拉丁法律英语词汇

法律英语翻译：法律翻译常用词汇注释（A-C）翻译法律文件时，有些专用词不知道怎么翻，或者不确定最准确、最专业的译法是什么，确实让人苦恼。

这里有法律翻译中常见词的中文注释，按字母排序，方便查找。

AAb initioAb initio是拉丁文，其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”，可以直接翻译为“自始”。

在法律英语中，ab initio的使用频率较高，比较常见。

如：ab initio mundi（有史以来），void ad initio （自始无效）等。

Accordaccord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。

如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。

Accused被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。

Acquireacquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。

在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。

如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。

Acquittal罪名不成立。

刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。

Acquittal是名词。

详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。

Actact在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。

法律英语词汇大全[精选合集]第一篇：法律英语词汇大全法律英语词汇大全(律师部分)案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件);the accused(用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent;defendant本案律师councel pro hac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma;graduation certificate辩护词defense;pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order;ruling;determination（指终审裁定）裁决书award（用于仲裁）裁决书verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据admitted evidence;established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand;go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons;subpoena答辩状answer;reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁agency for arbitration 代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division;tribunal法学博士学位LL.D(Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M(Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law;department of law法学学士学位LL.B(Bachelor of Laws)J.D(juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim房地产律师real estate lawyer;real property lawyer非合伙律师associate lawyer非诉讼业务non-litigation practice高级合伙人senior partner高级律师senior lawyer各类协议和合同agreements and contracts公安局Public Security Bureau公司上市company listing公诉案件public-prosecuting case公证书notarial certificate国办律师事务所state-run law office国际贸易international trade国际诉讼international litigation国内诉讼domestic litigation合伙律师partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship;cooperating law office合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison;jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof;onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser;complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场reform-through-labor farm;prison farm利害关系人interested party;party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney;attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness 律师卷宗lawyer’s docile;file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office;law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar(Lawyer)Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar(Lawyer)Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam;lawyer qualification exam 律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station;police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information;indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default 人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance;appellate case 上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters 申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association申请人petitioner;claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人（仲裁）claimant;plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer;lawyer in probation period 实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation;action;lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party;litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint;bill of complaint;statement of claim 推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem;entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court;recess宣判pronounce judgement;determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness;affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice;sphere of practice;practice area 执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer;full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation自诉案件private prosecuting case第二篇：法律英语词汇学习1、具有特殊法律含义的常用词在英语语言的发展过程中，词义的演变十分复杂。

专心翻译 做到极致常用法律英语词汇注解Pardon赦免 指犯人透过赦免而被撤销判罪或判刑，而当犯人被赦免后，他不可以再次因同一案件再被定罪。

Partial intestacy 部份无遗嘱继承 指死者在遗嘱内，并未完全包括死者所有的遗产。

例如死者在遗嘱内只提及物业、现金(包括银行存款)的处理，实质死者还有股票及其它珠宝手饰并未在遗嘱提及，因此，这些未提及的遗产便需要根据无遗嘱继承法处理。

Personal service 专人送达 由送达人员亲身将法庭或律师楼文件交到收文件人手上。

在某些情况下，法庭或法例上可能会要求特别的送达方式，专人送达是其中一种，另外可能是用挂号邮件方式或由登广告的方法。

Personam对人 与rem 对物相对。

是拉丁语，指对人或与人有关的。

Petition请求 在法律上，一个Petition 可以是离婚的请求，亦可以是破产的请求，是以一个请求状的形式带出的。

Physical possession实体占有 Physical possession 有别于其它的possession ，因为若对象是在一个人的实体占有，即表示那人手上真正占有该对象。

不过，实体占有并不等于对象的拥有权。

例如买家向卖家订货，卖家已将对象特别与其它货物分割开，而买家已将所有金额支付，那么卖家虽然仍实体占有该对象，但他并非对象的拥有者。

Plaintiff原告 通常在诉讼过程中，向被告人发出告票的一方为原告，原告可以是个人或是法团，亦可以是政府。

Possessory title土地占有权 这个土地占有权，并没有任何契据所支持，主要因为占用人已将物业占有了一段长时间，而并没有人提出反对的话，占有人便可因此而将土地注册，成为土地的注册拥有人。

专心翻译 做到极致Power of Attorney委托书 以契约形成，将个人的某些权力，委派于他人身上。

最常见的是用于物业管理上，例如业主已移民外国，业主在港的物业，他委派一个可信的人替他管理，亦可以透过委托书要求受委托人替他将物业出租或出售。

absent proof that the defendant defrauded the plantiff. 特殊法律句子：
（1）Have you then and there this wit. Then and there 表示：at the time and place last
previously mentioned or charged. Wit 表示“to know, to be informed”
建议：1、辞典 “Black’s Law Dictionary” “Dictionary of Law, Oxford” 2、多掌握背景知识
五、法律英语词汇的词源 1、外来词的借用 （1）法语对法律英语词汇的形成产生过直接而巨大的影响。
Bar (禁止、律师业）, suit（诉讼）, plaintiff（原告）, complaint （原告）, summons（传票）, indictment（起诉书）, jury（ 陪审团）, proposal（提案）, assurance（不动产转让证书）, schedule（附件）, loi foundamentale （根本法）, questionnaire(调查表）, saisie（查封、扣押）, voir dire（对 陪审员预先审查）, writ demesne（中间令状）
(1)is disposed of in an on-site or off-site solid waste disposal facility (固体废物倾倒场、处理设施) in a State with an approved State plan under Subtitle D of the Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended (经过修改的）, which facility has been permitted or otherwise certified (认证过的 、认可的） by the State as meeting the criteria adopted ( 采取之标准）pursuant to Section 4004 of the Act; or (2) is shipped to and treated, stored or disposed of in a facility permitted by the Administrator (政府管理机构） pursuant to the requirements of Subpart E of this Part or permitted by an authorized (同意的、认可的）State program pursuant to Subpart F of this Part.

法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right 同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right 亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus 完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household 合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment 个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment 国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise 中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act 双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act 法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act 要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act 要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act 不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term 生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death 准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent 再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation 时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility 刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault 推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness 过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things 主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing 孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude 担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage 抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage 抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage 抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage 抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage 留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除exemption of debt债的分类obligatio; obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation主债prime/principal obligation从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权行为之债tort obligation损害赔偿之债obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage医药费hospital treatment expense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship保证金guaranty bond; security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money; deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidated damages by law约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement 债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment 优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection 特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner创作creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright 发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision 完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right to share usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment重播权right of rebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright 剽窃plagiary; plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrial property专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则prior application rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention and creation实用新型utility model外观设计design; industrial design发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to a patent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee of patent专利许可协议patent licensing agreement 技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registration of trademark商品商标commodity trademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board商标审查trademark examination商标侵权trademark infringement商标注册registered trademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family,inheritance, adoption婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law 旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation 涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements 配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation 晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural blood relation收养法adoption law收养协议adoption agreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption涉外收养adoption with foreign elements继承法inheritance law; law of succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestate succession遗赠继承succession by devise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation; succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditary succession间接继承indirect succession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir; successor第二顺序继承人successor second in order第一顺序继承人successor first in order继承参与人succession participant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law 消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law公司法company law; corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limited liability company股份有限公司company limited by shares无限公司unlimited company股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership两合公司joint liability company控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venture company联营公司associated company; affiliated company国营公司state-own company国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company 上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance 资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital 最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles ofincorporation; bylaw公司登记incorporation; corporate registration 公司存续existence of company公司合并分立merger and split of company 公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司管理corporate governance; company management公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿company rectification公司歇业closure of business公司和解company composition公司解散company dissolution公司清算company liquidation公司清理company winding-up竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’meeting表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director 董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund任意公积金optional accumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange 深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange 证券监督委员会securities supervision committee票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes; bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill; commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order 不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill 票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act on commercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee再追索人renewed recourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument 追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship’s nationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership 船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租ship subchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to general average服务优先权priority claim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit海运合同shipping contract提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminaljurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntary insurance强制保险compulsory insurance商业保险commercial insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance 信用保险credit insurance保证保险guaranty insurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer; underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder 保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit of insurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance; insurance compensation 保险事故insurance accident保险赔偿insurance indemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging of insurance。

