] ignored[B] threatened[C] mocked[D] blamed6. [A] punctuality[B] hospitality[C] competition[D] innovation7. [A] Yet[B] So[C] Besides[D] Still8. [A] hired[B] trained[C] rewarded[D] grouped9. [A] only[B] rather[C] once[D] also10. [A] comfort[B] revenue[C] efficiency[D] security11. [A] friendly[B] quiet[C] cautious[D] diligent12. [A]purpose[B] problem[C] prejudice[D] policy13. [A] reported[B] revealed[C] admitted[D] noticed14. [A] break[B] trip[C] department[D] transfer15. [A] moral[B] background[C] style[D] form16. [A] interpret[B] criticize[C] sacrifice[D] tolerate17. [A] task[B] secret[C] protect[D] cost18. [A] leading to[B] calling for[C] relating to[D] accounting for19. [A] specify[B] predict[C] restore[D] create20. [A] modify[B] review[C] present[D] achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1“Reskilling” is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review, finds that on average 42 per cent of the “core skills” within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy, ultimately retraining 18,000 employers. Prepandemic, other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical filed, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: when forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests .[A]a controversy about the “core skills”[B]an increase in full-time employment[C]an urgent demand for new job skills[D]a steady growth of job opportunities22.AT&T is cited to show .[A]an immediate need for government support[B]an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy[C]the characteristics of reskilling programs[D]the importance of staff appraisal standards23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada .[A]have appeared to be insufficient[B]have driven up labour costs[C]have proved to be inconsistent[D]have met with fierce opposition24.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was .[A]a sign of economic recovery[B]a call for policy adjustment[C]a change on hiring practices[D]a lack of medical workers25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to .[A]create job vacancies for the unemployed[B]retrain their cabin staff for better services[C]prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs[D]finance their staff’s college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation’s health. Sounds great –but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per cent of the country’s total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn’t allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively – meaning fewer green fields, and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn’t help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn’t have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country’s land is suitab le for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg –which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes – we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would .[A]be hindered by its population growth[B]contribute to the nation's well-being[C]become a priority of the government[D]pose a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK .[A]farmland has been inefficiently utilized[B]factory-style production needs reforming[C]most land is used for meat and dairy production[D]more green fields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to .[A]its farming technology[B]its dietary tradition[C]its natural conditions[D]its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people .[A]rely largely on imports for fresh produce[B]enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption[C]are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake[D]are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The author's attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is .[A]defensive[B]doubtful[C]tolerant[D]optimisticText 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015. It picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft’s own Office dominates the market for “productivity” software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, mak ing them two of the many “acqui-hires” that the biggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for tech-talent.To Microsoft’s critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovati ve companies that lie in their path. “They bought the seedlings and closed them down,” complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors. Mr. Arnold’s own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: “I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don't know.”The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5tn, rifling through such small deals—many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise—might seem beside the point. Between them, the five companies (Apple, Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Facebook) have spent an average of only $3.4bn a year on sub-$1bn acquisitions over the past five years—a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a “buy and kill” tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?[A]Their engineers were retained.[B]Their market values declined.[C]Their tech features improved.[D]Their products were re-priced.32.Microsoft’s critics believe that the big tech companies tend to .[A]exaggerate their product quality[B]eliminate their potential competitors[C]treat new tech talent unfairly[D]ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might .[A]weaken big tech companies[B]worsen market competition[C]harm the national economy[D]discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to .[A]limit Big Tech’s expansion[B]encourage research collaboration[C]examine small acquisitions[D]supervise start-ups’ operations35.For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have .[A]brought little financial pressure[B]raised few management challenges[C]set an example for future deals[D]generated considerable profitsText 4We’re fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed “thin slicing,” the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor’s overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students’ end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected thatdeliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other res earch shows we’re better at detecting deception and sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. “It’s as if you’re driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you sta rt thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you’re fine. Much of our social life is like that.”Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students’ ratings of strawbe rry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’ opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex—when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition’s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition (“gut feelings,” “hunches,” “my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.Nalini Ambady’s study deals with .[A] the power of people’s memory[B] the reliability of first impressions[C] instructor student interaction[D] people’s ability to influence others37.In Ambady’s study, rating accuracy dropped when participants .[A] focused on specific details[B] gave the rating in limited time[C] watched shorter video clips[D] discussed with one another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to show that .[A] reflection can be distracting[B] memory can be selective[C] social skills must be cultivated[D] deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to .[A] collect enough data[B] list your preferences[C] seek expert advice[D] follow your feelings40.What can we learn from the last paragraph?[A] Generating new products takes time.[B] Intuition may affect reflective tasks.[C] Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.[D] Objective thinking may boost inventiveness.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Be realistic about the risksD.Identify a shared goalE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Don't make judgmentsHow to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than You Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won’t work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic. What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether it’s worth speaki ng up? And if you do, what exactly should you say?41.You may decide it’s best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe “you haven’t finished thinking the problem through, the whole discussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks,” says Weeks. “If you think othe r people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to your thinking—all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid.” It’s also a good idea to delay the conversation if you’re in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42.Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about—it may be “the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time,” says Grenny. You’re more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a “higher purpose.” When you do speak up, don’t assume the link will be clear. You’ll want to state it overtly, contextualizi ng your statements so that you’re seen not as a disagreeable underling but as a colleague who’s trying to advance a shared goal. The discussion will then become “more like a chess game than a boxing match,” says Weeks.43.This step may sound overly de ferential, but, according to Grenny, it’s a smart way to give the powerful person “psychological safety” and control. You can say something like, “I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won’t work. I’d like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?” This gives the person a choice, “allowing them to verbally opt in,” says Grenny. And, assuming they say yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44.You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message, Weeks says. It sends “a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what to read,” she explains. Deep breaths can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. “When we feel panicky we tend to talk louder and faster. You don’t want to be mousey or talk in a whisper, but simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps calm the other person down and does the same for you,” says Grenny. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren’t.45.Emphasize that you’re offering your opinion, not “gospel truth,” says Grenny. “It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it’s still an opinion, so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.” Instead of saying something like, “If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we’ll never make it,” say, “This is just my opinion, but I don’t see how we will make that deadline.” Weeks suggests adding a lot of “guiding phrases” like “I’m thinking aloud here.” This will leave room for dialogue. Having asserted your position (as a position, not as a fact), “demonstrate equal curiosity about other views,” says Grenny. Remind the person that this is your point of view, and then invite critique. Weeks suggests trying something like, “Tell me where I’m wrong with this.” Be genuinely open to hearing other opinions.”Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection, laughter, and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time, however, this belief is false. As it turns out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk—and may even be flattered to receive your attention.Section ⅣWritingPart A47.Directions：Suppose you are organizing an online meeting. Write an email to Jack, an international student, to1)invite him to participate, and2)tell him the details.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)2021年答案速查表Section I Use of English (10 points)1. B2. A3. D4. C5. A6. A7. B8. C9. D 10. B11. C 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. DSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)Text 1 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. CText 2 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. A 30. BText 3 31. A 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. AText 4 36. B 37. A 38. A 39. D 40. BPart B (10 points)41. E 42. D 43. F 44. A 45. BSection III (15 points)我们通常认为，情感、欢笑和温暖最主要的来源是朋友及家人。

drought 英语介绍What is Drought?Drought is a prolonged period of abnormally dry weather, resulting in a shortage of water supply for various uses such as irrigation, household consumption, and industrial processes. It is a natural disaster that can have severe impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, economies, and human lives. Droughts can occur in any climate zone and can range in duration, severity, and geographic extent. In this article, we will delve deeper into the causes, effects, and strategies for mitigating the impacts of drought.Causes of DroughtSeveral factors contribute to the onset of drought, including natural variability in climate patterns and anthropogenic activities. Natural causes of drought include weather patterns like El Niño and La Niña, which can disrupt rainfall patterns and lead to prolonged dry periods. Climate change also plays a role in increasing the frequency and intensity of droughts, altering precipitation patterns and exacerbating water scarcity in certain regions.Human activities can also contribute to the occurrence of drought. Deforestation, for instance, reduces the capacity of forests to retain water, leading to decreased water availability in adjacent areas. Additionally, excessive water consumption by agriculture and industrial sectors can deplete water sources, exacerbating drought conditions. Poor water management practices, such as inefficient irrigation methods and inadequate water storage infrastructure, can further amplify the impacts of drought.Effects of DroughtDrought can have extensive impacts on various sectors and ecosystems. The agricultural sector is particularly susceptible, as crops and livestock depend heavily on water for growth and sustenance. Droughts can lead to crop failures, reduced agricultural yields, and livestock deaths, causing food shortages and price hikes. In addition to the immediate economic consequences, the longterm effects of drought on agriculture can include soil degradation, reduced soil fertility, and loss of vegetation cover.Ecosystems also suffer during droughts, with decreased water availability disrupting natural processes and habitats. Rivers, lakes, and groundwaterreservoirs can dry up, threatening the survival of aquatic species and diminishing biodiversity. Forests become vulnerable to wildfires, as dry vegetation becomes highly flammable. Moreover, droughts can lead to ecological imbalances, such as invasive species proliferation, which can further harm native flora and fauna.Droughts also impact human lives and economies. Water scarcity affects human health and hygiene, with a higher risk of waterborne diseases. Indigenous communities and disadvantaged populations are particularly vulnerable, as they often lack access to alternative water sources or means to cope with the impacts of drought. Economic sectors such as energy production, manufacturing, and tourism can also suffer as water scarcity hampers operations, increases costs, and decreases productivity.Mitigation and Adaptation StrategiesTo mitigate the impacts of drought, a combination of preventive measures, water management strategies, and adaptive practices are necessary. Integrated water resources management (IWRM) plays a crucial role in drought mitigation by balancing water supply and demand. This involves improving water efficiency, implementing water conservation practices, and promoting sustainable water use across sectors.Investing in water storage infrastructure, such as dams and reservoirs, increases water availability during dry periods. Implementing watersaving technologies and encouraging practices like rainwater harvesting and wastewater reuse also contribute to mitigating the impacts of drought. Moreover, enhancing soil conservation practices, such as afforestation and conservation agriculture, can improve soil moisture retention and reduce the effects of drought on agriculture.In terms of adaptive measures, enhancing early warning systems, drought monitoring, and forecasting can enable timely preparedness and response actions. Government agencies, in collaboration with local communities, should develop drought contingency plans that outline water allocation priorities, emergency response measures, and alternative water sources. Diversifying water sources through investment in desalination plants, interbasin water transfers, and water recycling can help alleviate the impacts of drought.Building resilience to drought also requires raising awareness and educating the public about water conservation practices and sustainable water use. Encouraging behavioral changes and promoting watersaving habits at home, schools, and workplaces can contribute to longterm watersecurity. Additionally, supporting research and innovation in waterrelated technologies and practices can lead to more efficient and sustainable solutions for drought management.ConclusionDrought is a complex phenomenon that poses significant challenges to ecosystems, economies, and human wellbeing. Addressing the causes and impacts of drought requires a multidimensional approach that involves climate change mitigation, water management strategies, and adaptive measures. By implementing comprehensive and integrated solutions, societies can build resilience and ensure water security in the face of future drought events.。

描述天气现象英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Weather phenomena are a fascinating aspect of nature that have always captivated humans. From the serene beauty of a clear blue sky to the awe-inspiring power of a violent thunderstorm, the weather constantly surrounds us and impacts our daily lives. In this essay, I will describe some of the most common weather phenomena and the ways in which they affect the world around us.One of the most common weather phenomena is rain. Rain occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into droplets that fall to the ground. Rain is essential for sustaining life on Earth, as it provides the necessary moisture for plants to grow and thrive. However, excessive rainfall can lead to flooding and other hazards, while prolonged droughts can cause crop failures and water shortages.Another common weather phenomenon is wind. Wind is simply the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Wind can range from a gentle breeze to apowerful gale, and it plays a crucial role in shaping the Earth's climate and weather patterns. Wind can also carry pollutants and allergens, making it an important factor in air quality and human health.Thunderstorms are another fascinating weather phenomenon. Thunderstorms occur when warm, moist air rises rapidly in the atmosphere, creating unstable conditions that lead to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. These towering clouds can produce lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and even hail. Thunderstorms are a common occurrence in many parts of the world and can be both beautiful and dangerous.Snow and ice are two more weather