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英美文学中的哥特传统及经典作品的赏析作者：王虹来源：《青年文学家》2016年第33期摘要：18世纪中后期，哥特式文学以小说体裁出现于西方文学，在当时，哥特式文学受到了大部分文学作家的青睐，他们用这样文学表达发生创造了大量的脍炙人口的文学作品，而这些文学作品出现，为哥特式文学奠定了其在西方文学史上的主导地位。
关键词：哥特式文学；文学特点前言：哥特式文学是西方极为传统的文学表达方式，而大部分的哥特式文学作品中往往以吸血鬼、巫术、古堡等阴暗面的事物为代表元素，故事的场景大部分都以凄凉、黑暗为主基调。
哥特式文学在浪漫主义小说中运用较多，其文学表达方式有悖于传统的浪漫小说，以描述人性的阴暗面来进一步揭示现实社会的险恶，而这样的文学表达方式为浪漫主义小说开创了全新的视野，并出现了大量的经典作品，如：《修道士》、《简爱》等。
一、经典英美文学作品中哥特传统的特点在大部分的西方哥特式经典文学作品中，故事的在荒凉原野开始，并伴随着极端恶劣的天气，随着故事情节的发展，往往会出现幽暗的古堡、古墓和残破的钟楼等场景。
在故事的情节方面，大都会出现靓丽的女主角被邪恶势力所控制，而代表正义的男主角会在几经波折之后抱得美人归。
而其在文学的表达形式上则有以下几个特点：（一）更强逻辑学的表现哥特传统的西方文学作品着重描写人物性格，意图通过文学创作的方式释放人性，通过恶劣的环境和曲折的故事情节之下，将人性最真实的一面描绘出来。
在读者阅读的过程中，可以使其体会到在特定的情况下，人性中是存在很多变数的。
性格坚强的人在重压之下，会变得非常顽强，并可以沉着冷静处理复杂对面的环境，从而帮助团队摆脱困境；然而性格懦弱的人对于压力是毫无抵抗的，面对困难往往会选择逃避和退缩，不能从根本上解决问题，甚至可能会因为逃避现有的问题，而产生更严重的问题。
哥特传统的西方文学作品中可以体现出唯物主义的辩证思维方式，故事具有很强的逻辑性。
（二）作品更具吸引力哥特传统的西方文学作品中描绘出的凄凉的故事场景、离奇而又曲折的故事情节和奇幻法术的应用，为作品注入了大量的神秘色彩。
吴伟仁英美文学全部诗歌赏析【篇一：吴伟仁 ,英美文学 ,全部诗歌赏析】因为自己考研一开始选的英美文学，此后实在学不会日语，放弃了，考的翻译，花了血本买了好多书，此刻想低价卖掉，标准日本语，还有旧版标准日本语〔中南和人大考试指定教材〕，中国文化读本，英国文学简史〔刘炳善〕，配套学习指南赵红英，美国文学简史常耀信，配套赵红英。
美国文学史选读上下册〔吴伟仁〕及学习指南上下册。
美国文学选读上下册〔常耀信〕，英美文学赏析教程〔罗选民〕两本，包含散文与诗歌和小说与戏剧，这两本是考上中南大学学长的书，里面做了好多笔录。
还有现代大学英语 3、4 指导用书，精读 5 的课后指导。
还有 bec 高级 7 本书，英美文学视频，还有日语的视频，翻译的视频，需要的加我贴吧挚友，不是骗子，立誓【篇二：吴伟仁 ,英美文学 ,全部诗歌赏析】mar.2007, volume no.3(serial no.39) sino-us english teaching, issn1539-8072, usa 18 如何上好英语诗歌赏识课纪启明，李〔青岛科技大学外语学院，山东青岛 266061 〕要：本文主要从观点简介，内容与形式剖析，诗歌的现实意义，多媒体教课以及英诗汉译等方面阐述了如何上好英语诗歌赏识课。
要点词：诗歌赏识；内容；形式；多媒体教课；英诗汉译近些年来，跟着高校课程教改的进一步深入，英语专业在过去开设英美文学史及作品选读的根基上，又开设了英美诗歌赏识课。
对此课程之设置及教法，教师们亦是仁者见仁，智者见智。
在实质讲课过程中，根据讲课对象的不一样，课时安排的教课时数，我们采纳了整体介绍、细讲内容、重在剖析的教课模式，主要从以下几点着手，力求在短短的一学期内，让学生对英美诗歌的历史，展开阶段以及各阶段的代表性诗人及其代表作品有一个简要的理解与掌握，进而进一步提高学生对英美诗歌的鉴赏能力与水平。
观点简介诗歌是语言的结晶，是一种最古老的文学形式。
校园英语下转第137页上接第193页而且还要重视知识的横向及纵向的系统性。
例如：对学生提出以下问题：It is impor－tant to have breakfast everyday.Do you have breakfast everyday? Do you get ready for it yourself?What do you have for breakfast? Who do you usually have breakfast with?What do you do after breakfast?通过这样几个问题的引导，使学生对吃早餐这件事情具有系统性的表述。
又如：“问路”，通过相关的提问学生会出现不同的表述：Whese is…?How can I get to…?Which is the way to…,please?Could you tell me how I can get to…?这样的的学习不仅能使学生充分地掌握语言的灵活使用，还能使课堂的氛围既紧张又欢快。
(三)针对性的提出，诱发学生步步深入提问式教学的重要作用就是引导学生在步步深入学习，由简单到复杂，呈递式地学习知识。
在英语教材中，每堂课都有一个主题，作为教师应紧抓每个主题，找准教学重点，设计呈递式问题，由浅入深，有层次、有节奏地设计课堂问题。
在课堂中，针对学生对问题的解答进行点评并详细讲解正确的答案，诱发学生步步深入思考。
另外，教师在设计问题的同时首先要符合学生当前能力水平和生动体现本堂课文的中心，直接表达教学重点和要点，否则不但不能提高学生积极性还会影响教学效果。
(四)组织讨论问题，增强学生自学能力在英语学习中，听、说、读、写是非常重要的几个方面，如何加强学生阅读能力，在读中体验英语学习的快乐和知识呢？首先要带领学生有感情地朗读，让学生读懂、读熟内容，然后再组织讨论其详细内容，让学生融入课文内容，有助于提升其自学能力。
外国文学名著赏析外国文学名著是世界文学的瑰宝，充满了智慧和艺术的光芒。
它们通过文字和故事展现了作者的思想和情感，成为人们心灵的引导和启迪。
在这篇文章中，我将为大家介绍几部著名的外国文学名著，从中品味其中的魅力与价值。
一、《傲慢与偏见》——简·奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作，被誉为世界文学史上最优秀的爱情小说之一。
小说以19世纪英国上层社会为背景，通过描绘女主角伊丽莎白·班内特和达西先生之间的曲折爱情，展现了社会阶级、婚姻与爱情等主题。
奥斯汀以深入细腻的笔触刻画了各种各样的人物形象，以及人性中的傲慢和偏见。
读者通过阅读这部小说，不仅可以欣赏到美妙的爱情故事，还可以从中领悟到珍视真爱、超越偏见的道理。
二、《堂吉诃德》——米格尔·德·塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》被誉为西班牙文学的杰作，是作家米格尔·德·塞万提斯的代表作之一。
小说以揭露人性的善良和善变为主题，通过讲述堂吉诃德对抗信念和现实的奋斗，展现了人的豪情壮志和追求理想的勇气。
塞万提斯以幽默风趣的语言，夸张的情节，让读者在阅读过程中既捧腹大笑，又感慨万分。
这部小说不仅是一部喜剧，更是对人生哲理和人性的深刻思考，给人以启示和反思。
三、《战争与和平》——列夫·托尔斯泰《战争与和平》被公认为世界文学史上的巅峰之作，是俄国作家列夫·托尔斯泰的代表作。
小说以拿破仑战争为背景，讲述了一幅宏大而复杂的画卷，描绘了不同阶层人物在战争中的命运、爱情的多变、内心的挣扎与和平的渴望。
托尔斯泰以其卓越的叙事技巧和深刻的洞察力，塑造了众多丰满的角色形象，并融入了对历史、战争以及人生意义的思考。
这部小说引人入胜的情节和深刻的思考，使读者沉浸其中，深切感受到战争的残酷和和平的宝贵。
四、《麦田里的守望者》——J·D·塞林格《麦田里的守望者》是美国作家J·D·塞林格的代表作，被誉为20世纪美国文学的经典之作。