法律英语词汇表单词词性解释单元课文出现部分abandon v. 停止进行；终止：10 2 V abatement n. 废除，撤消废除或撤消的行为14 1 D abrogate v. 废止，结束8 3 V abuse n. 滥用; 妄用13 1 D accession n. 正式接受，正式加入 2 1 D accompany v. 同时发生9 1 D, V accrual n. 增加;增加的行为或过程；增长; 增加物增加或增长的东西14 1 D accrue v. 自然增长，自然产生因获得、附加或增加而成为一体; 增加，积累，产生作为增长的结果而增加、积累或产生7 2 Vaccusatory adj. 指控的，非难的, 责问的 1 1 D, V accuse v. 正式指控某一错误行径 5 2 D acquaint v. 使得知9 1 V acquittal n. 宣告无罪，无罪开释由陪审团或法官宣告被告没有所控罪行; 无罪被发现或证明无罪的状态7 2 Vact n. 法案，法令 2 1 V Act of Parliament n. 6 1 N ad hoc adj.&adv.特别的；特别地16 1 D, Vadditional a. 额外的；附加的 6 1 D adhere to v 遵守11 1 Dadjudication n. 判决; 裁定1 1 D, V adjustment n. 调整8 2 V administration n. 管理; 执行; 行政 1 1 D, V Administrative tribunal. 行政法庭12 1 D administrative law n. 行政法 2 2 V admonition n. 警告；训诫, 忠告 1 1 D, V adversary n. 对手9 1 D Adversary system 对抗式（或抗辩式）诉讼制度121 D, V advocacy n. 辩护9 1 D advocate n. 提倡者；拥护者；鼓吹者13 1 V agency n. 代理处，代理，中介 1 1 D, V aggravate v. 加重；加剧；使恶化使变得更坏或更麻烦14 1 D aggressive adj. 雄心勃勃的；不怕反对的13 1 D aggrieve v. 使悲痛；折磨; 侵害使遭受伤害142 V agrarian adj. 土地的，耕地的 5 1 D agreement n. 协议15 1 D All ER n. 23 N allegation n.声明、断言、事实陈述7 1 D alleged adj. 声称的, 所谓的;被说成是事实但并未得到证实的；假定的7 2 V allegedly adv 3 3 N.alteration n. 更改 5 1 D alternative a. 另外的 6 1 D altruistic adj. 无私的，利他（主义）的13 1 D amalgamate v. 合并6 3 V ambit n. 范围16 1 D, V amend v. 修正，修改8 1 D amphetamine n. [药]安非他明7 3 V analogical adj. 类推的 3 1 V analogous adj. 相似的 2 1 D annual adj. 每年的，年度的，10 1 D anomalous adj. 不规则的, 反常的14 3 V anomaly n. 不规则, 异常的人或物14 2 V anticipate v. 期望；预料12 3 V antique adj.古董15 3 V &n.antiquity n. 古老 2 1 D antisocial反社会的 3 1 D adj.apartheid n. （南非）种族隔离 4 1 D, V apparent adj. 显然的 6 1 D appeal n. 上诉 2 3 V appeal v. 上诉8 2 V appellant n. 上诉人8 3 V appellate adj. 受理上诉的2 2 v appellee n. 被上诉人5 3 D applicant n. 申请者，请求者 2 3 V appoint v. 委任8 1 D apprehension n. 担心，忧虑对未来充满恐惧或焦虑,忧惧;7 2 V逮捕抓获或俘获的行为；逮捕; 了解把握或理解的能力；理解approach n. 方法；步骤13 1 V appropriation n. 据为己有，挪用 4 1 D, V approval n. 官方的批准；认可10 1 D arbiter n. 仲裁人8 2 V arbitration n. 仲裁9 1 D, V arbitration n. 仲裁15 1 D archivist n. 档案保管员8 3 V arraignment n 传讯刑事被告；提审11 2 V assault n. 攻击，人身攻击 4 1 D, V assent n. 同意15 1 D assert v. 断言, 声称7 1 V assessment n. 评估 5 3 D assignor n. 转让人一作出转让的人, 让与人, 让渡人,委托人14 2 V assumpsit n. 协定口头或书面未经盖印的协议或许诺,协定; 要14 1 N求赔偿损失的诉讼对违背这种协议而提出的强制实施或赔偿损失的法律行为attainment n. 达到，获得到达的行为或被得到的状况; 成就，7 1 V造诣，才能已经得到某物，如技艺或业绩Attorney-General n. 10 1 N attribute n. 品质、属性、特征内在的属性或特征 5 1 D attribute v. 归结于 4 1 D, V auspice n. 预兆161 D, V authority n. 能够执行法律、规章、命令、决定或判决的力量 52 D authorize v. 批准，授权 1 1 D, V autonomous adj. 自治的7 1D avail oneself ofv. 3 3 N sthavenge v. 报复，报仇 1 1 D, V averse adj. 不喜欢的，反对的12 2 V award v. 判给,因司法判决给予：7 3 V bailee n. 受托者15 2 Vbailment n. 寄托，委托15 2 V bailor n. 寄托人15 2 V Bar n.律师团，被看作是一个组织的律师；法律界7 1 V bar v. 禁止，下禁令8 3 V Bar Conference 7 1 N bench n. 法官席10 1 V biannual adj. 一年两次的6 2 V biased adj. 有偏见的10 3 V bill n. 议案2 1 V Bill of attainder n. 公权剥夺令（一种过时的合法惩罚某人的方法，8 3 V用此法时不审判，只通过一向项法律给该人定罪和定刑）binding adj. 有约束力的 2 1 D Blackstone 2 1 N bloc n. 集团, 10 2 V Bolshevik n. 布尔什维克 3 1 D n. 3 1 N BolshevikRevolution10 1 D borough n. 自治城镇，拥有市自治体或一定权利，如自治权的城镇n. 10 1 N Borough QuarterSessionBracton n. 2 1 N breach v.&违反15 1 D n.bribery n. 贿赂罪8 1 D brief v. 简要介绍9 1 D byword n. [人、地、物的]别名；代名词13 1 D cabinet n. 内阁6 1 V n. 3 2 N Canadian Charterof Rights andFreedomscandidate n. 候选人，10 1 D cannabis n. 大麻制品一种产生轻微快感、引起幻觉作用的毒7 3 V品，如印度大麻、大麻麻醉剂或大麻烟，皆从该植物不同部分提炼出来capacity n. 资格；容量4 1 D, V capital felony n 11 1 N capricious adj. 变幻无常的13 3 Ncase n. 案件，讼案 2 1 V case law n. 判例法 2 1 V Case stated 7 2 N categorize v. 归类 6 1 D Caveat emptor n. 购买者注意〈货物一经售出概不退换原则〉13 1 N censorship n. 3 3 N censure v. 指责严厉批评；责备; 公开谴责正式表示不赞成7 1 V certiorari n. 10 3 N Chancery Division n. 10 1 N charge n. 控诉 2 2 V charismatic adj. 有魄力的，有神授超凡能力的16 1 D, V chattel n. 动产,一件私人的、可移动的财产14 1 D Chose n. 动产一项个人财产；动产14 2 N circuit n. 巡回旅行，巡回地区8 2 V Circuit judge n. 10 1 N Civil law n. 罗马法系，大陆法系 3 1 V civil law n. 民法 2 2 V classical adj. 经典的 3 1 D clause n. 条款 6 1 V Closed shop n. 只雇用某一工会会员的工厂（或商店）7 1 D code n. 法典 2 2 V Code Napoleon n. 2 2 N Code of Justinian n. 3 1 N n. 3 1 N Code of the new German Empirecodify v. 编成法典，使法律成文化 2 2 V coercion n. 强迫，高压政治 1 1 D, V Coke Sir Edward 2 1 N collective adj. 集体的 5 2 D n. 集体所有 3 1 D collectiveownershipcollusion n. 勾结，共谋10 2 V combat v. 战斗，斗争12 1 V commence v. (会议)开始 6 1 V commentary n. 注释，解说词 2 1 D commerce clause n. 美国宪法商业条款13 1 N commission n. 犯罪行为14 1 D commission n. 佣金15 3 V Common law n. 英美法系3 1 V Common Law14 1 N Courts2 1 N Common lawsystemcompelling adj. 非常有说服力的 5 3 D compensate v 补偿；赔偿11 1 D complainant n. 原告 1 1 D, V complexity n. 复杂性15 2 V compliance n 服从，遵从12 1 V compliant adj. 愿意遵从的；服从的10 3 V compromise n. 折衷方案13 2 V. computation n. 计算，估计 2 1 Dconceal v. 隐瞒9 3 V conciliatory adj. 抚慰的, 调和的 1 1 D, V concurrently adv同时地；共存的11 1 D .condemnation n. 谴责, 指责, 定罪 1 1 D, V confidentiality n. 保密性8 3 V conformity n. 一致，符合 1 1 D, V Congress n. 美国国会6 2 V conjure v. 想象出；变戏法 1 1 D, V consensually adv在双方愿意下成立的 4 1 D, V .consensus n. 意见一致 3 1 V consent n. n.同意, 赞成, 10 1 V consideration n. 对价15 1 D consolidate v. 巩固 3 1 V Consolidatedn. 10 1 N Fundconspiracy n. 同谋，共谋两个或多个人之间进行犯罪或通过非14 1 V法行为实现一个合法目标的一种协定constable n 警察；警官；旧时英国京都或要塞的警官11 3 V constituent n. 选区居民 6 2 V constitution n. 宪法 6 1 V constitutional law n. 宪法 2 2 V constrain v. 制约；强制，强迫 1 1 D, V construction n.诠释对一个措辞或陈述所作出的阐明或解释7 3 V contemporary adj. 当前的6 1 D contend v. 主张，争辩3 1 V contend v. 主张，争论 1 1 D, V contention n. 论点论证中提出的主张10 3 V contingent adj. 随时可以发生的 4 1 D, V contract n. 合同2 2 V contractual adj. 合同的15 1 D contradictor n. 反驳者；相矛盾的人；抵触者14 3 V convention n. 常例，惯例10 1 D, V converge v. (趋于)相似或相同12 2 V conversion n. 侵权行为对他人财产的非法挪用; 财产转换从不14 1 V动产转换为动产或者反之conveyance n. 转让9 1 D convict v. 证明/宣告……有罪 4 1 D, V conviction n. 定罪，科刑12 1 D, V corollary n. .推论或结论 5 2 D corpus juris civilis n. 2 2 N correlative adj. 有关联的，相应的14 2V corrupt adj. 贪污的，堕落的10 3 V counterbalance v. 平衡10 1 D counter-offer n. 反提议，还价15 1 D County Court n. 10 1 N court n. 法庭 2 1 V courtn. 诉讼程序13 2 N proceedingsCourts of14 1 N Equitycrafty adj. 诡计多端的，狡猾的13 1 D creditor n. 债权人 1 1 D, V Crim 7 3 N criminal law n. 刑法 2 2 v critical adj. 关键性的;决定性的 6 1 D Crown Court n. 10 1 N Crown7 2 N ProsecutionServicecrystallization n. 结晶化 2 1 D curb v. 抑制，约束8 1 D custody n. 保管8 3 V custom n. 习惯，风俗 2 1 V customary adj. 习俗的，惯例的 2 1 V customary law n. 习惯法 3 1 D damages n. 赔偿金 2 3 V De facto adj.（拉丁语）事实上，尽管法律所有权不肯定8 1 D ,advdebtor n. 债务人1 1 D, V decedent n. 死者（律）12 3 V decentralize v. 使（政府或企业等）权力分散8 1 D deception n. 欺骗9 3 V decline v. .婉拒，谢绝10 3 V dedicate v. 用于某一特殊用途5 3 D defamation n. 诽谤 4 1 D, V defamatory adj. 破坏名誉的, 诽谤的7 2 V defamatory adj. 3 3 N defendant n. 被告15 3 V defendant n. 被告 2 3 V deficient adj. 缺乏；缺少12 3 V defined adj. 明确的，确定的1 1 D, V degenerate v 衰退，恶化12 2 V delegate v. 授（权），把…委托给别人 2 1 V deliberately adv 故意9 3 V deliberation n. 慎重考虑；故意 1 1 D, V demarca-n. 分界9 1 D tiondemocratically adv民主的 6 1 D .democrati-zation. 民主化9 2 Vndeny v. 拒绝给予或允许；拒绝：10 3 V deposition n. (经宣誓的)证词12 2 Vdepository n. 保管者，受托人8 3 V derive v. 来源于9 1 V destruction n. 破坏，毁灭12 3 Vdeteriorate v. 恶化15 1 V detrimental adj. 引起损害的；有害的7 1 D deviance n. 偏离，脱离正常的或社会常轨的行为 5 1 D deviant n. 离经叛道的; 偏离正轨的; 异常的 1 1 D, V dialectic n. 辩证法12 3 V dictate v. 命令，指示权威性指示；强制实行;7 1 V;控制，支配控制或指挥differentiate v. 区分在两事物间区分差别： 5 1 D differentiation n. 区别 4 1 D, V diffuse adj. 散射的，不集中的 4 1 D, V diminish v. 减少，缩小16 1 D, V directive n. 指示 2 1 D disbar v. 剥夺律师资格，逐出法庭16 1 D, V discharge v. 卸（货）；倒空（物品）7 3 V disclose v. 暴露 6 3 V discount v. 低估，贬低 2 1 D discretion n. 自行决断的自由 3 1 V discretionary adj 任意的 2 1 D Disjuncture n. 分离，分裂5 1 N disperse v. （使）分散；（使）散开8 1 D disposition n. 安排；布置；配置7 2 V disputed adj. 有争端的8 2 V dissemination n. 3 3 N dissent v. 不同意 2 3 V dissolve v. 废除，取消 5 1 N distinct adj. 截然不同的9 1 V distinction n. 区别 2 1 V distinguish v. 区分，辨别 6 1 D distinguishable adj. 可辩明的；区别的出的12 3 V ditch v. 使（飞行器）在海上紧急降落；迫降12 3 V divergence n. 分歧 4 1 D, V divine adj. 上帝或神的 3 1 V Divisional court n. 2 3 N doctrine n. 原理 2 1 D dominion n. 英联邦自治领12 1 D, V dubious adj. 引起怀疑的，可疑的13 1 D Dumfries 14 3 N n.10 2 N Duncan v.Louisianaduration n. 持续时间，期间10 1 V Easement 14 2 N eccentricadj. 古怪的，异常的,偏离公认的、常规的或既定的10 3 V EEC Treaty n. 2 3 N egalitarian adj. 平等主义的9 2 Vejectment n. 收回不动产之诉要求收回被他人控制的不动产的14 1 D诉讼emanate v. 从…散发出8 2 V embody v. 包含，具体表达，使具体化 1 1 D, V eminent adj. 杰出的，有名的 2 1 V empirical adj. 依据观察或实验得出的 5 3 D empower v. 授权，给予某人做某事的权力8 1 D En banc 8 2 V enact v. 颁布（法律） 1 1 D, V enactment n. 制定法律制定法律的行为 5 1 D encapsulate v. 用概括的话来表达，概述；封装16 1 D, V encroach v. 侵占 6 3 V enforce v. 强制；实施，执行 1 1 D, V enforceable adj. 可实行的15 1 D entail v. 引起，招致，使承担；蕴涵 1 1 D, V entrust v. 委托10 3 V enumerate v. 列举6 2 V equitable adj. 公正的平等的，公平的，不偏袒的14 1 V equity n. 平衡法 2 1 D erroneous n. 错误的,由错误得出 5 3 D espouse v 拥护；赞助；采取11 1 D essential adj. 必须的基本的或不可缺少的；绝对必要的 5 1 V establish v. 制定，规定 2 1 V ethical adj. 道德的12 1 D ethos n. 社会精神特质一种特定的人、民族、文化或社会7 1 D活动所特有的性情、气质、个性或基本的价值2 1 N EuropeanCommunityEuropean Court of2 1 N Justice2 1 N EuropeanEconomicCommunityevict v. 驱逐，收回1 1 D, V evidence n. 证据，证物2 2 V evolution n. 演变，发展13 1 V evolve v. 逐渐形成 3 1 V EWCA 7 3 N exclusive adj. 排除在外9 1 D, V的executive adj. 政府部门的, 属于或关于主管国家法律的执行和7 1 V管理的政府部门的exemplary adj. 警告性的,惩戒的; 典型的; 典范的作为例证的；14 1 D代表性的exhibit n. 证件，物证，证据12 2 V expiration n. 满期（结束）8 3 V explicit adj. 详尽的，清楚的15 3 V expressly adv明示地 6 1 V .expulsion n. 驱逐9 1 Vextensive adj. 广泛的 6 1 D fascist adj. 法西斯主义的，提倡或实行法西斯主义的10 2 V felony n 重罪11 1 D ferret v. 发现, 查获12 1 V firearm n. 火器, 轻武器7 2 V first instance n. 第一审, 初审7 2 V fixture n. 固定装置15 2 V FOB abb船上交货价格, 离岸价格7 3 V r.foregoing adj. 前述的 1 1 D, V forge v. 3 3 N fornication n 私通；密通11 1 D FOT abb[商](铁路)敞车上交货(价格) 7 3 V r.fraud n. 欺骗行为为弄到不公平或不合法的钱财而实行的14 1 V诈骗; 骗局一个圈套；一个诡计; 行骗的人；骗子freehold n. 财产的完全保有15 2 V Galloway 14 3 N gratuitous adj. 无条件的15 1 D grossn 11 1 N misdemeanorguesswork n. 猜测 6 3 V guilty adj. 犯罪，有罪 2 1 V Hadith n.3 1 N hallmark n. 特点，特征12 1 V hand down 7 3 N harass v. 使烦恼9 3 Vhaunt v. 萦绕心头；常去 1 1 D, V hearing n. 听讼 2 3 V hereinadv此中，于此 6 2 V .heritage n 遗产；继承物；传统11 1 D hierarchy n. 层次 2 1 D hold v. 裁定 2 3 V honorarium n. 酬金9 1 D hoodwink v 欺骗12 1 V hovering n. 横加干涉13 1 D ideal n. 理想,绝对完美事物5 2 D identical adj. 同一的 6 2 V ideological adj. 意识的，与意识形态有关的 4 1 D, V immemorial adj. 古老的，远古的 2 1 D immune adj. 豁免的，免除的；10 1 D immunity n. 豁免10 1 V impartial adj 公平的，公正的10 1 D, V impeach v. 控告，弹劾8 1 D imperative n. 命令;要求 6 1 D impetus n. 推动力；刺激 5 1 D, V implement v. 贯彻，实现，执行 1 1 D, V implementation n. 执行 2 1 D implicit adj. 暗示的 2 1 Dimplied adj. 默示的，隐含的15 3 V imprisonment n. 监禁9 3 V In personam 14 1 N in question adv3 3 N.In rem 14 1 N inapplicable adj. 不适用的7 1 V incapacitate v. 使无能为力，使不能胜任16 1 D, V incapacity n. 无力; 无能或能力不足；10 1 D incarceration n 监禁；禁闭11 1 D incontrovertibly adv3 3 N.incorporate v. 合并 4 1 D, V increasingly adv日愈，愈加 2 1 V .incur v. 招徕 6 1 D indictment 7 2 N indigenous adj. 10 2 N indispensable adj. 必不可少的，必需的12 2 V induce v. 劝诱，促使，导致 1 1 D, V inferior adj. 下级的，下属的,在等级、程度或官阶中低的或较10 1 D低的：inflict v. 使遭受 3 1 V infraction n. 违规，违法8 2 V infringe v.违反超越或超过限制；违犯14 1 V infuse v 充满；注入11 1 V inherent adj. 固有的, 内在的, 与生俱来的7 1 V inherently adv 内在的；固有的；生来就有的11 1 D .initial adj. 开始的，与开始有关的，首先的 5 1 D initiate v. 开始展开最初的工作；开始; 7 2 V initiation n. 开始的动作或例子10 1 D initiative n. 立法提案权 2 1 D injunction n. 禁令8 3 V innocence n. 无辜,无罪10 2 V inquisitorial adj. 询问式11 2 V inquisitorial 纠问式（讯问式）诉讼制度12 1 D systeminroad n. 袭击一场恶意的侵略；一场袭击; 侵害进展，尤7 1 D指以别人的代价；侵犯。

