Translation strategies:
1. foreignization / alienization (foreignizing method)异化/洋化and domestication/ adaptation (domesticating method)归化
Foreignization: If the translator’s preference is placed on preserving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text, we call this kind of approaches or its translation foreignizing or foreignization, or alienization.
Domestication: It refers the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the Target Language and culture is called domesticating, or domestication, or adaptation.
For example,
C-E
谋事在人，成事在天。
Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang: 90)
Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes: 152)
注：杨宪益利用了一个英语谚语，但把其中的“God”改成了“Heaven”，从而保留了原有的宗教色彩。而Hawkes直接引用了英语谚语，未作任何改动，这样，他把原文的佛教色彩变成了基督教色彩。这样英美读者更为自然、更容易接受。当然，这样一来，Hawkes（霍金斯）把一个信佛的人变成了一个信耶稣的人了。
E-C
a. He made you for a high way to my bed; but I, a maid, die maiden ---widowed. (W. Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, 3, 3, 134-135)
译文1：他要借着你做牵引相思的桥梁，可是我却要做一个独守空阁的怨女而死去。（朱生豪译）（归）
译文2：他要借你作捷径，登上我的床；可怜我这处女，守活寡，到死是处女。（方平译）（异）b. Unless you’ve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.
误译：除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。（归）
改译：除非你手中藏有王牌，否则我们是输定了。（异）
注：英语中ace是西方玩牌赌博时藏于袖中的“王牌”，而“锦囊妙计”则是中国古代宫廷争斗或疆场征战时封在“锦囊”中的神妙计策，彼此有截然不同的文化背景和内涵。
c. Among Wolves one must howl. (Do as the Romans do.)
入乡随俗（归）
在狼群中你就得嗥（异）
注：异化的翻译方法为汉语表达同一意思提供了一个新颖别致的语言形式。
（近朱者赤，近墨者黑。）
d. Go to law for a sheep, you lose a cow.
捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。（归）
为一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。（异）
注：异化的翻译策略表示律师借打官司之际，向原告和被告收取尽可能多的钱财，反映了西方民族习惯于通过法律途径解决纠纷的文化习尚。
(Penny wise, pound foolish.小事聪明大事愚)
2. Literal Translation 直译and Liberal (Free) Translation 意译
Literal Translation means word-for-word translation. It takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible
the figures of speech.
Liberal Translation is also called Free Translation. It is a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech.
For example,
E-C
To kill two birds with one stone.
直译：一石二鸟
意译：一箭双雕，一举两得
The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.
直译：最坏的车轮最会嘎吱响。
意译：才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，抱怨最忙；能猫不叫，叫猫不能。
C-E
树倒猢狲散
直译：When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.
意译：Members run away when the family falls. / Rats leave a sinking ship.
3. Polysemy: One word has various parts of speech and various meanings.
Firth said: “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”
Eg. Dry
I want my martini dry. (not sweet)
我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。
There are still some dry states in the United States.
在美国尚有几洲禁酒。
She prefers dry bread. (without butter)
她喜欢无奶油的面包。
The cows are dry. (not supplying milk)
这些母牛缺奶。
He gave us a dry lecture yesterday.
昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味的讲演。
I am sure what he presented was a dry fact. (plain, undisguised)
我相信，他所列举的是铁一般的事实。
4. Commendatory and derogatory words:Commendatory word means a praising word, or a word in good sense. Derogatory word means a word to lessen or impair the power or authority or a word in bad sense.
E.g.
Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.
很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。
Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.
他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。
They incited him to go into further investigation
他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。
The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.
阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。
5. Diction: It means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension