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一.A nglo-Saxon period<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. (主题严肃，语言庄重)e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliteration(押头韵)（该文最大修辞特点，每行第一个词辅音韵）Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in asentence begin with the same consonant sound（辅音）ing metaphor（暗喻，隐喻）and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlledway Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express theirideas二.The Middle Ages （Medieval Ages）Geoffery Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”The father of English poetry.first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(英雄双韵体) by middle English代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》《The Canterbury tales》。
英语文学作品赏析——解读《呼啸山庄》引入主题前，我们需要先做大胆的否定。
否定的依据已经讨论过，见：整部作品的主题与爱情无关，也不是复仇故事，更不涉及人性、阶级、压迫。
至于反映了什么女性意识的崛起，父权制的抗争，对自由的追求，对宗教权威的反抗等等，与这部作品要表达的主题无关。
《呼啸山庄》所描写的是内心情感世界的冲突，所反映的是对自身“艺术灵魂”的追求和对世俗情感的向往之间，不可调和的矛盾。
矛盾的前者是作为诗人的艾米莉·勃朗特所特有的，存在于她自身心灵层面上的一种执着、坚定，且别无选择的追求，这种追求带着强大的排它性，排斥着人类与生俱来并且是生命所固有的对世俗情感的向往，而这种向往也同样是令常人无法抗拒的。
这个不可调和的矛盾在的内心世界中，悲剧性的引发了强烈的碰撞，带给她心灵的撕裂、挣扎、以及等等的痛苦过程。
这种痛苦本该深深埋藏于自己的灵魂深处由她独自品尝，但艾米莉却用文学作品的方式将这首来自灵魂深处的史诗拟人化，将这些痛苦像精灵一般释放到了一个被她称为“呼啸山庄”的舞台之上，她还给那个穷其一生所追求的‘艺术灵魂’起了一个人格化的名字——希斯克利夫，名字用“石楠”与“悬崖”这两个极富象征意味的词语组成。
作品中主要的艺术形象并非来源于外部世界，而是诗意的将自己激烈的内心冲突和冲突的本源进行了拟人化、人格化，将自己内心抽象的思想缠斗、将造成这场缠斗的源泉和历程具体化为三个叙事支点，并诉诸于小说的形式呈现给读者的过程中，所自然产生的虚拟幻象。
故事的发生、发展和结束所依赖的环境，自始至终都应该被限定在艾米莉·勃朗特自己的内在情感世界中。
尽管我们在小说中的的确确接触到了这些看上去“狂风暴雨般的爱恨情仇、残忍无情的冷酷报复”等等的虚拟行为，但却没有必要也绝不应该使用外在的（无论来自于时代、地域、阶层，政治或宗教等等的）世俗标准，来衡量那些仅仅反应了一条内在心路历程的意识流。
这样自然而然的我们就可以否定掉爱情，否定掉人性等等这些只能存在于社会属性之上，并发生在具体的人与人之间时才可以被适用的评判准绳，使得我们可以合理并彻底的纠正评论界在近两百年的时间里所走的弯路，从一个屏蔽掉本就不该存在于这个封闭空间内的、来自于社会性的爱恨情仇和道德等视角，来重新审视这部作品，探知艾米丽·勃朗特的内心世界，最终得出一个完全不同的理解和结论。
英国文学作品赏析The features of Charles Dickens1. His critical realism: While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, he carried the duty to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2. He is a mas ter storyteller. With his first sentence, he engages the reader’s attention and holds it to the end.3. What he writes is mainly the middle and lower-middle class life in London.4. He is a master of language with a large vocabulary and an adeptness with the vernacular.5. He is a great humorist as well as a great painter of pathos. He always mingles the two to make his fictional world realistic.6. His characters are not only true to life but also large than life. There are both individual characters and type characters.II. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre1. Theme: The novel sharply criticizes the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions like Lowood School, where girls are trained to be humble slaves. It rebukes the social discrimination and false convention about love and marriage. Besides, the novel is a moral fable. It tells us that people have to go through all kinds of physical or moral tests to obtain their final happiness.2. The character analysis of Jane Eyre: Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plain, but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, as a little governess. She is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. She cuts a completely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. III. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Height1. The novel is an extraordinary moving love story: the passion between Heathcliff and Catherine is the most intense, beautiful, and the most horrible passions ever found among human beings.2. It is also a work of critical realism. Heathcliff is abused, rejected and distorted by the society only because he is a poor orphan of obscure parents. He suffers all kinds of inhuman treatment after the death of his benefactor. He loves Catherine dearly but forced to be separated from her. So, Heathcliff’s cruel revenge upon his enemies is justified in a way.3. The author makes clear that it is wrong to discriminate on the basis of social status, and it is cruel and destructive to break genuine, natural human passions. Although Catherine and Edgar’s marriage is ideal in the eyes of the whole neighborhood, her love for Heathcliff is hard and everlasting.I. The features of Shaw’s plays:1. Problem plays: He took the modern social issues as his subject with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, or religious problems.2. In his characterization, he makes the tricks of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. His characters are the representatives of ideas, which shift and alter during the play.3. The strong sense of comedy in his play are achieved through his witty dialogues, sharp satires, and vivid portrayal of characters.II. The theme of Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s profession1. The play is not only moral, but also has a strong realistic theme. The guilt for prostitution lies more upon the social system than immoral woman. He shows all human sufferings are consequences of the economic exploitation.2. The play is a spiritual triumph for Vivie who experiences a journey from illusion to reality. At first, she is ignorant of the evil, and through a series of temptations, she understands the capitalist world better.D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers1. Theme: Sociologically, it is a novel about modern civilization, the “sickness of a whole civilization”. Psychologically, it is a case study of the Oedipus complex theory, for it deals with a son who loves the mother too dearly and hates the father too despisingly. The psychic conflict (between dark self and white self) in human relationships is the central theme of the novel.2. The character analysis of Paul Morel:He is a light, quick, slender boy. From his childhood, he is especially sensitive, artistic and imaginative, and he becomes extraordinarily dependent on his mother. When he gets older, his distorted relationship with his mother prevents him from loving girls as fully as he feels he should. Besides, Paul is also an artist, and a likeable young man adored by many girls.The features of stream of consciousness1. The unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters are described without resorting to objective description or conventional dialogue.2. The flux of a character’s thoughts, impressions, emotions are often shown without logical sequence or syntax.Wordsworth’ poemWilliam Wordsworth was one of the greatest poets of the ages, who excelled in vivid descriptions of nature and the joy that could be derived from the beauties of nature. For much of his life he lived in the Lake District, near Grasmere Lake in "Dove Cottage".He established his reputation as a poet of great lyricism with his "Poems in Two V olumes" published in 1807; these included his famous "Daffodils" and "Ode: On the Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood". In 1843 he was appointed Poet Laureate. Features of his writings1. Chaacteristic of features of Romantic poetry;2. Nature and ordinary people are normally the subjects of his poems;3. Melodic in rythem;4. Full of passion;5. Lyricism in wording.I. The features of Shaw’s plays:1. Problem plays: He took the modern social issues as his subject with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, or religious problems.2. In his characterization, he makes the tricks of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. His characters