法律英语词汇⼤全（完美版）法律渊源source of law 制定法statute判例法case law; precedent特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral⾃然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law⼤陆法系civil law system⼤陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity; law of equity⽇尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁⽌规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality ⾃愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信⽤原则principle of good faith ⾏为act作为ac不作为omission合法⾏为lawful act违法⾏为unlawful act民事权利权利能⼒civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief⽀配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终⽌权right of termination抗辩权right of defense⼀时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履⾏抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right⾮专属权non-exclusive right⼈⾝权利personal right⼈权human right⼈格权right of personality⽣命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture⾃由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私⽣活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right⾝份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公⼒救济public protection私⼒救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society⽆责任⾏为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫⾏为act of defence ⾃为⾏为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity⾃助⾏为act of self-help不可抗⼒force majeure意外事件accident⾏为能⼒capacity for act意思能⼒capacity of will民事⾏为civil act意思表⽰declaration of intention意思表⽰⼀致meeting of minds; consensus完全⾏为能⼒perfect capacity for act限制⾏为能⼒restrictive capacity for act准禁治产⼈quasi-interdicted person保佐protection⾃治产⼈minor who is capable of administering his own capacity ⽆⾏为能⼒incapacity for act禁治产⼈interdicted person⾃然⼈natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体⼯商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙⼈partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership⼊伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个⼈合伙partnership法⼈合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership 私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法⼈legal person企业法⼈legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个⼈独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise 中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise 社团法⼈legal body of mass organization财团法⼈legal body of financial group联营joint venture法⼈型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律⾏为civil legal act单⽅民事法律⾏为unilateral civil legal act双⽅民事法律⾏为bilateral civil legal act多⽅民事法律⾏为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律⾏为civil legal act with consideration⽆偿民事法律⾏为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律⾏为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律⾏为consental civil legal act要式民事法律⾏为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律⾏为informal civil legal act要因民事法律⾏为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律⾏为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律⾏为principal civil legal act从民事法律⾏为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律⾏为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律⾏为civil legal act with term⽣前民事法律⾏为civil legal act before death死后民事法律⾏为civil legal act after death准民事法律⾏为quasi-civil legal act⽆效⾏为ineffective act可撤销民事⾏为revocable civil act违法⾏为illegal act; unlawful act侵权⾏为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘⼈之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖⾮法⽬的legal form concealing illegal intention 恶意串通malicious collaboration 重⼤误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本⼈principal被代理⼈principal受托⼈trustee代理⼈agent本代理⼈original agent法定代理⼈statutory agent; legal agent委托代理⼈agent by mandate指定代理⼈designated agent复代理⼈subagent再代理⼈subagent转代理⼈subagent代理权right of agency授权⾏为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理⾏为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer 普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间⼈broker信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中⽌suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终⽌lapse of time; termination of prescription 期⽇date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements 冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility⾏政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability⽆限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害⼈过错victim’s fault第三⼈过错third party’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重⼤过失gross negligence疏忽⼤意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence 过于⾃信的过失negligence with undue assumption 损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss⽆形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss⼈⾝损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担⽅式methods of bearing civil liability 停⽌侵害cease the infringing act 排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle 消除危险elimination of danger 返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state⽀付违约⾦payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system⼀物⼀权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公⽰原则principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem物property⽣产资料raw material for production⽣活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence限制流通物limited merchantable thing资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits⽆主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right⾃物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使⽤权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena⽤益物权real right for usufruct使⽤权right to use; right of use⼟地使⽤权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement⼈役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押⼈mortgagor抵押权⼈mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效⼒deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right tomortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien⼀般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right 债权⼈creditor债务⼈debtor相对⼈counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt 债务的给付⽇期debt maturity 债务的免除exemption of debt 债的分类obligatio; obligation 法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation 主债prime/principal obligation 从债accessory obligation单⼀之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权⾏为之债tort obligation⼈⾝损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage 医药费hospital treatment expense 医疗费medical charge抚恤⾦pension慰问⾦consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment⽆因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信⽤担保credit guarantee让与担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明⽰保证express guaranty默⽰保证implied guaranty保证⼈guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship。