phenomena that are particularly prevalent in colder regions. Snow forms when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals, which then fall to the ground as snowflakes. Snow can create stunning winter landscapes, but it can also cause transportation disruptions and pose hazards to people and animals. Ice is another form of precipitation that occurs when rain freezes upon contact with a cold surface, creating icy conditions that can be treacherous to navigate.Fog is a weather phenomenon that occurs when the air near the ground becomes saturated with moisture, leading toreduced visibility. Fog can form in a variety of conditions, including when warm air moves over a cold surface or when cool air settles into low-lying areas. Fog can make driving and flying hazardous, as it can obscure road signs and runway lights, making it difficult to see ahead.Tornadoes and hurricanes are some of the most powerful and destructive weather phenomena on Earth. Tornadoes are violent, rotating columns of air that form within severe thunderstorms and can cause widespread damage in a matter of minutes. Hurricanes are large, swirling storms that form over warm ocean waters and can bring high winds, heavy rain, and flooding to coastal areas. Both tornadoes and hurricanes are capable of causing devastation and loss of life, making them some of the most feared weather phenomena in the world.In conclusion, weather phenomena are an integral part of our natural environment and play a crucial role in shaping the world around us. From the gentle caress of a summer breeze to the raw power of a hurricane, weather phenomena are a constant reminder of the beauty and unpredictability of nature. By observing and understanding these phenomena, we can better prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the world we inhabit.篇2Weather is a fascinating aspect of our environment that can greatly impact our daily lives. From sunny days to stormy nights, the weather can change rapidly and drastically. In this essay, we will explore different weather phenomena and how they affect us.One of the most common weather phenomena is rain. Rain occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ground as precipitation. Rain can be a gentle drizzle or a heavy downpour, and it can last for minutes or days. Rain is essential for plants, animals, and humans to survive, as it provides much-needed moisture for growth and hydration.Another common weather phenomenon is wind. Wind is created by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface, which causes air to move from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas. Wind can be a gentle breeze or a powerful gust, and it can carry dust, pollen, and other particles with it. Wind is also responsible for shaping the Earth's surface through processes like erosion and deposition.Thunderstorms are a more intense weather phenomenon that can bring heavy rain, strong winds, lightning, and thunder.Thunderstorms occur when warm, moist air rises and cools, forming cumulonimbus clouds. Lightning is created by the discharge of electricity between the positively charged top of a cloud and the negatively charged ground. Thunder is the sound produced by the rapid expansion and contraction of air heated by lightning.Tornadoes are one of the most destructive weather phenomena, with powerful winds that can reach speeds of over 200 mph. Tornadoes form when warm, moist air collides with cold, dry air, creating a rotating updraft. The spinning air tightens into a funnel cloud, which can touch down as a tornado. Tornadoes can destroy buildings, uproot trees, and cause significant damage in a matter of minutes.Blizzards are another dangerous weather phenomenon, characterized by heavy snowfall, high winds, and cold temperatures. Blizzards occur when warm air from the Gulf of Mexico clashes with cold air from Canada, creating intense snowstorms. Blizzards can create whiteout conditions, where visibility is reduced to near zero, making travel dangerous and difficult.In conclusion, weather phenomena are an integral part of our natural world, shaping our environment and influencing ourdaily lives. From rain and wind to thunderstorms and tornadoes, each weather phenomenon has its own unique characteristics and impacts. By understanding and respecting these phenomena, we can better prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing weather around us.篇3Weather is a fascinating topic that affects all of us on a daily basis. From sunny skies to thunderstorms, each type of weather phenomenon has its own unique characteristics and impact on our lives. In this essay, we will explore some of the most common weather phenomena and how they shape our world.One of the most common weather phenomena is rain. Rain occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into droplets and falls to the ground. Rain can vary in intensity, from a light drizzle to a heavy downpour. It is important for the health of plants and animals, as it provides much-needed water for growth and hydration. However, excessive rain can lead to flooding and damage to property.Another common weather phenomenon is wind. Wind is caused by the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. It can be gentle and refreshing, or strongand destructive. Wind is important for dispersing seeds, pollinating plants, and generating power through wind turbines. However, strong winds can also cause damage by toppling trees, blowing down power lines, and creating dangerous conditions for outdoor activities.Snow is another fascinating weather phenomenon, especially for those who live in colder climates. Snow forms when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals, which then fall to the ground as snowflakes. Snow can create a beautiful winter wonderland, but it can also cause transportation delays, school closures, and power outages. Snow is important for insulating the ground, providing moisture for plants, and replenishing freshwater supplies.One of the most awe-inspiring weather phenomena is the rainbow. Rainbows occur when sunlight is refracted, or bent, by water droplets in the atmosphere. This creates a spectrum of colors that arcs across the sky. Rainbows are a symbol of hope and beauty, and they are often seen as a sign of good luck. People have marveled at rainbows for centuries, and they continue to inspire wonder and joy in our modern world.Thunderstorms are another powerful weather phenomenon that can be both exciting and dangerous. Thunderstorms formwhen warm, moist air rises and cools, creating towering cumulonimbus clouds. Lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and strong winds are common features of thunderstorms. While thunderstorms can be beautiful to watch from a distance, they can also bring havoc in the form of downed trees, hail, flash floods, and tornadoes. It is important to take shelter during a thunderstorm and stay safe until the storm has passed.In conclusion, weather phenomena are an integral part of our lives and our planet. From rain and wind to snow and rainbows, each type of weather phenomenon has its own unique characteristics and impact on our world. By learning more about these phenomena and how they form, we can better understand and appreciate the wonders of the natural world. Next time you step outside and feel the sun on your face, or watch a rainbow arc across the sky, take a moment to marvel at the beauty and power of the weather around you.。

自然灾害英语作文思维导图Natural disasters are unpredictable events that can have devastating consequences on human lives, infrastructure, and the environment. These catastrophic occurrences are often the result of complex interactions between various natural phenomena and human activities. Understanding the causes, effects, and mitigation strategies of natural disasters is crucial in order to minimize their impact and ensure the safety and well-being of communities around the world.One of the most common and destructive natural disasters is the earthquake. Earthquakes are sudden and violent shaking of the Earth's surface caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's crust. They can range in magnitude from minor tremors to powerful quakes that can level entire cities. Earthquakes can trigger other natural disasters such as tsunamis, landslides, and fires, further exacerbating the damage and loss of life. Effective earthquake preparedness measures include building infrastructure that can withstand seismic activity, implementing early warning systems, and educating the public on emergency responseprocedures.Floods are another prevalent natural disaster that can have devastating consequences. Floods can be caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, dam failures, or coastal storm surges. They can lead to the destruction of homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure, as well as the contamination of water supplies and the spread of waterborne diseases. Flood mitigation strategies include constructing flood-resistant buildings, implementing drainage systems, and developing early warning and evacuation plans.Hurricanes, also known as typhoons or cyclones, are powerful tropical storms characterized by intense winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges. These natural disasters can cause widespread damage to coastal regions, including the destruction of homes, businesses, and infrastructure, as well as the displacement of thousands of people. Effective hurricane preparedness measures include strengthening building codes, improving emergency response systems, and educating the public on evacuation procedures.Wildfires are another type of natural disaster that can have far-reaching consequences. These uncontrolled, rapidly spreading fires can be sparked by lightning, human activity, or even spontaneous combustion. Wildfires can destroy vast swaths of forests, grasslands, and even urban areas, leading to the loss of human lives, thedestruction of property, and the disruption of ecosystems. Strategies to mitigate the impact of wildfires include implementing fire-resistant building materials, creating defensible spaces around homes, and conducting controlled burns to reduce fuel loads.Volcanic eruptions are another natural disaster that can have catastrophic effects. Volcanoes are openings in the Earth's surface that allow molten rock, gases, and other materials to escape from the planet's interior. Volcanic eruptions can produce a range of hazards, including lava flows, ash clouds, and pyroclastic flows, which can devastate surrounding areas and disrupt global air travel. Effective volcano monitoring and early warning systems, as well as the development of evacuation plans, are crucial in mitigating the impact of these natural disasters.In addition to these well-known natural disasters, there are also other types of natural events that can have significant consequences, such as drought, heatwaves, and severe storms. Drought, for example, can lead to water scarcity, crop failure, and the degradation of ecosystems, while heatwaves can cause heat-related illnesses and deaths, as well as strain on critical infrastructure. Severe storms, such as tornadoes, thunderstorms, and blizzards, can also cause widespread damage and disruption to communities.Regardless of the type of natural disaster, the impact on human livesand the environment can be profound. Natural disasters can lead to the loss of human life, the destruction of homes and businesses, the disruption of essential services, and the degradation of natural ecosystems. Moreover, the effects of natural disasters can be long-lasting, with communities often struggling to recover and rebuild in the aftermath.To mitigate the impact of natural disasters, a comprehensive approach is necessary. This includes improving early warning systems, strengthening infrastructure, enhancing emergency response capabilities, and promoting public awareness and education. Additionally, efforts to address the underlying causes of natural disasters, such as climate change and environmental degradation, are crucial in building more resilient and sustainable communities.In conclusion, natural disasters are complex and multifaceted phenomena that require a holistic understanding and a coordinated response. By understanding the causes, effects, and mitigation strategies of natural disasters, we can work towards building more resilient and sustainable communities that are better equipped to withstand and recover from these events. Through continued research, innovation, and collaboration, we can strive to minimize the devastating impacts of natural disasters and ensure the safety and well-being of people around the world.。

土地荒漠化英语作文带译文Desertification, a phenomenon where fertile land transforms into arid desert, is an issue of growing concern worldwide.It is a complex process driven by a combination of factors, including climate change, deforestation, and unsustainable agricultural practices. The following essay delves into the causes, consequences, and potential solutions for thispressing environmental challenge.Desertification is often the result of both natural processes and human activities. Droughts, for instance, can exacerbate the process by reducing the availability of water for vegetation. However, it is the human-induced factors thathave accelerated the rate of desertification. Overgrazing, deforestation, and the overexploitation of land foragriculture without proper soil conservation measures are leading contributors to this problem.The consequences of desertification are far-reaching and severe. It leads to a loss of biodiversity as plant andanimal species struggle to survive in the increasingly harsh conditions. Economically, it results in the decline of agricultural productivity, which can lead to food shortages and increased poverty among farming communities. Additionally, desertification can contribute to social instability and mass migration, as people are forced to leave their homes insearch of more hospitable environments.Addressing desertification requires a multifaceted approach. Sustainable land management practices, such as crop rotation, reforestation, and the use of drought-resistant plant species, can help to combat the issue. International cooperation isalso crucial, as many of the world's deserts cross national borders. Efforts to reduce global carbon emissions areequally important, as climate change is a significant factorin the expansion of deserts.In conclusion, desertification is a critical environmental issue that threatens the well-being of both ecosystems and human societies. By understanding its causes and working towards sustainable solutions, we can hope to mitigate its effects and preserve our planet for future generations.土地荒漠化是一个全球日益关注的问题，指的是肥沃土地变成干旱沙漠的现象。

话题08 动物保护Scientists say baby sharks are at risk of being born smaller and without the energy they need to survive because of warming oceans from climate change. Scientists studied epaulette sharks, which live off Australia and New Guinea. They found warmer conditions sped up the sharks' growing process, which meant the sharks were born earlier.John Mandelman, chief scientist of the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life said the findings could be used in the study of other sharks.Mandelman said it is widely believed that epaulette sharks are "hardy," or able to survive difficult conditions. "What it means is that this species is more vulnerable than we thought, and this could be true of other sharks," he added.The scientists studied 27 sharks using the New England Aquarium's reproduction program. Some were raised in average summer water temperatures. Others were raised in higher temperatures. They found the sharks raised in warmer temperatures weighed much less than those raised in average temperatures.One study this year found that worldwide numbers of oceanic sharks and rays dropped more than 70 percent between 1970 and 2018. Overfishing is a main concern, while climate change and pollution also threaten sharks.Carolyn Wheeler, a doctoral student at the University of Massachusetts Boston and the author of the epaulette shark study, said while all the sharks survived, those raised in warmer temperatures were not strong enough to survive for long in the wild. She added that if the sharks are born smaller than usual "they are probably going to have to start looking for food sooner — and they're going to have less time to adjust to their surroundings."Mariah Pfleger, an ocean scientist said the study should serve as a warning to ocean governing agencies that careful supervision is needed to prevent the loss of more sharks." This study further shows that sharks will not be immune to a warming ocean," Pfleger added.1．What does the author want to tell us in paragraph1?A．Oceans get warmer because of climate change.B．Climate change affects sharks’ growing process.C．New finding on short life span of sharks is released.D．Sharks are at risk of dying out.2．What do we know about epaulette sharks?A．They are sensitive to climate change.B．They can survive any difficult situation.C．Climate change has little effect on them.D．The situation is serious even for them.3．What can be inferred according to Mariah Pfleger?A．Overfishing and ocean pollution should be stopped.B．Sharks have to adjust themselves to warmer surroundings.C．Measures should be taken to prevent climate change.D．The number of sharks will continue dropping.4．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Baby Sharks Struggle to Survive in Warming OceanB．Whether Sharks Can Survive or Not Is a QuestionC．Climate Change Threatens Marine OrganismsD．The Premature Sharks Are Faced With ChallengesWhy did the little boy throw butter out of the window? He wanted to see the butterfly! That’s an old joke you’ve probably heard many times. B utterflies always carry away children.Most insects do not migrate(迁徙), because their life is not long enough. Except for one particular butterfly species-the monarch butterfly. Each November, monarch butterflies land on an unbelievable cross-country migration from the United States and Canada until they reach Mexico, where they overwinter until it’s time to begin their migration back home in March. The butterflies spend their time in concentrated areas of forest where they stick to the branches of trees, forming beautiful vast crowds. Monarchs are a truly important species-and they’re in danger.Just like living things, plants, insects or animals on the planet, monarchs play a vital role in the survival of our ecosystems. Butterflies-just like bees, also in great danger-help pollinate(授粉) plants, making them a significant contributor to crop growth and food production. They also serve as a food sourceto birds and other animals. The population of monarch butterflies has dropped a lot over the past few decades—a destructive 96. 5 percent. This has placed monarchs in danger of moving toward dying out. Several causes have contributed to the monarch’s decline. Climate change, loss of reproductive homes, and deforestation in Mexico’s forests where monarchs overwinter have all affected the butterfly’s migration pattern and home. But the most significant danger is the decline in milkweed, the plant where monarchs lay their eggs, and that serves as the only food source for caterpillars(幼虫). Much of the milkweed decline is due to agricultural practices that either remove this vital plant or destroy it through pesticides(农药). 