中考英语 动词和动词短语

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2018年中考英语第二轮复习专项训练学案

(单项选择 动词和动词短语)

一、行为动词

行为动词是能独立作谓语的动词,根据后面是否带宾语,可分为及物动词和不及物动词。

1. 及物动词

及物动词本身意义不完整,后面要跟一个名词或代词等作宾语才能使其意思完整。

①动词十宾语,如:buy some books买一些书;

②动词十宾语十宾补,如:find the book interesting发现这本书有趣;

③动词十间接宾语十直接宾语,如:give me some money给我一些钱。常见带双宾语的词有:give, pass, buy, offer, teach, tell等。

2. 不及物动词

不及物动词自身意思完整,无需接宾语。后接宾语时,必须先加介词、副词等,使其变成及物的动词短语。如:

He arrives early every morning.他每天到得很早。

They are looking at the blackboard.他们在看黑板。

3. 有的动词既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词。如:She sings very well.

她唱得很好。(sing是不及物动词)

She sang an English song just now. 她刚才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物动词)

4. 常见行为动词辨析

①spend,cost. take与pay

spend指花费时间或者金钱,后接on sth或(in)doing sth;cost的主语为物,意为“值多少钱”;take表示花费多少时间,可用于固定句型It+takes/took+sb.+时间+to do sth;pay与介词for连用。如:

He spends two hours in doing his homework every day.他每天花两小时做作业。

The car cost him a lot of money.这辆车花了他好多钱。

It took me half an hour to clean the room. 我花了半小时打扫房间。

I paid 40 yuan for the book.这本书我花了40块钱。

②borrow,lend与keep

三者都可表示“借”,但是borrow指“借入,借进(从他人那里借某东西为自己所用)”,常用短语:

borrow sth. from sb. /sp.;lend指“借出去(借给他人)”,常用短语:lend sth. to sb. /lend sb.

sth.(通常跟双宾语)。区别时关键看主语,是主语借给别人就是lend,主语向别人借就是borrow; keep是延续性动词,常与表示一段时间的状语连周,表示“借多长时间”。如:

My sister often borrows books from the library.我妹妹常从图书馆借书。

I lent my bike to Jim yesterday.我昨天把自行车借给杰姆了。

How long can I keep the book?这本书我能借多久?

③ speak, say, talk与 tell speak 意为“讲话”,着重指在会议上的演讲,或指讲某种语言等。 say 意为“说”,着重说的内容,用作及物动词。

talk 意为“谈话”,着重双方交谈。talk

to/with sb about sth表示“和某人谈论某事”。 tell 意为“告诉”,一般接双宾语。tell a

story,“讲故事”;tell a lie,“撒谎”。

如:He can speak Chinese.他能说中文。

Please say it in English.请用英语说。

They are talking about it. 他们在谈论这事。

He can tell you something about his family.他会告诉你有关他家的事。

④forget与leave

forget意为‘‘忘记(记忆中的东西)”。表示“遗忘”时,不能同表示地点的词语连用;leave意为“落下,遗落”,指把某物遗忘在某个地方,后接表示地点的词语。

I've forgotten his name.我已忘了他的名字。

He left his English book at home.他把英语书忘家里了。

例题l--- How long have you _________ the iPad?

--- Only two days. I will return it to Jack this afternoon.

A. bought B. had C. borrowed D. kept

【解析】D bought和borrowed都是短暂性动作,had作延续性动词意为“买”,kept作延续性动词意为“借,保留”。根据问句意思“平板电脑你借多久了?”选择延续性动词“kept”,故选C项。

例题2 Many people can not afford one house in life because it ______________ too

much.

A. spends B. costs C. pays D. takes

【解析】B句意:许多人一辈子买不起房因为房子太贵了。it指“房子”,物作主语,谓语动词要用cost表示花费。故选B项。

二、连系动词

连系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。

常见的系动词分类如下:

分类 例词 例句

be动词 am, is, are, was, were She is a girl with short hair.

她是个留短发的女孩。

感官类系动词 look, sound, smell, feel, taste His plan sounds wonderful.

他的计划听起来很棒。

变化类系动词 become, get, grow, go, turn Her face turned red. 她的脸变红了。

状态类系动词 keep, stay, remain The shop stays open till 9 pm.

这家店开到晚上9点。

注意:

1. 系动词十形容词,构成系表结构。 2. 系动词没有被动语态,也不用于进行时态。如:

这条裙子摸起来很舒服。(汉译英)

The dress feels comfortable(正确)

The dress is felt comfortable(错误)

例题 ---Three-D printing technology could be used to build a house in less

than 24 hours.

---- It _____________amazing. It's my first time to get to know the news.

A. looks B. smells C sounds D. tastes

【解析】C考查感官类系动词辨析。look。看起来”;smell“闻起来”;sound“听起来”;taste“尝起来”。由后句“这是我第一次了解这个消息”可知“消息”是听起来惊人。故选C项。

三、助动词

助动词本身没有意义,它只是帮助主要动词构成谓语,表示疑问、否定、时态、语态等。有些单词并不是固定的助动词,如动词be、have、do等在句子中与主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时,才担当起助动词的作用。常见的助动词还有will, shall,

would, should等。

分类 作用

be am/is/are+现在分词→现在进行时

was/were+现在分词→过去进行时

be+过去分词→被动语态

do 形式有do,does,did,用于构成疑问句和否定句,或用在动词原形前加强语气。

have have/has+过去分词→现在完成时

had+过去分词→过去完成时

will/shall/

would/should will/shall+动词原形→一般将来时

would/should+动词原形→过去将来时

例题

---_______ the exchange students ________ visit the Great Wall the day after tomorrow?

--- Yes, they are, I think.

A. Will; / B. Shall;/ C. Is; going to D. Are; going to

【解析】 D 根据问句中“the day after tomorrow”后答句中“they are”得知选用将来时态的“be going to”结构,主语是复数。故选D项。

四、动词短语

以动词为中心构成的短语称为动词短语。

动词短语的类别和用法

类别 用法 常见的动词短语

动词十介词 这类短语动词后跟宾语时,宾语都须置于介词之后。 look for, look after, wait for, talk about,

shout at, shout to, work on, hear from, think

of, depend on, belong to

动词十副及物性质的短语动词后跟名词cheer up, clean up, put up, fix up, work out, 词 (词组)作宾语时,宾语置于副词前后均可;后跟代词作宾语时,宾语要置于副词之前。 give out, give away, think over, hand in, put

on, try on, put away, pick up, give back

动词十副词+介词 这类短语动词后跟宾语时,宾语应置于介词之后。 catch up with, look forward to, keep away

from, run out of, get along with, get out of,

come up with, go on with

动词十名词十介词 它们相当于及物动词,后面要接宾语。 make friends with, pay attention to, take

care of, take notice of, take part in

be十形容词十介词 be good at, be interested in, be good for, be