常用法律英语词汇注解Ab initio从开始形容事件由开始时的状态,例如合约从开始便已经无效,称为“The contract was void ab initio”;Accused被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告,民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent答辩人;Acquittal罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后,被告罪名不成立被释放,称为“The accused is acquitted”;Acquittal是名词;Adjourn休庭,押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟,称为“adjourned for30 minutes”;如要将聆讯押后再排期重审,称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”;Affidavit誓章以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit,而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation,两者的格式用词有些分别,但主要作用相同;Allegation声称诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言,例如：The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendant’s breach of contract,原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致;Allegation是名词;Assault殴打,侵犯以武力侵犯他人的行为,称为Assault,一般性质的殴打,称为“Common Assault”；严重者称为Aggravated Assault；未经许可触摸他人身体,可以被控非礼,称为Indecent Assault;As is现状“As is”常用于物业买卖的合约中,指物业的现状;“The property is and will be sold on an “as is” basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售;Bail保释刑事案中的疑犯或被告,可以暂时被释放;保释可以是有条件的,也可以是无条件的;保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等;Balance of Probabilities可能性较高者这是民事案件中举证的标准,法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据,认为那一方的可信性较高,便会判处该方胜诉;相对刑事案而言,民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益,所以法庭对举证的要求,相对也较刑事案为低;Beyond reasonable doubt无合理疑点这是刑事案件中举证的标准,控方向法庭提出的证据,必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点,法庭才会判处被告有罪;刑事罪的后果对被告而言,较为严重,举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格,如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点,都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告;Binding有约束力的“binding”通常的解释是连结一起,但法律上则多用作有约束力的,例如：This provisional agreement is a binding contract;这份临时协议是有法律约束力的;Body Corporation法人团体经法律程序而产生具有与自然人相同法律地位的组织,例如：根据公司条例注册成立的有限公司Limited Company,可以拥有资产,可以向外借贷,可以提出控诉,也可以被申索;法人团体没有自然的死亡因素,所以必须经法律程序才可以将它消除;Burden of Proof举证责任无论是刑事或民事案件,提出控诉的一方,都负有举证的责任,即是向法庭提出证据,支持控诉和申索的事由;虽然在一般的情况下,向法庭举证是主控和原告的责任,但如果被告在刑事案中被法庭判罪之后,再被受害人以民事追讨赔偿,则在有关的民事诉讼中,如果被告否认他对受害人的损失需要负上赔偿的责任,被告便有责任向法庭举证,支持他的抗辩;Cause of Action诉讼理由提出诉讼,必须要有合理的事实根据,缺乏合理的诉讼理由,对方不但可以向法庭请求剔除有关的诉讼,同时可以要求赔偿浪费了的律师费及其它费用;Caution警诫词执法人员警察及海关人员等在拘捕疑犯时,提醒疑犯保持缄默的权利的警告说话;执法人员在没有给予疑犯警诫词的情况下所录取的供词,可能不会被法庭接纳为有效的证供;Certified Copy核证副本指经律师或其它合资格人士核证的文件副本,核证副本都有核证人的签署和核证日期,以确认该副本进行了核证,除特别声明必须用文件正本的情况外,核证副本一般都视为有效的文件;Chamber办公室诉讼律师和法官的办公室,称为“Chamber”;诉讼程序中有部份的聆讯是在法官的办公室中进行的,称为内庭聆讯”hearing in chambers”,内庭聆讯只准许当事人及其法律代表出席;Charge收费,控罪,抵押,押记 Charge可以是名词,也可以是动词,它包含了多个不同的解释：1. 是提供服务的收费,例：Legal Charge 律师收费；2. 是刑事控罪,例：This case has more than one charge 这案件包含多于一项的控罪；3. 是借贷的抵押,例：The company charged its property forthe loan 这间公司以其物业作为借款的抵押；4. 是对法定债务人的物业的押记,用以偿还有关的法定债务;Claim申索民事诉讼的传票中,原告须要将其向被告申索的事由详细列明,称为Statement of Claim 或Particulars of Claim;Concurrent Sentence合并判决刑事案中的被告犯了两项或以上的罪名同时成立,但各项罪名的判刑同时执行,例如第一项罪的判刑是一年监禁,而第二项罪的判刑是监禁两年,两项罪合并判决,被告只需要被服刑两年;Consecutive Sentence连续判决刑事案中的被告所犯的不同罪行,是以连续判决执行,则被告需要分别服刑,例如一项罪被判了两年,另一项罪则被判了三年,被告便需要连续服刑五年,才会被释放;Consideration约因合约是订约方自愿建立的法律关系,是一方以有价值的代价或者承诺以换取对方的承诺或代价,这些合约中的承诺或代价称为约因,缺乏有效的约因,合约便不能成立;Contempt of Court藐视法庭是一种严重的罪行,可以被判罚款或监禁;藐视法庭包括不遵守法庭命令、违反对法庭作出的承诺,妨碍司法公正等行为;Contributory Negligence分担疏忽意外中的伤者对意外的造成及他自己的受伤程度,需要分担部份疏忽的责任,他所获得的赔偿额也会相对地减少;Copyright版权是作者对他所创作的作品的发表、翻印、复制等专有权利,版权在作品完成后便自动产生及受法律保护,毋须经过任何注册程序,但必须为原创作品才拥有版权;Counterclaim反申索在民事诉讼中,被告对原告作出申索,而该申索的事实和理据与原告的申索是有关连的,反申索是一项独立的申索,所以原告必须对反申索作出适当的响应,例如进行抗辩等;Custody保管,监护,拘留一般而言,Custody这个名词是指对对象的保管或拥有,但在家事法中,Custody of Children 是指对未成年子女的监护权；而在刑事案件中,则指对被告的拘留;Decree法庭判令法庭聆讯后所作出的判令,可以分成暂时性判令“decree nisi”和永久性判令“decree absolute”,常见于离婚呈请的程序;一般而言,法庭颁出decree nisi后,在指定的期限过后,除非收到反对,否则都会颁出永久判令;Deed契约是一种特别的合约,须要经过当事人签署、盖章并送交对方才算有效,契约上的盖章在法律上被视为一种有效的约因;Defamation诽谤非法破坏他人名誉的行为,口头的毁谤和以书面的永久形式诽谤都可以构成民事索偿的理据或者刑事罪行;Defence抗辩刑事或民事案件中的被告,否认有关的指控或申索,同时提出反对的支持事实;Dependant受养人是指某人的某些家庭成员,需要依靠这个人提供的经济来支持生活,如果这个人因意外死亡,他的受养人因而遭受损失,是有权追究责任,要求赔偿有关的损失;Disclaimer弃权,否认是指某人愿意放弃法律上的某项权益,如果这项权益是以书面确认,则这份文件称为Disclaimer;此外,也可以是指对某个声称或指控作出否认的行为;Discovery of documents披露文件在民事诉讼的程序中,原告和被告都需要向法庭及对方披露其所持有关于该案件的所有文件,基于公平、公开和公正的法律原则,是“所有与案有关的文件”都需要披露,而不是只披露对自己有利的文件;Distraint封租租客拖欠租金,业主可以根据租约条文向法庭请求封租令,将租客留在物业中的物品充公拍卖,偿还所拖欠的租金和封租的费用;Domicile居藉是一个人定居的地方,居藉与居所不同,每一个人只可以有一个居藉,但却可以多于一个居所,居藉可以是以出生地为居藉,也可以自行选择移居的居藉,也可以是法律界定的居藉,一个人的法律地位受其居藉影响;Estoppel不可反言是“Stop”的意思,法律上不容许否认经已作出的行为,或者不容许引申某项违反公平原则的争辩;Ex Parte单方在公平的原则下,诉讼的程序一般都是以双方“Inter Parte”形式进行,即是与讼双方同时有机会向法庭作出申辩;但在某些特殊的情况下,例如对申请人有人身或财物安全的迫胁,或者不让对方有机会毁灭证据等,是可以容许以单方形式进行;例如以单方传票向法庭申请禁制令,禁止对方将子女擅自携离香港;False Imprisonment非法禁锢非法禁锢是一种刑事罪行,也是一种侵权行为,不单是指将受害人拘禁的行为,同时是指无合法理由而禁止他人自由离开的行为;触犯非法禁锢罪行,可以被警方控诉,也可以被受害人追讨赔偿损失;Fiduciary Duty诚信责任公司董事和受托人等,因为其身处位置,对委托人或有关的受益人都负有诚信的责任,基本上,诚信责任就是不能以位或权而谋私,凡事均以委托人的利益为前题;Forthwith立即法律书信经常用的副词,是立即的意思,例：The outstanding sum should be settled forthwith. 应该立即清还所欠的款项;其实,所谓立即,可以理解为最短的合理时间;Frivolous琐屑无聊民事诉讼中原告的申索理由,或者被告的抗辩理据,如果是Frivolous 琐屑无聊,对方可以根据高等法院规则向法庭申请,将该申索或抗辩剔除,并索取诉讼费;Garnishee第三债务是法定债务人的债权,例如在银行中的存款,出租楼宇所得的租金等;如果败诉的一方,并没有依照法庭判令对另一方作出赔偿,胜诉一方便可以向败诉方的第三债务发出扣记令,要求从该第三债务中取得获判的赔偿;Guarantee保证保证人Guarantor承诺当某人不作出某指定的行为时,例如不依期还款,便负责赔偿受保证人的损失;保证一般都会以书面并以契约形式订立,称为Deed of Guarantee;Hearing聆讯案件在公开审讯前,法庭进行的各项中途聆听与讼各方的申请或陈述,聆讯一般都在内庭形式进行,与案无关人士不得列席;Hearsay evidence传闻证据不是证人从亲身经历而得的证据,只是听取其它人的转述,或者呈交由他人制定的文件,例如收费单据等;Implied term默示条款在合约中并没有明文订立的条款,但因为事实的需要,法例的规定或者有关行业的惯例,在合约中加诸的条款;例如在雇佣合约中,虽然没有订明雇员必须尽忠职守,勤力工作,但其实这些条件,经已默示在合约当中,被视为有效的条款;Infringement侵犯权利一般指侵犯了他人的民事权利,多用于知识产权的侵占行为;例：Using a registered trade mark without its owner’s permission is a serious infringement of the owner’s proprietary right. 盗用他人注册商标是一项严重的侵犯权利行为;Injunction禁制令禁制令是法庭颁下禁止某项行为或不行为,受禁人必须遵从命令的指示,例如不可以接近某人等,或者清除所有非法僭建物等,不理会禁制令等于是藐视法庭,可以被判罚款甚至监禁;Instrument文书,文件处理法律事务及作为证据的文件,例如股份转让时用的转让文书Instrument of Transfer;Inter alia其它以外在法律文件书信中,经常会出现这个拉丁词,意思是在“当中列出这一项”,即是尚有其它事项;Interim order暂时命令指在诉讼过程中暂时性的命令,例如在离婚呈请中法庭所颁下的暂时性赡养费令Interim Maintenance Order,在案件审理后,法庭再判定永久性命令,以取代该暂时性命令;Interlocutory中途的指令法庭在诉讼过程中发出的指令,例如指定双方在14天内交换文件清单,或者批准其中一方申请延期将文件送交法庭存盘等;Intestacy无遗嘱逝世后没有留下遗嘱,死者的遗产便须要按照<<无遗嘱者遗产条例>>分配,但在进行遗产分配之前,在该条例中指明合资格的人,应先向高等法院的遗产承办处申请成为死者的遗产承办人Administrator,然后负责分配死者的遗产;Intra vires权力以内得到授权行事,必须在权力范围以内进行,才算是合法的行为,并没有得到授权而进行的事项,都属于权力以外 ultra vivres;Ipso facto事实使然单以行为或事实本身所产生的效果,便已经可以对事情作出判断;Issue发出,争论点,子嗣 Issue可以作多方面的解释,例如：1. 发出：This writ was issued more than one year. 这份传票是在1年多以前发出的2. 争论点：The issue of this action is the date of the contract.这案件的争论点是合约的日期3.子嗣：None of his issues will be benefited from his estate.他的子嗣都不会在其遗产中得益;Joint tenancy联权两人共同拥有一项物业,可以以联权的形式拥有,亦可以以分权的形式Tenancy in Common 拥有;联权拥有物业,一般人称为“长命契”,联权形式是双方共同拥有物业的全部,当其中一方逝世后,剩余的一方便独自拥有该物业;Lapse失去时效在商议的过程中,所给予考虑的时限过后,有关的提议也失去了效力;例：This offer will be lapsed automatically after the time limit. 这项要约在期限过后,便会自动失效;Leave许可 Leave这个词一般解作“离去”,但法律上则用作为法庭的许可,例：It is necessary to seek the Court’s leave to file a document out of time. 时限过后,必须得到法庭的许可才可以将文件存盘;Lien留置权这是扣留他人财物的权利,一般用作为还款的保证,或者作为还款的交换;Limitation period时限民事申索案件,一般都有一个指定的时限,时限过后,必须要得到法庭的特别批准,才可以进行有关的申索或者程序;一般的合约纠纷时限为6年,但涉及契约的纠纷则有12年时限,雇员工伤索偿的时限是由意外发生日起的两年内进行,而其它受伤索偿的时限则有3年;Liquidated damages定额赔偿民事诉讼中原告所申索的赔偿是一个指定的数额,当被告收到了传票后,如果他照该指定赔偿额付款给原告,原告便再没有申索的理据,案件也就因此而完结;Listing案件排期案件发展至进行审讯的阶段,便可以向法庭申请将案件排期审讯,案件可以在固定名册中排期,也可以在浮动名册中排期;Maintenance供养,赡养费一个人向另一个人提供经济给予的行为,称为供养;而在家事法上,对子女配偶提供的生活费用,称为赡养费;Merits法律理据诉讼案件中的事实,致令原告作为提出控诉的法律依据,或者作为被告抗辩的理由;Mesne profits代租金租客不依期缴交租金,业主可以就租客的违约行为取消有关的租约,追讨拖欠的租金,如果租客在业主取消租约后,仍然占用有关楼宇,业主可以追讨相等于租金数额的代租金,作为租客非法占用楼宇的赔偿;Misappropriation挪用未经物主同意,擅自取用他人的对象或金钱的行为,如果有证据显示挪用者有意永久占有该对象,则挪用者的行为属于盗窃;Mitigation请求轻判,减低 1. 刑事案中的被告请求法庭轻判其罪行,法庭会视乎被告是否有犯罪记录,家庭背景,是否对所犯罪行表示悔意等而作出适量的判刑;2. 在索偿的民事诉讼中,虽然被告有责任赔偿原告的损失,但原告也有责任将损失减低;Natural child亲生子女 natural child泛指亲生子女,但可以是婚生legitimate 又或是非婚生的illegitimate;Negligence疏忽、怠慢这个字很多时用在专业人仕身上,主要针对专业人仕并没有根据他们的专业操守、行为,而作出适当的做法,至使他们的客户因此而蒙受损失;Next friend诉讼保护人有这个保护人出现,主要是因为诉讼人为未成年人或是病人,而需要由这个诉讼保护人来代表;Nolle presequi不起诉 enters a nolle prosequi即提出中止起诉,是原告人对被告人的承诺,中止对被告人的起诉;有别于民事案件,在刑事案件中,就算律政司提出中止起诉,并不等同被告不会因同一罪名而再受捡控;Non est factum这不是我所签署的 Non est factum很多时候是作为被告的辩词,声称被告没有签署文件,又或被告签署文件的时候并不知道文件的内容,所以non est factum的英文解释是it is not my deed;Notice to quit迁出通知书在业主与租客的关系上,无论任何一方均可将通知书派送对方,作为中止租约的通知;但根据业主与租客综合条例所例明,业主派送给租客的通知,一定要受条例内的时间限制;而租客的迁出通知书亦不可以用作中途中止租约,除非相方同意或租约有条款列明;Nullity of Marriage判决婚姻无效在法例上的某些规限,以判决婚姻无效,这个判决,可以是男方的性无能又或女方自结婚以来一直以理由拒绝与男方相好;若法庭判决婚姻无效,双方的婚姻情况便属于未婚,而不是离婚;Obiter dictum法官裁判时发表之附带意见是法官判案时所发表的一些附带的意见,不会影响案件的最后判决;Official Receiver破产清判官是政府的一个职位;专责处理破产或公司清盘事宜;其办公室处于香港金钟道政府合署十楼;Onus of proof举证责任详情可见Burden of Proof;Open Contract条件未完全的合约合约的订立,有很多组成的部份,除了基本的合约订立人、合约年期、合约模式及双方责任等,但若合约缺少了例如双方执行的时间等,便可以称为未完全的合约;合约订立详情,请参阅法律常识版;Order of discharge解除破产令根据现行法例,若个人被法庭裁定破产,他需要面对破产后的种种限制,包括不可以出任公司董事、不可以涉及公司管理、不可以向别人借贷而不透露自己破产的身份等等;若破产后得到法庭获准颁发解除破产令,个人便可回复自由身;Ordinary resolution普通决议普通决议是指一般公司会议时,以超过一半投票人所同意的议决,这样的决议有别于extraordinary resolution 非常决议及special resolution 特别决议;Overruling推翻即高层法院对低层法院判案决定的推翻,这个可以是上诉庭对一审法院判决的推翻,又或是最终法院对上诉庭判案的推翻;Pardon赦免指犯人透过赦免而被撤销判罪或判刑,而当犯人被赦免后,他不可以再次因同一案件再被定罪;Partial intestacy部份无遗嘱继承指死者在遗嘱内,并未完全包括死者所有的遗产;例如死者在遗嘱内只提及物业、现金包括银行存款的处理,实质死者还有股票及其它珠宝手饰并未在遗嘱提及,因此,这些未提及的遗产便需要根据无遗嘱继承法处理;Personal service专人送达由送达人员亲身将法庭或律师楼文件交到收文件人手上;在某些情况下,法庭或法例上可能会要求特别的送达方式,专人送达是其中一种,另外可能是用挂号邮件方式或由登广告的方法;Personam对人与rem对物相对;是拉丁语,指对人或与人有关的;Petition请求在法律上,一个Petition可以是离婚的请求,亦可以是破产的请求,是以一个请求状的形式带出的;Physical possession实体占有 Physical possession有别于其它的possession,因为若对象是在一个人的实体占有,即表示那人手上真正占有该对象;不过,实体占有并不等于对象的拥有权;例如买家向卖家订货,卖家已将对象特别与其它货物分割开,而买家已将所有金额支付,那么卖家虽然仍实体占有该对象,但他并非对象的拥有者;Plaintiff原告通常在诉讼过程中,向被告人发出告票的一方为原告,原告可以是个人或是法团,亦可以是政府;Possessory title土地占有权这个土地占有权,并没有任何契据所支持,主要因为占用人已将物业占有了一段长时间,而并没有人提出反对的话,占有人便可因此而将土地注册,成为土地的注册拥有人;Power of Attorney委托书以契约形成,将个人的某些权力,委派于他人身上;最常见的是用于物业管理上,例如业主已移民外国,业主在港的物业,他委派一个可信的人替他管理,亦可以透过委托书要求受委托人替他将物业出租或出售;Pre-emption先买 Pre-emption最常出现在有限公司的股权买卖内,因为很多时在公司的章程内会规定,若公司的股东要将手上持有公司的股份出让,就必须要先买给现有的股东,这个情况主要防止有外来的人仕介入公司的业务内;Premium补地价补地价广泛应用在香港的新界土地转让上或房屋署的居者有其屋计划内;若卖家要将这些业卖出,他必须将物业先补地价,拿到补地价纸后,才可将物业卖出,现时买卖情况,亦可以容许卖方收到买方的楼款才补地价;Presumption of death推定死亡香港法例,若配偶失踪达七年或以上时间,在世的配偶可以向法庭申请,推定失踪配偶已死亡;若法庭颁下命令,在世配偶便可处理失踪配偶的遗产;Prohibition Order禁制令禁制令常见于债权人向债务人所发出,债权人必须令法庭满意债务人是有意图逃避法律责任,并会逃离香港,故便发出禁制令禁止债务人出境;Quantum赔偿金额在民事诉讼中,特别是一些个人受伤赔偿的案件,很多时候,被告都会承应责任,但至于责任要负多少来制定一个赔偿金额便是这个Quantum的问题;Question of fact事实问题完全由事实为根据,与法律无关,须经由法庭所判决;例如在强奸案中,受害人指被被告强奸,而被告则指出性行为乃经受害人同意,所以这案件的事实问题是有性行为发生,但至于有没有强奸就涉及法律问题;Question of Law法律问题若果裁断是根据事实问题而作出,除非有很特别的情况,否则很难可以从上诉法庭推审下级法庭的裁断;但法律问题就不同,诉讼当事人一般都可以就法律问题提出上诉;Quilt enjoyment平静享受的权利平静享受的权利,一般出现于租约内,就算租约内没有明显条款规定业主要提供一平静享受的环境,这个权利都可以作为一般租务住客的隐含条款;Reckless driving鲁莽驾驶鲁莽驾驶有别于不小心驾驶careless driving,鲁莽驾驶的情况比较严重,包括伤人及损毁财物等,刑罚比不小心驾驶重;Reconciliation和解通常出现于离婚案件中,当当事人委托律师办理离婚时,律师通常会签署一份和解书,表明律师责任只在替当事人办理离婚的申请,但没有向当事人提出和解的意见;Redemption赎回在楼宇按揭中,若借贷方打算将楼宇买出,他一定要先将楼宇从银行手中赎回,由于香港的楼宇买卖相当频繁,通常很少机会会先赎楼后卖出,大部份情况都是赎楼与卖出在同一天进行;Refresher fee大律师上庭之额外费用大律师上庭前,通常会与当事人议定一个refresher fee即第一天上庭后的以后每天的费用;Registered office注册地址注册地址是指有限公司在公司注册处内所登记的地址;注册地址在法律上有相当大的意义,因为根据公司法规定,若法律和司法文件送达到公司注册地址,这个送达便可以算是完成,除非有其它理由支持收件人没有收到文件的原因;Relief。