5．Why do monarch butterflies move to Mexico?A．To survive the cold weather. B．To escape from being hunted.C．To take advantage of the flowers there. D．To cooperate with the bees there.6．How do monarch butterflies affect ecosystems?A．They help birds to catch their food. B．They produce seeds for wild plants.C．They contribute to crop production. D．They bring food to other animals.7．What’s the best title for the passage?A．Monarch Butterflies Migrate B．Butterflies Attract ChildrenC．Fight to Save Monarch Butterflies D．Monarch Butterflies Are in Danger8．What may be talked about following this passage?A．Why monarch butterflies decline.B．How monarch butterflies can be saved.C．How monarch butterflies reproduce.D．Why monarch butterflies migrate.Malaysia’s last rhinoceros(犀牛), Iman, died last November. Some skin, eggs and tissue are all that remain of her. Now, scientists plan to use experi mental technology to try to bring back Malaysia’s rhinos by using cells from Iman and two other dead rhinos.Muhammad, biologist at the International Islamic University of Malaysia, said, “If everything...well and everybody supports us, it’s not impossible.”Malaysia’s rhinos, the smallest among the world’s rhinos, once lived across Asia. But hunting and forest losses reduced their numbers. There are about 80 such rhinos left in Indonesia. But, in Malaysia, thespecies disappeared from the wild in 2015. Iman was 25 when she died at her home in a protected natural area on Borneo island. Tam, the country’s last male rhino, died there in May of 2019. Efforts to get the two to mate and produce young had failed.John Payne of the Borneo Rhino Alliance has worked to save Malaysia’s rhinos for about 40 years. He said that Tam was likely too old to produce good sperm. “To increase the chances of success, one should get sperm and eggs from the rhinos in Indonesia,” he said. But, Payne said Indonesia is not supportive of the idea.The Malaysian scientists plan to use cells from the dead rhinos to create an embryo. The embryo will then be placed into a living rhino, or a closely related animal, such as the horse. The plan is similar to one for the African northern white rhinoceros, of which there are only just two left. Even if it worked, the animals’ lack of diversity could create a threat to their long-term survival, Galli told Reuters.Indonesian scientist Arief Boediono is among those helping in Malaysia. Arief hopes that suecess there will help his country’s rhinos.“It may take five, 10, 20 years. I don’t know,” Arief said. “But there has already been some success involving lab rats in Japan, so that means there is a chance.”For now, however, Iman’s skin will be us ed to create a reproduction of the animal. It will be placed alongside a reproduction of Tam in a Borneo museum.9．What do Muhammad’s words actually mean?A．There are no chances of the successful rescue of Malaysia’s rhinos.B．Indonesia government is to bl ame for rhinos’ rescue and extinction.C．The world organizations should support the rhinos’ rescue.D．There exists hope for the rebirth of Malaysia’s rhinos.10．What accounts for rhinos’ extinction in Malaysia?A．Unexpected disaster. B．Shooting and narrowed habitats.C．Broken food chain. D．Climate changing continuously.11．What’s the best tile for the text?A．Scientists try to bring back Malaysia’s rhinos.B．An experimental technology is facing challenges.C．Welcome to team up to save wild animals.D．Rhinos in danger are drawing attention.12．What is the general tone of the text?A．Indifferent B．Objective. C．Ridiculous. D．Pessimistic.Passage4Voters in Colorado narrowly approved an initiative (计划), setting the stage for the return of gray wolves, which were wiped out in this area by the 1940s. This is the first time that a state has reintroduced an animal like this.The Colorado Parks and Wildlife department will lead the effort to establish a sustainable population of gray wolves in the western part of the state, beginning in 2022 or 2023. The Southern Rocky Mountains, where there used to be a lot of them, contain millions of acres of suitable habitat that could support several hundred wolves or more, biologists say.However, some say it’s unwise to leave the question to voters. “State biologists have previously declined to introduce wolves. There's a reason it's never been done before.” says Shawn Martini, spokesperson for Coloradans for Protecting Wildlife, noting that most supporters are from urban areas and they don't have to live alongside the animal, unlike people living in the countryside. Farmers and hunters don't favor the initiative, either. Farmers worry wolves will kill their cattle while hunters worry they will lose elk (驼鹿) to the predators.On the other hand, according to Jonathan Proctor, a conservationist with the Defenders of Wildlife, reintroducing wolves will restore Colorado's natural balance. They help thin out sick animals, maintaining healthy populations of deer and elk. The remains of wolf kills also provide food for “eaters of the dead”, including wolverines, eagles, and bears. He also emphasizes the experience of living with wolves in other places, like the Northern Rockies, has shown that wolves are not the threat people sometimes make them out to be. Reintroduction program biologists promise to make it a priority to work with people living alongside wolves, providing training and resources to keep the wolves out of the farms in the first place. And a program will be funded to pay farmers for their lost cattle.13．What can we learn about the Southern Rocky Mountains from the text?A．They are heavily populated. B．They were inhabited by wolves.C．They are in the east of Colorado. D．They are home to small animals.14．What's Shawn Martini's opinion about the return of the gray wolves?A．It's unfair to make it happen by voting.B．It's welcomed by urban and rural people.C．State biologists shouldn't have opposed it.D．The wolves should be put somewhere else.15．What will the program biologists probably do first?A．Buy more cattle. B．Reach out to the locals.C．Relocate the wolves. D．Clear the site for wolves.16．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Wolves are Coming Home. B．No Worries about Wolves.C．Always V ote for What is Right. D．Wolves Help Local Ecosystem.For animals that spend most of their lives in the high trees, gaps in the forest might as well be the Grand Canyon. These gaps are especially hard on gibbons(长臂猴); although larger males can leap across some gaps, females and the young can be cut off from food, companions, and even potential mates. Now, a new study suggests a couple of strong ropes could really help bridge the gap.Gibbons are at risk of extinction across Southeast Asia, largely because of habitat loss. With about 30 individuals left, the Hainan gibbon is considered the rarest primate(灵长类) on Earth. All of these animals live on the Hainan Bawangling National Nature Reserve. In July2014, a typhoon caused landslides across the reserve, creating gaps in the forest that were difficult for these primates to cross.To help reconnect the habitats, professional tree climbers set up an artificial " bridge"made of two mountaineering-grade ropes across a 15-meter-wide valley. Nearly 6 months later,the gibbons started to use the bridge to cross the gap, researchers report today in Scientific Reports. The team documented 52 crossings of a group of eight gibbons, with most walking along one rope while holding on to the second rope for support,which the scientists named"handrail". The gibbons also shimmied underneath the ropes using all arms and legs to the opposite side.Conservationists previously built artificial bridges to help other species such as the Bornean orangutan and the Javan slow loris. But this is the first example of the rare Hainan gibbon using them. The rope bridges could be a short-term solution to reconnect disjointed(脱节的)habitats, the researchers argue. 17．What do we know about gibbons from the second paragraph?A．Rarely are gibbons seen for the population decline.B．Habitat loss was to blame for gibbons' dying out.C．Gibbons couldn't cross gaps caused by a typhoon.D．The natural disaster may have posed a threat to gibbons.18．What does the underlined "shimmied" likely mean?A．Lifted. B．Grabbed. C．Swung. D．Spread.19．What is the text mainly about?A．The reasons for gibbons' dying out. B．The importance of saving gibbons.C．The measures to save gibbons. D．The solution to gibbons' habitat loss.1．B2．D3．C4．A【分析】这是一篇说明文。

《作物育种学总论》习题Exercises in general introduction of crop breedingChapter 1 breeding objectives1.terms: breeding objectives, biological yield, economic yield, harvest index, plant breeding, breeding for high photosynthetic efficiency2.what are the basic requirements of modern agriculture for crop varieties?3.what are the principles for formulating breeding objectives?4.what are the main objectives of crop breeding?5., how can we correctly formulate a practical breeding target?6., why can crop yield increase through dwarf breeding?7., formulate a breeding target for a particular crop for a region you are familiar with and explain why.The seco nd chapter is the breed ing mode and varieties of cropsFloral structure and flowering habits of the wheat, corn, cotton, soybeans and other crops・ What are the floral structure and flowering habits conducive to cross pollination? What are thefloral structure and flowering habits conducive to self pollination?Combining the specific crops, the genetic effects of selfing and outcrossing were briefly described・What are the types of crops and what are the basic characteristics of them?What are the breeding characteristics of different types of populations?The third chapter, Germplasm Resources1.concepts: germplasm resources, origin centers, primary centers, secondary centers, native crops, secondary crops, genetic diversity centers, gene banks, primary gene pools, secondary gene pools, and three gene pools2.briefly describe the role of germplasm in crop breeding・3.briefly describe the characteristics and utilization value of local germplasm resources・4.briefly describe the characteristics and utilization value of foreign germplasm resources・What is the role of the theory of 5. Vavilov origin center in crop breeding?6.how to differentiate between primary and secondary centers?7.the main contents and identification methods of crop germplasm resources are discussed・8., what is the significance of establishing the crop gene pool? How to build a crop gene bank?9., what is the significance of establishing a database of crop germplasm resources? How to establish a database of crop germplasm resources?10.what is the necessity and significance of excavation, collection and preservation of germplasm resources?The fourth chapter is introduction and Domestication1.what are the concepts and basic principles of introduction and domestication?2.what are the factors affecting introduction and the law of introduction?The fifth chapter chooses breeding1.describe the basic principles and procedures of breeding・The sixth chapter is cross breeding1.types of cross breeding can be divided into two types according to their guiding ideology What are the respective genetic mechanisms?2.why is it the key to cross breeding to choose the parents correctly? What's the point?3., how to understand the four principles of parental selection in cross breeding?4., what are the advantages and disadvantages of using genetically diverse materials as parents? How do you understand the distance between parents and their parents?5.why should parents be highly cooperative?6.why is hybridization one of the most important factors that affect the success of cross breeding? What are the hybrid ways? How about the genetic proportion of each parent in single cross, three handed, four handed and double crosses? Why do you put the good agronomic parents on the last cross in the three and four crosses?7.explain genealogy, mixed method, derivative system method and single granule transmission method, and give a brief account of their respective work points. Compare their advantages and disadvantages and their applications・The seventh chapter is backcross breeding1.what is backcross breeding? What are the uses and limitations of backcross breeding? What is the most effective breeding in backcross breeding?2.what is a recurrent parent and a non recurrent parent? What roles do they play in backcross breeding? What problems should we pay attention to when choosing recurrent parents and non recurrent parents?What is the genetic effect of 3. backcross? What's the difference between selfing and genetic effects?4., the characters of dominant and recessive single gene control, as well as the backcross breeding process of quantitative characters were briefly described・The eighth chapter is the utilization of HeterosisThe 1. nouns explain heterosis, specific combining ability, test cross, test cross species, test species, one ring system, second ring system, gametophyte self incompatibility, sporophyte self incompatibility and cytoplasmic hybrid2.what are the approaches to utilize crop heterosis? What are the characteristics of each?3.what are the methods of measuring heterosis in crops? How to measure?FourPrinciples and reasons for selection of parents of hybrid varieties ・5.what are the basic conditions for utilizing crop heterosis? What types of crop hybrids are there in6.?What are the characteristics of crop heterosis in 7. crops?8.what are the main directions for the study of Heterosis in maize, rice, cotton, wheat and so on? Why?9.,what are the genetic causes of Heterosis in crops? What do you think of these interpretations?10.what methods are used to determine the combining ability? What are the characteristics of these methods?11.what is cytoplasmic cytoplasmic male sterility? How does this sterility utilize heterosis?12.what is the difference between sporophyte sterility and gametophyte? What are the characteristics of each?13.,there are several types of pollen abortion in male sterility What are the characteristics of each?14.what are the abnormal physiological and biochemical aspects of male sterility in plants?15., what are the conditions for the application of sterile lines?16.what methods can be used for the breeding of restorer lines?17.what principles should be followed in the selection of hybrid varieties? Why?18.how to identify the genetic type of genic male sterile material?How was the germplasm of 19. photoperiod and photoperiod induced male sterility obtained?The ninth chapter is mutation breeding1.what are the species, radiation sources, and major characteristics of the major physical mutagens?2.the materials of radiation mutation treatment and corresponding treatment methods are discussed・3.what are the irradiation intensity and dose intensity? What is its unit? How do you convert new and old units?4.how do you determine the optimum dose of radiation?5.what are the types, properties and principles of the main chemical mutagens? What problems should we pay attention to in using?6.how to determine the concentration and treatment time of chemical mutagens?7., what is the difference between mutation breeding and other breeding (such as cross breeding) in the treatment of future generations?8.why does mutation breeding require close planting in Ml?9.to illustrate the achievements of mutation breeding in Crop Genetics and breeding and agricultural production・10.what are the characteristics and trends of plant mutation breeding?The tenth chapter is distant hybridization breeding1.what is distant hybridization? What is the role and significance of distant hybridization in crop genetics, breeding and scientific research?2.the characteristics and difficulties of distant hybridization were discussed.3., try to explain the reasons for the incompatibility of distant hybridization and the ways to overcome it.4.hybrid sterility and why die? How to overcome?What is the difference between the isolation of 5. Distant Hybrids and that of interspecific hybridization?6.how to overcome the instability of distant hybridization progeny?What is the principle of induction of haploid in 7. distant crosses?8.what are alien addition lines and alien substitution lines?Can il be used directly in agricultural production? How to make use of it in Crop Genetics and breeding?9.to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of somatic hybridization.The eleventh chapter is ploidy breeding1.what are the main ways to induce polyploidy?2.what are the main ways of artificially inducing haploid?3.,the significance of ploidy breeding in plants was discussed・4.how does plant ploidy breeding combine with other breeding methods?5., six times triticale lacks D genome, poor quality of grain. How do you think it improved?The twelfth chapter is disease resistant breeding1., the main role of pest resistance breeding in modernagricultural production?2.. What are the physiological races, physiological, biological and differential hosts?3.what is the gene pair theory of genes?4.what is vertical resistance and horizontal resistance?5., the main links of breeding for disease resistant insects?6.how to maintain the stability of resistance to disease resistant varieties?The thirteenth chapter stress resistant breeding1.main species of crop adversity?2.. The meaning of drought resistanee and salt tolerance of crops?3.general procedures for crop stress resistance breeding?4.main methods of crop stress resistance identification?The fourteenth chapter, group improvement and recurrent choice1.,the concept and function of group improvement・2.principles of population improvement・3., the basic process and main link of population improvement・4., the similarities and differences between composite varietiesand synthetic varieties・5.how do we synthesize base populations for population improvement?6.,how does the recurrent selection approach the combination of population impTovement and breeding practice?SevenWhat are the recurrent selection methods within a population? What are the characteristics of each?8.,what are the similarities and differences between groups and groups?9., in what circumstances is it suitable to apply compound cycle selection?10.why into Recessive Genic Male sterile gene is based on recurrent selection of self pollination and cross pollinated crops?The fifteenth chapter is the experimental technique of crop breeding1.explain the concepts: marginal effects, growth competition, regional trials, varietal adaptability, and varietal stability2.what are the basic requirements for field trials? How can the test error be minimized?3.what are the factors that affect the design of a residential district? How do you deal with these factors?4.,how to overcome inter cell compelition?5.how do you conduct a line comparative test?6.what are the conditions for applying for a regional trial? What standards are you up to?7.how about regional test and production test?8.what are the methods and procedures for the stability parameterestimation using the average number of varieties as the parameter and the adaptive estimation method based on the environmental index?The sixteenth