are the representatives of ideas, which shift and alter during the play.3. The strong sense of comedy in his play are achieved through his witty dialogues, sharp satires, and vivid portrayal of characters.II. The theme of Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s profession1. The play is not only moral, but also has a strong realistic theme. The guilt for prostitution lies more upon the social system than immoral woman. He shows all human sufferings areconsequences of the economic exploitation.2. The play is a spiritual triumph for Vivie who experiences a journey from illusion to reality. At first, she is ignorant of the evil, and through a series of temptations, she understands the capitalist world better.The Thackeray’s styleHe held the idea that the mission of art was to disclose the regime class, what’s more, he was especially good at rearing the masks wore by the aristocrat and bourgeois. His magnum opus Vanity Fair is a vivid show of an adventuress in the early 19th capital society. The way of narrating stories and cynicism formed an inimitable style.in Vanity Fair, the author makes the narration in the tone of a story-teller. The tone is friendly and casual because he acts as a character in the Vanity Fair to recount what he knows well, and it is also quite natural to insert some comments into the narration. Thackeray was such a good narrator that the narration was vivid, interesting the full of humor. The dialogues are vivid and match the characters’ identities well.Vanity Fair reveals the truth of the politics and society of the capitalist world, that is, the ugliness of the society. To depict the reality, as Thackeray said, is necessarily to expose marry unpleasant truths. He felt that the society was full of those faithless, hopeless and merciless men who were either swindlers or fools with much popularity. Novelists should make people laugh by exposing and making fun of them. Therefore, the novel Vanity Fair aims to reveal all the evils without mercy.Thackeray also pointed out selfless love could turn the coward into brave, the self-conscious into self-confident, the lazy into diligent. He said his aim of writing this gloomy story was to disclose people’s imbecility and awake them by appealingThackeray tended to probe into those characters’ minds when he was describi ng them. His constant acute observation and self analysis enabled him to perceive the moods and emotion of the characters well. He also purposefully portrayed condition that could change a person’s way of life.A good man will not necessarily succeed or do well, while successful men are often regarded as good man in the society. A man will become virtuous once he was money. So what he portrays is not a story of a man, but a panorama of a society.ThemesThe world is shown as full of all kinds of vanity, esp. snobbery, duplicity of social-climbers, and the weakness of human nature.The realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism of the author make it a masterpiece of social criticism.Special FeaturesHe criticizes the social moral that makes up the societyHis criticism embraces people of all social strata; his social-climbers and snobs and money-grabbers can be found in any class.He always speaks in an ironical, sarcastic and cynical tone of an on-looker.He proves a conscious artist. His works are known for their fine language, careful overall planning, mastery of detail, vast scope of view and a faithfulness to the historyOde to the West Wind" is one of Shelley's best known lyrics. The poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind andto scatter his words among mankind. The ode is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung. The English odes are generally of three types: (1) the Pindaric ode, following the pattern originated by the ancient Greek poet Pindar,(2) the Cowley-style ode, named after Abraham Cowley, an English poet of the 17th century, and(3) the Horatian ode, named after the ancient Roman poet Horace. Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is of the Horatian type, i.e., with stanzas of uniform length and arrangement. Here Shelley employed the "terza rima," an Italian measure first used by Dante in his well-known poem La Divina Commedia. Here we find a variant of the original Italian pattern: five 14-lined stanzas of iambic pentameter, each ofthe stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rime scheme is aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee.。
Reading and Writing about LiteratureCompiled byWang LanglangXiamen University2007Revised and adapted fromAho, William, ed. Reading and Writing about Short Stories. Unpublished manuscript, 2003.Wang Shouren and Zhao Yu, eds. British and American Fiction. Nanjing: Nanjing Unversity Press, 1994.Yuan Xianjun and Qian Kunqiang eds.Approaching Fiction. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2004Foote, David W., et al. Contemporary Short Stories. New York: McDougal, Littell and Company, 1996.Short stories and poems texts taken from various Internet libraries.Part IReading and Writing about Short StoriesIntroductionEveryone has a story of some kind to tell. In ancient times, before TV and the printing press, story telling was the chief amusement—nearly the only entertainment in town. Music and stories whiled away long nights, and the yarn-spinners that most cleverly embellished their tales were usually honored guests at campfires and tables. Polished and honed stories of valor and conquest also became the primary means of transferring cultural values to the next generation. A clever hero inspired emulation; a despised villain invoked ridicule.The value of a good story, taken as a whole, considers both the literal and the implied meaning, and thus is always greater than the sum of these two parts. There are nebulous aspects of tone and style in literature that affect emotions, and are often difficult to pinpoint. Attempts to explain the unexplainable impact of literature on the human mind and soul has kept critics occupied since PlatoReaders of fiction are awakened to the common denominations of human nature. Although times, places, and peoples change, the human struggle repeats itself with different names. Inhabitants of this planet past and present, represent one people and literature recreates this common ground. Daily life, romance, hope, despair, fear, love, hate, good and evil are the matter of life in every age and every culture from Homer, to Shakespeare, to Hemingway. By studying literature we realize we are not so different as we may have thought.Good stories survive because of the fresh and startling ideas and insights they offer. Ideas and insight have the power to liberate our minds and our imaginations and to cause us to reflect critically about our own values, beliefs, and assumptions.The short stories in this text are carefully chosen for two purposes: to delight the reader, and to serve as illustrations of rhetorical techniques that turn reporting into literature. Getting a grip on these techniques is the key to the enjoyment and analysis of the art of literary communication.Literary VocabularyIrony. Irony is a contrast between appearance and actuality.Situation