法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamentalprinciples of civil law平等原则principle ofequality自愿原则principle of freewill公平原则principle ofjustice等价有偿原则principle ofequal value exchange诚实信用原则principle ofgood faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civilright绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claimfor real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claimingcancellation否认权right of claimingcancellation解除权right ofrenouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentaryright of defense永久性抗辩权permanentcounter-argument right不安抗辩权unstablecounter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defenseright of simultaneousperformance既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusiveright人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life andhealth姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right ofprivacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power;parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection ofright公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard ofsociety无责任行为irresponsibleright正当防卫justifiable right;ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person 自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household 合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property ofpartnership合伙债务debt ofpartnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal frompartnership合伙企业partnershipbusiness establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership oflegal person特别合伙specialpartnership普通合伙generalpartnership有限合伙limitedpartnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleepingpartnership; dormantpartnership私营企业private enterprise;proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body ofenterprise企业集团group ofenterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individualbusiness establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreignjoint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreigncontractual enterprise社团法人legal body ofmass organization财团法人legal body offinancial group联营joint venture法人型联营association oflegal persons合伙型联营coordinatedmanagement in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinatedmanagement合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legalact单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateralcivil legal act多方民事法律行为joint actcivil legal act有偿民事法律行为civillegal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civillegal act withoutconsideration; civil legal actwithout award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formalcivil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principalcivil legal act从民事法律行为accessorycivil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civillegal act with term生前民事法律行为civil法律英语legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency bymandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency byestoppel; apparent agency律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书generalpower of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; brokerhouse信托trust时效time limit; prescription;limitation时效中止suspension ofprescription/limitation时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extension oflimitation取得时效acquisitiveprescription时效终止lapse of time;termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civilrelations with foreignelements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law;governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve ofpublic order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civilliability/responsibility行政责任administrativeliability/responsibility刑事责任criminalliability/responsibility违约责任liability of breachof contract; responsibility ofdefault有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/severalliability连带责任joint and severalliability过失责任liability fornegligence; negligentliability过错责任fault liability;liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’sfault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention;intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失carelessand inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligencewith undue assumption法律英语损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem 物权公示原则principal ofpublic summons of right inrem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material forproduction生活资料means oflivelihood; means ofsubsistence流通物res in commercium;a thing in commerce限制流通物limitedmerchantable thing禁止流通物res extracommercium; a thing out ofcommerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset;floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; realestate特定物res certae; a certainthing种类物genus; indefinitething可分物res divisibiles;divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles;indivisible things主物res capitalis; aprincipal thing从物res accessoria; anaccessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacantgoods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hiddenproperty货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification ofright in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria;right of full ownership所有权dominium;ownership; title所有权凭证document oftitle; title of ownership占有权dominium utile;equitable ownership使用权right of use; right touse of收益权right to earnings;right to yields处分权right of disposing;jus dispodendi善意占有possession ingood faith恶意占有maliciouspossession按份共有severalpossession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right forusufruct使用权right to use; right ofuse土地使用权right to the useof land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority;power of management承包经营权right tocontracted management相邻权neighboring right;relatedright地上权superficies法律英语永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract地役权servitude; easement 人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing 物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien 质权hypotheque; pledge;right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; rightto give or procure; claim;creditor’s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability;obligation债务的偿还payment ofdebt债务的偿清discharge ofdebt债务的担保guarantee ofdebt债务的合并consolidationof debt债务的给付日期debtmaturity债务的免除exemption ofdebt债的分类obligatio;obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntaryobligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternativeobligation主债prime/principalobligation从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefiniteobligation合同之债contractualobligation侵权行为之债tortobligation损害赔偿之债obligation ofcompensation for injury;obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritualdamage医药费hospital treatmentexpense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee ofobligation财产担保propertyguarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienationguarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract ofguaranty/suretyship保证金guaranty bond;security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money; deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidateddamages by law约定违约金liquidateddamages by agreement债的履行performance ofobligation实际履行原则doctrine ofspecific performance法律英语情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction 提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner创作creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right toshare usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to getpayment重播权right ofrebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right ofmechanograph; right ofmechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboringright of copyright剽窃plagiary; plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrialproperty专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则priorapplication rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention andcreation实用新型utility model外观设计design; industrialdesign发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to apatent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee ofpatent专利许可协议patentlicensing agreement技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate ofpatent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of thePeople’s Republic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册internationalregistration of trademark商品商标commoditytrademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisementtrademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会tradereview and appraisal board商标审查trademarkexamination商标侵权trademarkinfringement商标注册registeredtrademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registeredtrademark注册商标转让assignmentof registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensingagreement商标事务所trademarkoffice商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, inheritance,adoption婚姻法marital law;marriage law法律英语包办婚姻arranged marriage 财产分割partition; dismemberment of property 重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement 一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural bloodrelation收养法adoption law收养协议adoptionagreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institutionplacing out a child foradoption涉外收养adoption withforeign elements继承法inheritance law; lawof succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestatesuccession遗赠继承succession bydevise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation;succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditarysuccession间接继承indirectsuccession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir; successor第二顺序继承人successorsecond in order第一顺序继承人successorfirst in order继承参与人successionparticipant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property;inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfaircompetition law消费者权益保护法consumer’s interestprotection law产品责任法productionliability law消费者权益法consumerrights and interests law公司法company law;corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limitedliability company股份有限公司companylimited by shares无限公司unlimitedcompany股份两合公司joint stocklimited liability partnership两合公司joint liabilitycompany控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venturecompany联营公司associatedcompany; affiliated company国营公司state-owncompany国有公司state-ownedcompany民营公司civilian-runcompany本国公司national/domesticcompany外国公司foreign company上市公司listed company母公司parent company法律英语子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company 募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company 公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements注册资本registered capital 实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles ofincorporation; bylaw公司登记incorporation;corporate registration公司存续existence ofcompany公司合并分立merger andsplit of company公司并购corporate mergerand acquisition公司管理corporategovernance; companymanagement公司法律顾问corporatecounsel公司整顿companyrectification公司歇业closure ofbusiness公司和解companycomposition公司解散companydissolution公司清算companyliquidation公司清理companywinding-up竞业禁止non-commpete;competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution ofshareholders’ meeting股东大会议事规则rule ofprocedure of shareholders’meeting表决权voting right; right tovote董事director董事长president/chairmanof the board首席执行官chief executiveofficer(CEO)首席运营官chief operationofficer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system ofthe chief executive officerunder the leadership of theboard of directors经理独立负责制managerindependent responsibilitysystem监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with votingpower溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividendstock法定公积金legalaccumulation fund资本公积金capitalaccumulation fund盈余公积金surplusaccumulation fund任意公积金optionalaccumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange 证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system 交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券监督委员会securities supervision committee票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes; bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill; commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day 出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act oncommercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer oncommercial instrument票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人billpledgee/warrantee再追索人renewedrecourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor ofcommercial instrument追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription ofexchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term ofbenevolence票据代理agency fornotes/bills/commercialinstruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate ofregistry; certificate ofship’s nationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificateof ship ownership船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurancepolicy船舶登记证书certificate ofregistry船舶丈量tonnagemeasurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租shipsubchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities ofship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classificationsociety船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritimemortgage海上优先请求权priorityclaim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claimto salvage共同海损优先权priorityclaim to general average服务优先权priority claimto service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit海运合同shipping contract 提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute 海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritimedisputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritimeattachment海事优先请求权preferential right topmaritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition formaritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instrumentsin maritimeaction/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritimeaction involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of thedistrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules ofmaritime arbitrationprocedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntaryinsurance强制保险compulsoryinsurance商业保险commercialinsurance财产保险propertyinsurance人身保险personalinsurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accidentinsurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowmentinsurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemploymentinsurance信用保险credit insurance保证保险guarantyinsurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer; underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant forinsurance;; policy holder保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit ofinsurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance;insurance compensation保险事故insuranceaccident保险赔偿insuranceindemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurancebroker索赔claim代位索赔claim bysubrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right ofsubrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging ofinsurance。