chapter, seed production and management1.what conditions should be applied for the varieties that have been applied for approval?2., what are the similarities and differences between China, Japan, the United States and European countries in their species management systems?What are the substantial and major causes of the 3. species，hybrid degradation? How to prevent?4.in China, self pollination and cross pollination often crop seed production method, the main differenee breeding method and cycle selection proposed in recent years strains breeding method and self propagation method mixed in technology is what?5.show three methods of producing two representative types of parent stock, and point out their substantive differences and their theoretical basis.6.what are the two methods for the production of inbred stock? What，s the difference between them?7.how to speed up breeding?How to select isolation zone in 8. parent breeding and hybrid seed production? How do you determine your parents， ratio?9.what is the key point in regulating the sowing date and ensuring the flowering time in hybrid seed production?Plant breeding, biotechnology, exercisesChapter 1 cell engineering and crop breeding1.what are the main ingredients of the culture medium?2.what is the genetic basis for somaclonal variation in somatic cells?3.how to breed new varieties by somatic cell cloning and variation?4.. What is the practical value of haploid cell culture in crop breeding?What is the difference between microspore development and normdl microspore development under 5. culture conditions?6.what are the factors that affect anther culture?7., how can cell engineering be used to overcome theincompatibility of distant hybridization?The second chapter, transgenic technology and crop breeding1.what is GM crop breeding? What are the contents of its research?2.. Advantages and disadvantages of transgenic breeding and their relationship with conventional breeding・3.procedures for breeding transgenic crops・4.what are the commonly used transgenic methods?5.what are the common methods for identification of transgenic plants?6.the mode and characteristics of exogenous gene integration.Causes and solutions of 7. gene silencing・8.isolation of foreign genes in transgenic plants・9.specific ways of breeding transgenic crops・10.biosafety principles of genetically modified crops.The third chapter is molecular marker assisted selection breeding1.types and genetic characteristics of several major molecular markers・2.订lustrate the principles and methods of gene mapping for important agronomic traits.3.how to understand the development of molecular marker technology and inject new vigor into crop breeding work?PAGEPAGE 5***[JimiSoft:, Unregistered, Software, Convert, Part, Of, File, Read, Help, To, Know, ONLY, How, To, Register.]***。

英语作文饥饿与解决问题演讲稿全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hunger: A Crisis That Demands Our Urgent ActionHello everyone, my name is Sara and I'm a high school student here to talk about one of the gravest challenges facing our world today - hunger. While many of us are fortunate enough to have access to abundant food, billions of people around the globe are trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition.The statistics are staggering: according to the World Food Programme, 828 million people go to bed hungry every night. That's roughly 1 in 10 people on our planet. And the consequences of hunger are far-reaching, impacting not just physical health but also mental development, education, and economic productivity.I still vividly remember learning about the devastating effects of famine in history class - how entire populations were decimated, how children were left stunted and vulnerable to disease, and how the fabric of societies unraveled. And yet, evenin the 21st century, hunger remains an all too present reality for far too many.The Roots of HungerBut what causes hunger in the first place? The reality is that hunger is a complex and multifaceted issue, with various contributing factors. From climate change and environmental degradation to conflict and displacement, the roots of hunger run deep.In many parts of the world, erratic weather patterns, droughts, and floods are wreaking havoc on agricultural systems, destroying crops and jeopardizing food security. Compounding this are unsustainable farming practices that deplete soil fertility and disrupt delicate ecosystems.Political instability and armed conflicts have also forced millions to flee their homes, leaving them without access to food, clean water, and basic resources. The ongoing war in Ukraine, for instance, has disrupted vital grain exports and pushed millions more into food insecurity.And let's not forget the role of poverty and economic inequality. When families are trapped in cycles of poverty, unableto afford nutritious food or invest in sustainable agriculture, hunger becomes an inescapable reality.The Impact of HungerBut the consequences of hunger go far beyond mere hunger pangs. Lack of proper nutrition, especially in the critical first few years of life, can impair cognitive development, stunt physical growth, and increase susceptibility to diseases.Children who suffer from malnutrition are more likely to struggle in school, perpetuating cycles of poverty and limiting their future prospects. The effects of hunger can also ripple across generations, as malnourished mothers are more likely to give birth to underweight babies, setting off a vicious cycle that's difficult to break.On a broader scale, hunger poses a significant barrier to economic development and social progress. When large swaths of a population are struggling to meet their basic nutritional needs, productivity suffers, healthcare costs soar, and entire nations are held back from reaching their full potential.Hunger is not just a humanitarian crisis; it's an economic and societal crisis that demands our collective attention and action.Solutions Within Our ReachBut amid this seemingly bleak landscape, there is hope. Solutions to hunger do exist, and we have the knowledge, resources, and technology to make a tangible difference.One of the most powerful tools in our arsenal is sustainable agriculture. By embracing environmentally-friendly farming practices, such as crop rotation, water conservation techniques, and agroforestry, we can boost yields while preserving our planet's precious resources.Investing in rural infrastructure, such as better roads, storage facilities, and irrigation systems, can also go a long way in enhancing food security and reducing post-harvest losses.We must also prioritize gender equality and women's empowerment. When women have equal access to resources, education, and decision-making power, they can become catalysts for change, driving agricultural productivity and ensuring their families are well-nourished.Additionally, we need to rethink our food systems and supply chains, minimizing waste and ensuring that nutritious food reaches those who need it most. Innovative solutions like urban farming, vertical agriculture, and food fortification can play a crucial role in this effort.And let's not forget the power of education and awareness. By promoting nutrition literacy and teaching sustainable farming practices, we can equip communities with the knowledge and skills they need to tackle hunger head-on.A Call to ActionBut none of these solutions will be effective without collective action and a shared commitment to ending hunger. Governments, NGOs, businesses, and individuals alike must join forces and prioritize this issue on the global agenda.We must hold our leaders accountable, demanding policies and investments that address the root causes of hunger and promote long-term food security. We must support organizations and initiatives that are making tangible progress in this fight, whether through emergency relief efforts or sustainable development programs.And as individuals, we can make a difference through our choices and actions. By supporting local farmers and sustainable food systems, reducing food waste, and using our voices to advocate for change, we can be part of the solution.My fellow students, we are the inheritors of this planet, and the fate of billions rests on our shoulders. We cannot afford to be complacent or apathetic in the face of such a pressing crisis.Hunger is not just a statistic or a far-away problem; it's a human tragedy that robs people of their dignity, potential, and basic rights. It's a threat to global stability, economic progress, and the very future we hope to build.So let us make a commitment today, to stand up against hunger, to champion sustainable solutions, and to work tirelessly until every person on this planet has access to adequate, nutritious food.The path ahead will not be easy, but our collective determination and compassion can overcome any obstacle. Together, we can build a world where no child goes to bed hungry, where families can thrive, and where hunger is relegated to the pages of history books.Thank you.