初中英语教学大纲要求之读音知识《上海市初级中学英语学科基本要求》中在语言知识部分对语音做了如下要求说明:读音规则: 1,元音字母在重读开,闭音节中的读音规则;2,辅音字母的基本读音规则;3,字母组合的读音规则;4,单词重音语音，音素1,元音;2,辅音朗读：1,句子重音,意群和停顿;2,连读和不完全爆破;3,语调下面我们将根据此表,对语音知识部分的要求做详细的解读.一,音素音素是语音的最小单位,英语里共有48 个音素.表示音素的符号叫音标,一个音标代表一个音素.音标用来标记单词的读音.根据发音的特点,音素可分为元音(20 个)和辅音(28 个).(一)元音发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音.英语中有20 个元音.长元音[a:] [ә:][i:] [ɔ:] [u:]短元音[Λ][ә][i] [ɔ] [u] [æ] [e]双元音[ai] [ei] [ɔi] [iә ][eә ][uә ] [au] [әu](二)辅音发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音.英语中有28 个辅音. 轻辅音[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [∫] [t∫] [tr] [θ] [ts] [h]浊辅音[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [3] [d3] [dr] [ð] [dz] [r]鼻音[m] [n] [η]边音[l]半元音[w] [j]二,读音规则(一)元音字母在重读开,闭音节中的读音规则元音字母在重读音节中的读音[][]元音字母在非重读音节中的读音[][][]/[i][][u][]元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音[][][][][][] [][] [w][][] [][] [][][][](三)字母组合的读音规则元音字组在重读音节中的读音][][:l][:][i]][:][i][:][i][][:][au][:]非重读音节中元音字母组合和字群的读音[][n][n][n][][](四)单词重音所有一个音节以上的单词都有重音音节,该音节的发音往往比其它音节要更响亮更长. 以下单词大写部分即为重读音节.Column A Column B Column CPHOtograph phoTOgraphy photoGRAphicPENcil committee volunTEERMARyland society inforMAtion单词的重音位置有一定的规律性,如:1)复合名词bluebird blackboard notebook bookstore toothbrush keyboard重音都在第一个单词.2)名词+复合名词air conditioner computer programmer nail polish French fry Geiger counter doctor'soffice 重音仍然在第一单词上.3)短语动词及其派生复合名词let down letdown shut out shutout print out printout turn off turnoff take over takeover 短语动词的重音在介词上,而其派生的复合名词的重音却在第一个词上.4)同形异义词所谓同形异义词即拼写相同但读音不同的单词.该类词往往会因为重音不同,词性也会相应变化. VERB NOUN VERB NOUNrecord record present presentprogress progress permit permit三,朗读(一)句子重音说英语时,除了词重音以外,每一句话因语意而有其强调之处,说话者就会加重音来说那个词或数个词,则这个词或数个词上面就有句重音,无论那一个词原来有没有词重音.而其他的词,则压低音调;使有句重音与无句重音的词之间产生明显的差异性,而听者会明显的听到有句重音的词,而理解整句的意思.如I like the girl,同一个句子可因语意不同而有下列四种句重音:1.′I like the girl. (是我这个人喜欢这女孩.)2.I ′like the girl. (我很喜欢这女孩.)3.I like ′the girl. (我喜欢这个女孩,不喜欢别的女孩.)4.I like the ′girl. (我喜欢这个女孩,不喜欢这个男孩.)(二)意群与停顿停顿是指人们在说话过程中按照不同的意群(表达同一概念的一组词)来断句.英语要讲出节奏,可先从断句开始.也就是说,话语是一组词一组词地说,而不是一个一个词地说.每一组词都要用同样的速度讲完,就可以自然产生节奏感.断句的方式只有三种:1. 短句, 如I like you;2. 词组,如in the morning;3.长名词, 如The American president BillClinton.例如:One morning last April, Susan was still sleeping when the doorbell rang. It was her friend Dave inviting her to go to the beach for a picnic. Later that morning, Susan left her house and walked to the station to catch the bus. She was wearing a T-shirt and shorts, since it was quite warm. As she sat on the bus, she looked out the door. She saw some sheep in a field. It was starting to snow.合理的停顿为:One morning / last April, / Susan was still sleeping / when the doorbell rang. / It was her friend Dave / inviting her / to go to the beach / for a picnic. / Later that morning, / Susan left her house / and walked to the station / to catch the bus. / She was wearing a / T-shirt and shorts, / since it was quite warm. / As she sat / on the bus, / she looked out the door. / She saw some sheep / in a field. / It was starting to snow.按词群念:1. I got the book.2. I got the book / that you wanted.3. I got the book / that you wanted / to read.4. I got the book / that you wanted / to read / on the table.5. I got the book / that you wanted / to read / on the table / next to the TV.6. I got the book / that you wanted / to read / on the table / next to the TV / in the garage.7. I got the book / that you wanted / to read / on the table / next to the TV / in the garage / last weekend.(三)连读在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾, 后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读.连读时的音节一般不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可以加音,也不可以读得太重.如not at all 这个短语,连读时听起来就像是一个单词.注意:连读只发生在句子中的同一个意群中.在两个意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音和元音出现,也不可连读.如Please take a look at it,这个句子中take a look at it 是同一个意群,那么take 与a 可连读,look 与at 可连读,at 与it 可连读.在There is a book in it,一句中book 与in 往往不连读,因为book 与in 分别在两个不同的意群中.1)在同一个意群中,相邻的两个词,前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,往往要拼在一起连读.如:He is a student.(is 与a 要连读)That is a right answer.(That 与is, is 和a, right 和answer 都可以连读)I'll be back in half an hour.(back 和in, half 和an, an 与hour 都可以连读)2)在同一个意群中的两个单词,如果前面的单词以r 或re 结尾,后面的单词以元音音素开头,则r 或re 要发/r/音,并与其后的元音音素相拼.如here and there 连读时往往读作/hiәr әnd’ ðεә/. a pair of shoes 连读时读作/ә’ pεәr әv’ʃu: z/.3)特殊情况:kill him, take her away(四)不完全爆破爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音.这些音有6 个,即/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/和/g/.但在某些情况下,发爆破音时,气流不必冲破阻碍,而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,并稍做停顿, (也就是说,做好要发出这个爆破音的准备,但不要发出音来) ,这样的发音过程叫作"不完全爆破" .1)/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/这6 个爆破音中的任何两个音素相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音,后者则要完全地,彻底地进行爆破.如:He has a ba(d) col(d) today. Y ou shoul(d) ta(k)e care of the children. Gla(d) to meet you.2)爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在的前面时不完全爆破.如:Have you rea(d) the book abou(t) tha(t) child. The thir(d) chair is broken.3)爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在/m/, /n/, /l/, /s/的前面时不完全爆破.如Goo(d) morning, sir. Goo(d) night. They are very frien(d)ly to us.注意:不完全爆破可以发生在单词,短语或句子中.(五)语调1,升调一般表示"不确定""话还没有说完"或者"礼貌" , ,经常用于下面几类句型中:(1)一般疑问句:Is he coming tonight? Have you got the tickets?(2)反问句:Y ou are definitely coming ? Y ou like it?(3)表示安慰或鼓励:Come with us. That's a good idea.(4)重复:When did you come ?(5)以please 结尾的疑问句:Can you help me, please?(6)以疑问词开头,而说话者想显示特别兴趣的特殊疑问句:Where do you live?(7)说话者不确信对方态度时的附加疑问句:Y ou know about that, don't you?2,降调说话时用降凋,常常表示"完结或肯定" .所以能使用降调的句子有以下几类:(1)陈述句:Y ou came on Tuesday. I'd like some tea.(2)特殊疑问句:When did you come What's the time(3)带命令口吻的祈使句:Put it over there! Go and find it!(4)感叹句:What an awful film that was!(5)以please 结尾的陈述句:I'd like a cup of coffee, please.(6)说话者期望对方同意的附加疑问句:It's a nice day, isn't it3,降升调如果要表示说话人改变主意或话外有话之意,就用降升调.它主要出现在下面的句式中:(1) 含有对比的陈述句: Y ou can come on Tuesday but not Monday. He doesn't want it but his brother may.(2)含保留意见的陈述句:I know his face. I like the colour of your dress.(3)否认或矛盾:-I can't do it. -Y ou can. -She arrived on Monday. -On Tuesday.(4)警告:Be careful. Don't be late.。