法律英语的词汇特征与相对应的翻译要求
一、法律英语的词汇特征
1. 术语严谨性
2. 大量拉丁法语词汇
法律英语中使用大量的拉丁法语词汇，这些词汇在法律文件和法律文书中频繁出现。

“pro bono”表示免费提供法律帮助，“in camera”表示不公开审理，“ex parte”表示单方面申请等等。

这些拉丁法语词汇在翻译过程中需要特别注意其准确性和专业性。

3. 正式、严肃的语言风格
法律英语的语言风格通常比较正式和严肃，使用较为复杂和严谨的句式结构和词汇表达方式。

“Hereinbefore”表示本协议之前，“pursuant to”表示根据，“herein”表示在本文中等等。

这些表达方式需要在翻译过程中保持其正式严肃的语言风格。

二、法律英语的翻译要求
在法律英语翻译中，术语的准确性是至关重要的。

翻译人员应当具备丰富的法律知识和专业背景，对于各种法律术语有着清晰的理解和把握。

在翻译过程中，应当遵循严格的专业术语翻译规范，保持原文术语的词义和用法，确保翻译的准确性和规范性。

法律英语的语言风格通常较为正式和严肃，翻译人员在进行翻译时应当注意保持其原文的语言风格。

避免使用口语化的表达方式，保持语言的正规和官方性，确保翻译文本的专业性和规范性。

法律英语的词汇特征和翻译要求对翻译工作提出了较高的要求。

翻译人员需要具备丰富的法律知识和专业背景，对法律英语的术语和拉丁法语词汇有着清晰的认识和理解，保持翻译文本的专业性和准确性。

相信在不断的学习和实践中，翻译人员能够更好地应对法律英语翻译工作，为法律交流和合作提供更加优质的翻译服务。

法律英语词汇大全（完美版）一、基本法律词汇1. 法律（Law）：国家制定或认可的，用以规范社会成员行为、调整社会关系的规范总称。

2. 法规（Regulation）：国家行政机关根据法律制定的具有普遍约束力的规范性文件。

3. 条款（Clause）：法律、合同等文件中的具体规定。

4. 判决（Judgment）：法院对案件审理后作出的结论性意见。

5. 律师（Lawyer）：依法取得执业资格，为社会提供法律服务的专业人员。

6. 诉讼（Lawsuit）：当事人依法向法院提起的请求保护自己合法权益的程序。

二、刑法相关词汇1. 犯罪（Crime）：违反刑法规定，危害社会，依法应受刑罚处罚的行为。

2. 罪名（Charge）：对犯罪嫌疑人指控的具体犯罪名称。

3. 刑罚（Punishment）：国家对犯罪分子实行的一种强制措施，包括主刑和附加刑。

4. 刑事责任（Criminal Responsibility）：犯罪分子因其犯罪行为所应承担的法律责任。

5. 量刑（Sentencing）：法院根据犯罪分子的犯罪事实、情节和悔罪表现，依法决定刑罚的种类和幅度。

三、民法相关词汇1. 合同（Contract）：当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的协议。