篇2Hunger and Finding Solutions: A Call to ActionHello everyone. My name is Maya and I'm a high school student here to talk to you today about one of the biggest issues facing our world - hunger and malnutrition. This is a problem that impacts millions of people globally, including many children and families right here in our own communities.I know it can be easy to feel disconnected from such a vast and overwhelming crisis. But hunger is something that ties us all together as human beings. Each of us needs food and nutrients to survive and thrive. Hunger doesn't discriminate based on race, gender, age or borders. It's a universal issue that demands universal solutions.The numbers are staggering. According to the World Food Programme, 828 million people go to bed hungry every night. That's roughly 1 in 10 people on this planet without enough to eat. In many countries, the statistics are even more dire - in places like Afghanistan and Yemen, over 30% of the population is undernourished.And malnutrition doesn't just mean starvation. It encompasses vitamin and mineral deficiencies that can have devastating impacts, especially on children. Poor nutrition causes stunting, wasting, and needless deaths from common childhoodillnesses. The long-term effects rob societies of opportunity by impairing physical and cognitive development.Some of the worst hunger emergencies in recent years have been driven by conflict and climate shocks like drought and flooding. From Syria to South Sudan to Somalia, warfare has destroyed food systems and precipitated famine conditions. The climate crisis is increasing food insecurity too, damaging crop yields and disrupting livelihoods in vulnerable regions.But even in more stable environments, far too many people struggle to afford or access sufficient healthy food. Poverty, food deserts in urban areas, inefficient supply chains - these factors perpetuate cycles of hunger and malnutrition even in wealthy nations. The COVID-19 pandemic also caused a sharp rise in global food insecurity as incomes dropped and supply lines faltered.As young people, this is an issue that should matter deeply to all of us. Hunger threatens our present and our future. It prevents children from attending school and realizing their full potential. It fuels unrest and desperation that can destabilize entire regions. And left unaddressed, it could threaten our ability to build a sustainable world for generations to come.So what can we do to solve this crisis? The solutions will require commitment and action at every level - from the personal to the political.At an individual level, each of us can make more ethical and sustainable food choices. Cutting back on food waste, supporting local farms and food systems, and maintaining a plant-based diet as much as possible are simple steps that reduce strain on the environment and food supplies.We can also use our voices and our values to advocate for change. Call on schools, businesses, and community organizations to source food ethically and prioritize sustainability. Push governments to increase humanitarian food aid, invest in resilient agriculture and commit to the UN's Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger by 2030.Solving hunger will also require addressing its root causes like poverty, inequality and conflict. That means doubling down on efforts to promote quality education, economic development, women's empowerment and peaceful conflict resolution worldwide. These are the building blocks of stable, productive societies with secure food systems.And critically, we must act now to mitigate the climate crisis that is already compounding global hunger and putting morepeople at risk. Reducing emissions, pursuing clean energy solutions, and adapting food production methods will be key to preventing worst-case scenarios in the coming decades.I know it can feel overwhelming to take on such a vast, intractable problem. But throughout history, grassroots movements of passionate activists have catalyzed seismic changes once thought impossible. From the abolition of slavery to women's suffrage to the fall of apartheid - these epic struggles were all won by people who refused to accept the status quo.So I'm asking all of you to join this worldwide movement to eradicate hunger and malnutrition once and for all. With our energy, voices and collective action, we can turn the tide. We can build a future where everyone, everywhere has reliable access to sufficient healthy and sustainable food.This is the great moral issue of our lifetimes, and history has shown that willful determination from younger generations is the catalyst for transformative change.So let's get to work - volunteering, raising funds and awareness, lobbying leaders and policymakers. Let's put hunger on the top of the agenda and keep it there until this scourge has been eliminated.Think of the billions of people, past, present and future, whose lives depend on us solving this crisis. They're hungry, not just for food, but for justice, dignity and equity on this planet we all share.Thank you, and let's go forward from here as a unified force for human prosperity and welfare. Our actions today will help write a better story for generations to come.篇3Hunger: A Worldwide Crisis Demanding Innovative SolutionsHello everyone. My name is Maya and I'm a high school senior here to talk to you today about an issue that impacts millions of people around the world - hunger. It's a problem that may seem distant if you're fortunate enough to have regular access to food. But hunger is very real and has devastating consequences for those experiencing it.I'd like to start by sharing some statistics that highlight the scale of the crisis. According to the World Food Programme, 828 million people go to bed hungry every night. That's roughly 1 in 10 people globally who don't have enough food. In 2021 alone, 193 million people across 53 countries experienced acute hunger requiring urgent assistance. These numbers are staggering.But what do they really mean? Hunger isn't just an uncomfortable rumbling in your stomach. Prolonged hunger weakens the body and mind. It makes people more susceptible to disease and undermines human potential. For children suffering from malnutrition, the effects can be permanent - stunting physical and cognitive development. According to UNICEF, a staggering 45% of deaths among children under 5 are linked to undernutrition. That's 3.1 million young lives cut short each year due to lack of food.So how did we get here? There are a number of interconnected factors driving global hunger:Poverty - Simply not having enough money to purchase food is a root cause for many. The World Bank estimates 9.2% of the world's population lives in extreme poverty on less than 2.15 a day.Climate Change - Rising temperatures, more frequent natural disasters, and environmental degradation are disrupting food production and supply chains worldwide.Conflict - War breeds instability and displaces populations, cutting off access to food sources. According to the World Food Programme, 60% of the world's hungry live in areas affected by conflict.Economic Shocks - From the Covid-19 pandemic to the war in Ukraine, global crises over the last few years have caused spikes in food insecurity as supply chains broke down.The reality is that hunger impacts all of us eventually, whether through inflated food prices, instability from conflict, or other societal strains traced back to lack of nutrition. So this isn't just a problem for the poor - it's a problem for everyone that demands solutions.Solving hunger is undoubtedly a huge challenge spanning issues from agriculture to poverty to climate change. But I remain hopeful that human innovation and determination can help us make progress. Here are a few key areas where solutions may be found:Food Production - We need to invest in sustainable agriculture to boost crop yields through drought/disease resistant seeds, precision farming techniques, and other innovations. Reducing food waste throughout supply chains is also critical, as up to 40% of food currently goes uneaten.Economic Development - Policies promoting economic growth, job creation, and social safety nets can help lift people out of poverty and improve food access. Education, especially for girls and women, is a powerful tool as well.Climate Resilience - From developing drought-tolerant crops to building infrastructure to withstand disasters, preparing for the impacts of climate change on food systems is essential. Transitioning to clean energy can also reduce emissions driving climate change.Conflict Resolution - Ending civil wars and violence through diplomacy and peacekeeping efforts can stabilize communities and restore access to food sources. Protecting vulnerable displaced populations is key.Innovative Solutions - New technologies like vertical farming, lab-grown meat, delivery drones and other innovations have the potential to transform food production and distribution systems.Of course, there is no silver bullet. Combating hunger requires a comprehensive approach across many sectors and societies, driven by strong leadership and collaboration between governments, NGOs, corporations and everyday people like you and me.But we can't forget that behind every chart and statistic about hunger, there are real human lives being impacted - families worried about where their next meal will come from, children missing out on their full potential. Hunger robs peopleof their dignity and deprives them of the chance to live their lives to the fullest.That's why solving hunger must be a top priority - not just because it's smart for the global economy and societal stability, but because it's quite simply the right thing to do. As global citizens, we have a moral imperative to ensure that every person has access to adequate food and nutrition.So in closing, I urge all of you to join me in making a commitment today. Whether it's advocating for hunger relief efforts, changing your personal consumption habits, or even pursuing a career that can contribute solutions, we all have a role to play. Only by coming together and channeling our ingenuity into action can we hope to achieve a zero hunger world in our lifetimes.Thank you.。