irony is the contrast between what a reader or character expects and what actually exists or happens.Dramatic irony is the contrast between what a character in a story knows about events and what the reader knows.Theme. Theme is the central idea, or message, in a work of literature. It is the writer’s perception about life or humanity that is shared with the reader.Mood. Mood is the feeling, or atmosphere, that a writer creates for the reader. The mood of a work could be described as sinister, cheerful, exciting, dreamlike, or sentimental.Setting. Setting is the time and place of the action of a story.Symbol. A symbol is a person, place, activity, or object that represents something beyond itself.Characterization. Characterization refers to the techniques a writer uses to develop characters. There are four basic methods of characterizations: (1) through physical description; (2) through a character’s speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions; (3) through the speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions of other characters; and (4) through the narrator’s direct comments about a character.Point of View. Point of view refers to the narrative method, or the kind of narrator, used in a literary work. Many stories use third-person point of view: the story is told by a narrative voice outside the action. Other stories, however, used first-person point of view: the narrator is a character in the story who tells everything in his or her own words.Plot Structure. Plot refers to the actions and events in a literary work. In a traditional narrative, plot structure consists if the exposition, the rising action, the climax, and the falling action.Style. Style is the way in which piece of literature is written. Style refers not to what is said but to how it is said. Elements such as word choice, length of sentence, comparisons, tone, mood, and use of dialogue contribute to a writer’s personal style. (Earnest Hemmingway’s style might be described as restrained in its use of short sentences and minimal description.)Figurative Language. Figurative language is language that communicates ideas beyond the literal meanings of the words. Two common forms of figurativelanguage are simile and metaphor. Similes and metaphors make comparisons between two things that are actually unlike yet have something in common. A simile usually contains the word like or as.Conflict. The plot of a story almost involves some sort of conflict, or struggle between opposing forces. A conflict may be external, involving a character pitted against an outside force—another character, physical obstacle, nature, or society. A conflict may also be internal, occurring within a character.Flash back. A flashback is a conversation, an episode, or an event that happened before the beginning of a story. Often a flashback interrupts the chronological flow of a story to give the reader information helpful in understanding a character’s present situation.Tone. Tone is the attitude a writer takes toward a subject. Style and description in a work of literature help create tone, which might be formal, informal, ironic, angry, serious, or playful.Foreshadowing. Foreshadowing is a writer’s use of hints or clues to point to events that will occur later in the plot of a story. Use of this technique creates suspense while preparing the reader for what is to come.Imagery. Imagery refers to words and phrases that re-create sensory experiences for a reader. Images can appeal to any of the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. The majority of images are visual, stimulating