2. 权利（Right）：法律赋予当事人实现某种利益的可能性。

3. 义务（Obligation）：当事人依法应承担的责任。

4. 赔偿（Compensation）：因侵权行为给他人造成损失，依法应承担的经济补偿责任。

5. 继承（Inheritance）：继承人依法取得被继承人遗产的法律制度。

四、商法相关词汇1. 公司（Company）：依法设立的，以营利为目的的企业法人。

2. 股东（Shareholder）：持有公司股份，享有公司权益和承担公司风险的人。

3. 破产（Bankruptcy）：债务人因不能清偿到期债务，经法院宣告破产，对其财产进行清算的法律程序。

4. 票据（Bill）：具有一定格式，载明一定金额，由出票人签发，无条件支付给持票人或指定人的有价证券。

法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precede nt 普通法com mon law 特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原贝U法fun dame ntal law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law 公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 市民法jus civile 万民法jus gentium 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法com mon law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原贝U fun dame ntal prin ciples of civil law平等原贝U principle of equality 自愿原贝U principle of free will 公平原贝U principle of justice 等价有偿原贝U prin ciple of equal value exchange诚实信用原贝U prin ciple of good faith 行为act 作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right 绝对权absolute right 相对权relative right 优先权right of priority 先买权preemption 原权antecedent right 救济权right of relief 支配权right of dominion 请求权right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation 撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of term in ati on抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权mome ntary right of defense 永久性抗辩权perma nent coun ter-argume nt right 不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right 同时履行抗辩权defense right of simulta neous performa nee既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权禾personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right 亲属权right of relative 探视权visitation right 酉己偶权right of spouse 荣誉权right of honor 权利的保护protection of right 公力救济public protection 私力救济self-protect ion 权禾本位standard of right 社会本位standard of society 无责任行为irresponsible right 正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为act of defence 自为行为self-conducting act 紧急避险act of rescue; necessity 自助行为act of self-help 不可抗力force majeure 意外事件accident 行为能力capacity for act 意思能力capacity of will 民事行为civil act 意思表示declaration of intention 意思表示一致meet ing of min ds; consen sus 完全行为能力perfect capacity for act 限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act 准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person 保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of admi nisteri ng his own capacity 无行为能力in capacity for act 禁治产人interdicted person 自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所reside nee经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户in dividual bus in ess农村承包经营户leasehold ing rural household 合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业part nership bus in ess establishme nt 个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormantpart nership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship 法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业in dividual bus in ess establishme nt国有独资企业solely state-ow ned en terprise 中外合资企业Si no-foreig n joi nt ven ture en terprise中外合作企业Si no-foreig n con tractualen terprise社团法人legal body of mass organization 财团法人legal body of financial group 联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons 合伙型联营coordinated management in part nership 协作型联营cooperati on-type coord in ated man ageme nt合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act 单方民事法律行为uni lateral civil legal act 双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act 多方民事法律行为joi nt act civil legal act 有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with con siderati on无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without con siderati on; civil legal act without award 实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consen tal civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act 不要式民事法律行为in formal civil legal act 要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act 不要因民事法律行为non causative civil legal act主民事法律行为prin cipal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act 附条件民事法律行为con diti on al civil legalact附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death 准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act 无效行为in effective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others precarious positi on以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal formcon ceali ng illegal inten ti on恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人age nt本代理人orig inal age nt法定代理人statutory age nt; legal age nt委托代理人age nt by man date指定代理人desig nated age nt复代理人subage nt再代理人subage nt 转代理人subage nt 代理权right of agency 授权行为act of authorization 授权委托书power of attorney 代理行为act of agency 委托代理age ncy by man date 本代理original agency 复代理subagency 次代理subagency 有权代理authorized agency 表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer 普通代理general agency 全权代理general agency全权代理委托书gen eral power of attor ney共同代理joint agency 独家代理sole agency 居间brokerage 居间人broker 行纪commissi on;broker house 信托trust 时效time limit; prescription; limitation 时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation 时效中断interruption of limitatio n/prescriptio n 时效延长extension of limitation 取得时效acquisitive prescription 时效终止lapse of time; term in ati on of prescripti on期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relati ons with foreig n eleme nts冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识另» identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order 法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility 刑事责任crim in al liability/resp on sibility 违约责任liability of breach of con tract;resp on sibility of default有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligenee; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim ' s fault第三人过错third party' s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate inten ti on; inten ti on; willfu In ess过失negligenee重大过失gross negligenee疏忽大意的过失careless and in adverte ntn eglige nee过于自信的过失n eglige nee with un due assumpti on损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of beari ng civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elim in ati on of dan ger 返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of originalstate赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one' s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology 物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right 物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原贝U the prin cipal of One thing. One Right物权法定主义prin cipal of legality of right in rem 物权公示原贝U prin cipal of public sum mons of right in rem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production 生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsiste nee流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce 限制流通物limited mercha ntable thi ng 禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thi ng out of commerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset 动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate 特定物res certae; a certain thing 种类物genus; indefinitething 可分物res divisibiles; divisible things 不可分物res in divisibiles; in divisible thi ngs 主物res capitalis; a principal thing 从物res accessoria; an accessory thing 原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits 法定孳息legal fruits 无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物lost property 漂流物drifting object 埋藏物fortuna; hidden property 货币currency 证券securities 债券bond 物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权dominium; ownership; title 所有权凭证document of title; title of own ership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership 使用权right of use; right to use of 收益权right to earnings; right to yields 处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi 善意占有possession in good faith 恶意占有malicious possession 按份共有several possession 共同共有joint possession 他物权jus in re aliena 用益物权real right for usufruct 使用权right to use; right of use 土地使用权right to the use of land 林权forest ownership 采矿权mining ownership经营权man agerial authority; power ofman ageme nt承包经营权right to contracted management 相邻权neighboring right; relatedright 地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to Ianded estate gran ted in perpetuity through a con tract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus pers on arum; pers onal servitude 担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of athi ng抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creati on of right to mortgage 抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage 抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage 抵押权的次序seque nee of right to mortgage 抵押权的抛弃aba ndonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage 抵押权的实现materializati on of right to mortgage 抵押权的消灭ext in ction of right to mortgageregistratio n of estate un der mortgage 抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien一般留置权general lien 特别留置权special lien 质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge 佃权tenant right债权jus in pers on am; right to give or procure; claim; creditor' s right 债权人creditor 债务人debtor 相对人counterpart; offeree 给付give; pay 债务debt; liability; obligati on 债务的偿还payment of debt 债务的偿清discharge of debt 债务的担保guarantee of debt 债务的合并consolidation of debt 债务的给付日期debt maturity 债务的免除exemption of debt 债的分类obligatio; obligati on 法定之债legal obligati on任意之债voluntary obligation 简单之债simple obligati on 选择之债alter native obligati on 主债prime/principal obligation 从债accessory obligation 单一之债si ngle obligati on 按份之债several obligati on 连带之债joi nt obligati on 特定之债certain obligation 种类之债in defi nite obligati on合同之债con tractual obligati on 侵权行为之债tort obligation 损害赔偿之债obligati on of compe nsati on for injury; obligati on of damages 人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage 医药费hospital treatment expense 医疗费medical charge 抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money 产品瑕疵defect of product 不当得禾unjust enrichment 无因管理voluntary service 债的担保guara ntee of obligati on 财产担保property guarantee 信用担保credit guarantee 让与担保alienation guarantee 保证guaranty 明示保证express guaranty 默示保证implied guaranty 保证人guarantor保证合同con tract of guara nty/suretyship 保证金guaranty bond; security deposit 押金deposit; foregift 预付款advaneed payment 定金earnest money; deposit 违约金liquidated damages 法定违约金liquidated damages by law 约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement 债的履行performanee of obligation 实际履行原则doctrine of specificperforma nee情事变更原贝U doctri ne of cha nge of circumsta nces不当履行misfeasanee清偿discharge; satisfaction提存debtor' s submission of the subject matter of obligati on to compete nt authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护intern ati onal protecti on of in tellectual property国民待遇原贝U doctri ne of n ati onal treatme nt 优先权原贝U a right of priority doctrine 自动保护原贝U doctri ne of automatic protecti on 特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner仓M乍creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright 发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity 修改权right of modification; right of revision 完整性保持权right to mai nta in in tegrity 不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author s own expense著作财产权property right in work 使用收益分享权right to share usufruct 禾U用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment 重播权right of rebroadcasting 录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mecha no graph; right of mecha ni cal reproduct ion著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright 剽窃plagiary; plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权in dustrial property专禾U权pate nt right优先权日priority date申请在先原贝U prior applicati on rule使用在先priority of use 新颖性novelty创」造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention and creation实用新型utility model夕卜观设计desig n; in dustrial desig n发明权right of invention 发现权right of discovery 专禾申请pate nt applicati on 专禾异议objection to a pate nt 专禾U公告pate nt gazette 专禾续展费ren ewal fee of pate nt 专禾许可协议pate nt lice nsing agreeme nt技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of pate nt专利事务所pate nt office专禾U代理pate nt age ncy中华人民共和国专利局Pate nt Office of the People' s Republic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册intern ati onal registrati on of trademark商品商标commodity trademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board商标审查trademark exam ination商标侵权trademark infringement商标注册registered trademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可lice nsing of registered trademark注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark lice nsing agreeme nt商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, in herita nee, adopti on婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property 重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产com munity property夫妻关系con jugal relatio nship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂in compatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结女昏marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation 涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements 酉己偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage 诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement 一夫一妻制9 mono gamy 早婚early marriage 直系血亲lineal descent 自然血亲natural blood relation 收养法adoption law 收养协议adoption agreement 收养人adoptive pare nt 送养人person or institution placing out a child for adopti on涉外收养adoption with foreign elements 继承法inheritanee law; law of succession 法定继承legal seccession 遗嘱继承in testate successi on 遗赠继承succession by devise 自然继承natural succession 代位继承representation; succession by subrogati on世袭继承hereditary succession 间接继承in direct successi on 转继承subsuccession 共同继承joint succession 单独继承single succession 继承人heir; successor 第二顺序继承人successor sec ond in order 第一顺序继承人successor first in order 继承参与人succession participant 遗产inheritanee; heritage 遗产继承人heir to property; in heritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreeme nt会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法an ti-un fair competiti on law 消费者权益保护法con sume' s in terest protecti on law产品责任法product ion liability law消费者权益法con sumer rights and in terests law公司法company law; corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limited liability compa ny 股份有限公司compa ny limited by shares 无限公司unlimited company股份两合公司joint stock limited liabilitypart nership两合公司joint liability company控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venture company联营公司associated company; affiliated compa ny国营公司state-own company国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company上市公司listed company 母公司pare nt compa ny 子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundlesscompa ny募集设立incorporation by stock floatation 发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription 现金出资investment in cash 实物出资investment in kind 工业产权出资inv estme nt in in dustrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent tech no logy劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资inv estme nt in hi-tech achieveme nts注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report 会计师事务所certified public accountants 注册会计师certified public accountant 资本三原贝U three doctrine of capital 资本确定原则doctri ne of capital determ in ati on资本维持原贝U doctrine of capital maintenance 资本不变原贝U doctri ne of un cha nging capital 最低资本额制度mi nimum capital system 公司章程articles of association; articles ofin corporati on; bylaw公司登记incorporation; corporate registration 公司存续existenee of company 公司合并分立merger and split of compa ny 公司并购corporate merger and acquisition 公司管理corporate governance; company man ageme nt 公司法律顾问corporate coun sel 公司整顿company rectification 公司歇业closure of bus iness 公司和:解company composition 公司解散company dissolution 公司清算company liquidation 公司清理company winding-up 竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibiti on 招股章程prospectus 股本stock capital 股东shareholder 股东大会shareholders meeting 股东大会决议resoluti on of shareholders meet ing 股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders meet ing 表决权voting right; right to vote 董事director董事长president/chairman of the board 首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO) 首席运营官chief operation officer(COO) 执行董事executive director 常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制respo nsibility system of the chief executive officer un der the leadership of the board of directors 经理独立负责制man ager in depe ndent resp on sibility system 监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股com mon stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share 集体股collective share法人股corporate share 企业股enterprise share个人股in dividual share股息divide nd红股bonus stock; divide nd stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund 盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund 任意公积金optional accumulation fund 公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law 证券发行issuanee of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue 证券交易所stock exchange 证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters 证券承销合同un derwrit ing con tract 证券经纪人securities broker 披露制度disclosing system 交害H 日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund 上海证券交易所Shan ghai Stock Excha nge 深圳证券交易所She nzhen Stock Excha nge 证券监督委员会securities supervisi on committee票据法law of negotiable instrument 票据notes; bills; commercial instruments 商业票据bill; commercial instrument 远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill 到期票据matured bill 即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order 不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue 票据到期日bill to mature 票据金额sum of bill票面价额face value 票据出票人drawer 票据持票人bill holder 票据承兑人bill acceptor 票据行为act on commercial paper 承兑票据honor a bill 票据议付negotiation 拒付票据protest a bill 票据付款人drawee 票据支付人payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人bill collector 票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill 被背书人endorsee 票据保证人bill guarantor 票据被保证人bill pledgee/warra ntee 再追索人renewed recourser 前手remote holder 后手subsequent endorser 票据权利right of bill 票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument 追索权right of recourse 票据抗辩exception to bill 票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill 再贴现rediscount of bill 恩惠期间term of benevolenee 票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial in strume nts 海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship' s n atio nality 船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership 船舶检验register of ship 船舶保险in sura nee on hull 船舶保险单hull in sura nee policy 船舶登记证书certificate of registry 船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships 船舶进港费groundage 船舶抵押ship mortgage 船舶租赁ship chartering 船舶转租ship subchartering 船舶所有人责任限制l imitation of liabilitiesof ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress 海上灾难perils of the sea 海上拖航marine towage 船舶扣押detention of ship 船舶债权ship' s credit 船级社classification society 船级证书certificate of class 海上留置权maritime lien 船舶留置权maritime lien 船舶抵押权maritime mortgage 海上优先请求权priority claim to seago ing ships 救助优先权priority claim to salvage 共同海损优先权priority claim to generalaverage服务优先权priority claim to service 货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit 海运合同shipping contract 提单bill of lad in g(B/L) 空舱费dead freight 租船费charterage 租船合同charter-party con tract of affreightme nt 期租船合同time charter-party; time CP 航次租船合同voyage charter-party 定期租船合同time charter-party 光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipp ing charter-party 海上旅客运输合同con tract for carriage of passe ngers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocea n towage 港内拖带合同contract of port towage 海难救助合同salvage con tract 海事报告master' s protest;; sea protest 海事声明书sea protest 海事争议maritime dispute 海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court 海事诉讼程序maritime proceedi ngs 船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collisi on船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权crimi naljurisdicti on of sea collisio n海事争议的审理heari ng/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachme nt 海事优先请求权prefere ntial right top maritime claim 海事请求保全申请书applicati on/petiti on for maritime attachme nt 海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legalin strume nts in maritime acti on/proceed ings 涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdict ion of maritime acti on involving for eleme nts 强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distra ined ship 海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitrati on procedure保险法in sura nee law自愿保险voluntary in sura nee 强制保险compulsory in sura nee 商业保险commercial in sura nee 财产保险property in sura nee 人身保险pers onal in sura nee 人寿保险life in sura nee 健康保险health in sura nee 意外保险accide nt in sura nee 社会保险social in sura nee 养老保险en dowme nt in sura nee 医疗保险medical in sura nee 失业保险un employme nt in sura nee 信用保险credit in sura nee保证保险guara nty in sura nee保险合同in sura nee eon tract保险人in surer; un derwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applica nt for in sura nee;; policy holder 保险单in sura nee policy 保险标的in sura nee object保险费premium保险期限time limit of in sura nee保险禾U益insurable interest保险金额in sura nee; in sura nee compe nsati on 保险事故in sura nee accide nt保险赔偿in sura nee in dem nity 保险代理人in sura nee age nt 保险经纪人in sura nee broker 索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保can cellati on/dischargi ng of in sura nee。