pictures in the reader’s mind.How to Read Fiction?Here are some questions you might ask when you are faced with the task of reading or writing about fiction. Your answers to these questions will help you begin brainstorming, to overcome the awful whiteness of the empty page.1.From what point of view is the story told?Can you speculate on the appropriateness of that point of view? If a story is told from the point of view of a first-person narrator who participates in the action, what significant changes would occur if it were told from the point of view of an omniscient author? And, of course, vice versa. Keep in mind that first-person narrators do not know what other characters think. On the other hand, omniscient narrators know everything about the lives of the characters. How would the story you are writing about be changed if the viewpoint were changed?2.Who are the principal characters in the story?(There will rarely be more than three in a short story; the other characters will often be portrayed sketchily; sometimes they are even stereotypes.) What functions do the minor characters serve? Do any of the characters change during the course of the story? How, and why?3.What is the plot of the story?Do the events that constitute the plot emerge logically from the nature of the characters and circumstances, or are the plot elements coincidental and arbitrary?4.What is the setting of the story?Does the setting play an important role in the story, or is it simply the place where things happen? What might the consequences of some other setting be for the effectiveness of the story?5.What is the tone of the story?Read the first several paragraphs of the story to see how the tone is established. Does the tone change with events, or remain fixed? How does the tone contribute to the effect of the story?6.Do you find ambiguities in the story?That is, can you interpret some element of the story in more than one way? Does that ambiguity result in confusion, or does it add to the complexity of the story?7.What is the theme of the story?This, finally, is often the most significant question to answer. All the elements of fiction, tone, setting, plot, theme, characterization, and point of view have been marshaled to project a theme — the moral proposition the author wishes to advance. When you write about a work, resist the tendency to do the easiest thing — retell the plot, incident by incident. You must work instead to understand the devices the author uses to convey his or her theme, and, in your essay, reveal that understanding.Early AutumnLangston Hughes兰斯顿·休斯（Langston Hughes, 1902-1967）美国黑人诗人、剧作家、小说家，20年代“哈莱姆文艺复兴”重要作家之一。
英文名著原文摘抄美段带赏析一、引言英文名著是人类文化的瑰宝，其中许多美段令人陶醉。
阅读这些美段并加以赏析，不仅能提高我们的英语水平，还能让我们领略到作家们的才华和审美情趣。
下面，我们就来欣赏一些名著中的经典美段，并分析其魅力所在。
二、正文1.《傲慢与偏见》中的经典对白赏析“In vain have I struggled to reason with him; in vain have I endeavored to make him comprehend the difference between the pretensions of a man like Mr.Bingley, who openly avows his pursuit of another, and the more delicate attentions of a man like Mr.Darcy, who conceals his feelings under the gui se of friendship.”这段话是《傲慢与偏见》中伊丽莎白与达西先生的一次对话。
作者简·奥斯汀运用了生动的描绘手法，通过对两位主人公的内心世界的刻画，展现了当时英国社会男女关系的现状。
这段对话，伊丽莎白坦诚地表露了自己的心声，而达西则用谨慎的语言掩饰着自己的情感。
这种真挚的情感表达和细腻的心理描绘，使得这段对话成为了名著中的经典美段。
2.《了不起的盖茨比》中对人物的描绘赏析“In his blue coat, gold watch chain, and striped trousers, he was the very picture of a prosperous young businessman, but his eyes betrayed a restlessness and an eager longing for something beyond thereach of money.”这段话描绘了《了不起的盖茨比》主人公盖茨比的形象。
Highlights of British and American Literature 《英美文学精品选读》Part I An Appreciation of English Literature 上篇：英国文学Chapter 1 Medieval Literature 中世纪英国文学Jeffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟The Canterbury Tales (General Prologue)Chapter 2 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期英国文学William Shakespeare 威廉•莎士比亚Sonnet 18Sonnet 29Romeo and Juliet: Part of Scene IIChapter 3 English Romantic Poetry 英国浪漫主义诗歌1. Robert Burns 罗伯特•彭斯A Red, Red RoseMy Heart’s in the Highlands2. William Wordsworth 威廉•华兹华斯I wandered lonely as a cloudComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 18023. Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西•比西•雪莱To---Ode to the West Wind4. Jane Austen 简•奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice (Chapter I)Chapter 4 The Victorian Age 维多利亚文学时期1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯•狄更斯A Tale of Two Cities ( Chapter I)2. Bronte Sisters 布朗特姐妹Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特•布朗特Jane Eyre (Chapter XXXVIII)Emily Bronte 艾米莉•布朗特Wuthering Heights (Chapter XV)3. Robert Browning 罗伯特•布朗宁My Last Duchess FerraraMeeting At NightParting at Morning4. Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白•巴雷特•布朗宁Sonnets from the Portuguese: 14Sonnets from the Portuguese: 43Chapter 5 Twentieth Century Literature 二十世纪文学时期1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯•哈代Tess of the D’Urberbilles (Chapter XXXV)2. Virginia woolf 维吉尼亚•沃尔夫Mrs. Dalloway (The beginning part)Part II An Appreciation of American Literature 下篇：美国文学Chapter 1: The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期文学1. Washington Irving 华盛顿•欧文Rip Van Winkle (The beginning part)2. Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生Nature (Chapter I)3. Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加•艾伦•坡The Raven4. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) 纳撒尼尔•霍桑The Scarlet Letter (Chapter I, II)Chapter 2: The Literature of Realism 现实主义文学时期1.Walt Whitman 惠特曼Leaves of Grass: O Captain! My Captain!Leaves of Grass: I Hear America singing2. Emily Dickinson 艾米丽•狄金森HopeI’m NobodyI heard a Fly buzz—when I died—3. Mark Twain 马克•吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （Chapter I）Chapter 3: Twentieth-century Literature 二十世纪文学时期1. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉•庞德In a Station of the MetroThe River-Merchant’s Wife: A Let ter2. Robert Frost 罗伯特•弗洛斯特The Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening3. Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯•斯特尔纳斯•艾略特The Waste Land (Subtitles: The Burial of the Dead)4. Francis Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯•司各特•菲兹杰拉德The Great Gatsby （Chapter III）5. Ernest Hemingway 厄尼斯特•海明威The Old Man and the Sea （Chapter XXVII, XXVIII, XXXVIIII）6. William Faulkner 威廉•福克纳A Rose for Emily （Chapter I, II, III, IV）《英美文学精华选读》将简要介绍英美各时期的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派和代表作家。
赏析英美文学中的修辞手法英美文学中的修辞手法是文学作品的重要组成部分，它们在文章中的运用能够丰富作品的内容，增强文章的表达力度，从而使作品更生动，更加具有魅力。
一般而言，英美文学中的修辞手法一般可以分为四大类：比喻、夸张、象征和反讽。
其中，比喻法是最常见的修辞手法，它通常是把不同的事物比作一个比喻形象，从而丰富文学作品的内容，增强文学作品的魅力。
例如，莎士比亚在《仲夏夜之梦》中写道：“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，将眼睛比作心灵的窗户。
夸张法是另一种常见的修辞手法，它的表达通常带有强烈的仪式感。
夸张法的运用可以吸引读者的注意，以达到表达深刻感受的目的。
例如，莎士比亚在《威尼斯商人》中写道：“把我们孩子当面榨取，就像一瓶里挤取橄榄油”，把榨取比作榨取橄榄油，显得格外强烈。
象征法是英美文学中又一种常见的修辞手法，即将某物或某种状态象征性地表达出来。
在文学作品中，运用象征法可以对作品的主题和人物情感进行描述，从而使作品更加生动。
例如，爱尔兰作家约翰坎贝尔的《死亡之船》中有一句话，“船正在死亡的海洋中摇曳”，把船比作死亡，以象征性的方式表达出船只将要沉没的景象。
反讽法是使用最少的语言却可以表达最强烈的意义的修辞手法之一。
它一般会使用一句反问或者直接的讽刺来表达作者的意图，以强调文学作品的主题思想。
例如，英国作家大卫休谟的《野草》中有一句话，“你们吃草好么？”，反讽的语气使得更多的人意识到了社会的不平等以及社会上的贫穷现象。
以上就是关于英美文学中的修辞手法的介绍，可见，修辞手法在文学作品中的运用能够丰富文章的内容，增加文章的表达力度，从而使文章更加生动，更有魅力。
因此，在创作文学作品时，我们应当注意修辞手法的运用，以实现更好的文学效果。