法律英语lesson 1 Wordsjustice n.1. a state of affairs in which conduct or action is both fair and right, given the circumstances. In law, it more specifically refers to the paramount obligation to ensure that all persons are treated fairly. 正义2. judge，esp: a judge of an appellate court or court of last resort (as a supreme court). 法官字根just,juris=law,right（正义）拉丁文jus(=law,right)justify v. 证明为正当；为~辩护（使正确）《-ify=to make》adjust v. 调整；调节；适应；调停（使正确）《ad-=to》unjust a. 不正的；不当的《un-=not》jurisconsult n. 民法学家；法律学家（思考法律的人）《consult=to consider》jurisdiction n. 司法（权）；管辖（区域）（陈述法律的事物）《diction=saying》enforce v.to cause to take effect or to be fulfilled. 执行同义词：implement, applyenforcement n. 实施,执行enforceability n. 可执行性enforceable a. 可执行的enforcer n. 实施者,执行者前缀en- = in, into, on, at, near [变化型]em-（从“在中间”之意演变成“进入某种状态使~，使成为~”等，把表示to make之意的名词、形容词变为及物动词。

Part One Basis of Legal English公证人：notary 立遗嘱者：testator专门名词；术语：terminology 承租人：tenant故意的；蓄意的：deliberate 等同；同价物：equivalent责任：obligation 终止：termination对等的，互惠的：reciprocal 开端：commencement分期付款：instalment 制定：formulation上述的；前述的：aforesaid 恐吓，威胁：intimidate不当：inappropriate 议会，国会：parliament审理委员会；特别法庭：tribunal 不可撤销的：irrevocable否认：negative 拆分；分立：split诉讼：litigation 传唤；传讯：summon赔偿；补偿：compensation 诉讼当事人：litigant辩解；申诉；事实陈述：allegation提起（申请等）；提起（诉讼等）；把……登记备案：file质询（书）：interrogatories 伪证；伪证罪：perjury否定：denial 庭外采证：deposition小册子：booklet 控告（某人）犯罪：impeach常设的；永久的：permanent （法庭上证人的）证词：testimony调解、调停：mediation 仲裁：arbitration法官；裁判官；法官席：bench 无陪审团员的审判：bench trail一致的：unanimous （陪审团的）裁决，判决，结论：verdict强制的；不得上诉的：peremptory 批捕令；搜查令：warrant财产保全；查封；扣押：attachment 留置权，扣押权：lien赔偿金：damages 欺诈，误导：deceive泄露：divulge 侵权：infringement举证责任：the burden of proof 诉讼案件：lawsuit宪法的：constitutional 控告：prefer入侵：invasion 动产：chattel租约：lease 执行者：executor成文法：statute 诉状：pleading样式条款：boilerplate clause 公司面纱：corporate veil无效的：null and void 全部，所有的人：all and sundry其他以外：inter alia= among others 保释：bailment：abatement 宣告无效：annul将……遗赠：bequeath 报酬：emolument起源：provenance 扣押财物：distress扣押：seizure 拘押：hold本金：the principal sum 合适和恰当：fit and proper规定，条款：provision 争议，纠纷或索赔：dispute，controversy orclaim储蓄：deposits承诺,同意和契约：promise，agree andcovenant原告：plaintiff 诉状：complaint被告：defendant 代表自己，自辩：pro se（without an attorney）承认：admission 和解协议：settlement回避：for cause 协商；法律顾问：counsel交叉盘问：cross examination 专家证人：expert witness诉由不成立：no cause 无效审判：mistrial清偿保证书：satisfaction 推翻：overturn发回重审：relitigante back 自由心证：power of discretionary宣誓过的：sworn 先行本：advance sheet法典注释：annotated code 法警：bailiff法律顾问：barrister 受益人：beneficiary汇票：bill of exchange 最佳证据：best evidence引证：citation or cite 传讯者：citator编成法典：codify 法令：decree最高上诉法院：court of last resort 记录法庭：court of record法庭书记官：court reporter 授权立法：delegated legislation法律汇编：digest 备审案件目录表：docket（写在判决书前面的）摘要：headnote 对答案有诱导性的提问：leading question名义上的当事人：nominal party 初审管辖：original jurisdiction律师助手：paralegal 被告：respondent州长：sheriff 单行本：slip law遵循先例：stare decisis （判决书的）判决理由/说明：syllabus摘要：synonym 正式起诉书：true bill法令：wirt 传票：subpoena悬而未决的陪审团：hung jury 习惯法：common law拉丁语：Bona fide = good faith 善意De novo =anew 重新；更始Ex parte =from one side 片面的Habeas corpus =you should have the body人身保护令In re =in the matter of 关于，对于Non obstance verdioto =notwithstanding theverdict 否定裁决Per capita =by leads 人均Per curiam =by the court 引用法官判词对价：consideration 相对人：counterpart汇票：draft 兑现：honor票据：instrument 请求：motionChapter Two American Legal Regime=巡回上诉法院：Federal Circuit美国联邦上诉法院：United States Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit最高法院：Supreme Court 上诉法院：Court of Appeals中级上诉法院：intermediate Courts 高级法院上诉庭：Appellate Division，SupremeCourt美国案例选编：American Law Reports 法律百科全书：Corpus Juris Secundum任命：nominate 任期：tenure等级制度；统治集团：hierarchy 司法权，管辖权；管辖范围：jurisdiction地方法官，治安官：magistrate 转让（法律权利或义务）：assign遗嘱检验法庭：probate court 少年法庭：juvenile court仲裁人：arbiter 对（指诉讼，比赛中等）；相对：versus无效；废弃：nullification 执行，施行，实施（法律等）；免除：dispense 疏忽，过失；粗心大意：negligence 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者；提出证据的人：proponent渊源；根源：source 立法机关；立法机构；立法部；（特指）州会议：legislature合理的：equitable 挑选陪审团成员：impanel证词，证据：testimony 陪审员名单：array挑选陪审团的过程：voir dire 自由裁量权：discretion强制的；不得上诉的：peremptory 当事人；诉讼委托人：client审议：deliberation 偏一方的：partisan审判官似的；调查官似的；爱打听的：inquisitorial Vt.仲裁，裁判N.裁判，仲裁人：umpire对抗性的，敌对的：adversarial 上诉的，受理上诉的：appellate审理委员会；特别法庭：tribunal 前提：premise送还，还押；发回重审：remade 发誓：swear抵押；抵押品；质权：pledge 依照法令的；法定的：statuary成文法；制定法：statuary law 制定（法律）；颁布：enact判例，先例：precedent Adj.立法的，有立法权的N.立法权；立法机构：legislativeAdj.适当的Vt.占用，侵吞：appropriate竞合：concurrence传票；引证：citation 概要，大纲：synopsis控告，起诉：prosecution 复审：review证人证言：affidavit 再审：rehear全体陪审员：panel 参议院：Senate大陪审团：grand jury 僵局：deadlock分配，分布：distribution 有效：valid过错相抵：contributory negligence 篡改：tamper专利池：patent pool 证据规则：evidentiary rules纠问式：inquisitorial system of justice 纠错法院：Court of Errors诉讼文件移送命令：certiorari 撤销：vacate驳回：dismiss 中止：order暂停：stay 发回重审：remand异议：dissent 特权：privilege抗辩制度：adversarial system 主张，用户：advocacy公平的：impartial 自认犯罪：self-incrimination公告，宣告：announcement 有说服力的法律依据：persuasive authority 处理：dispose 廉正：integrity苏格拉底问法：socratic method 民事诉讼：civil procedure法律术语：legalese 法律联合会：legal fraternity附录：appendix 公司章程：article of incorporation出庭律师：attorney of record 计费工时：billable hour顾问：consultant 标准：criterion法官的附带意见：dictum 网域名称：domain name委托书：engagement letter 当庭提出证据：exhibit出口许可证：export license 合营企业：joint venture许可证协议：license agreement 贷款申请：loan application公证人：notary public 专利申请书：patent application公民投票权：referendum 股东，股票持有人：shareholder法定时效：statute of limitation 可撤销的合同：voidable contract分区条例：zoning ordinanceChapter Three Constitutional Law司法权：judicial power 合法的：legitimate合法化，正当性：legitimacy 海事法，海商法：admiralty海事管辖权：maritime jurisdiction 按照，根据：pursuant to/in pursuance of全权：plenary power 阐明：set forth终身任期：life tenure 被授予、赋予（权利）：be vested with原始（初审）管辖权：original（trial）jurisdiction 上诉管辖权：appellate jurisdiction自动生效：self-executing 共同管辖权，并存管辖权：concurrentjurisdiction参考司法性（或审判）解释：advisory opinions 做出裁判、裁决：rendition做出裁判裁决，判处：render 模拟诉讼：moot cases串通诉讼：collusive suits 成熟原则：ripeness doctrine确认判决，宣告是判决：declaratory judgment 诉由，诉讼资格：standing可归因于：be attributable to 可救济性：redressability裁决，裁定：ruling 规避（原则）：abstention不适用联邦管辖权（以避免和州管辖权的冲突）：abstain以……作为前提/条件：be premised on待决的，未决的：pending 禁止、命令、指示：enjoinV. 阻却、禁止N. 阻碍、阻却因素；法律界：bar豁免权：immunity立法权：legislative power 明确列举的权力：enumerated power默示的权利：implied power 辅助/附属权利：auxiliary/ancillary power必要与适当条款：necessary and proper clause 实施、实行：carry into execution人头税：capitation 直接税，对财产征收的税：direct taxes公共基金开支权：spending power 贸易权：commerce power国会调查权：investigatory power 弹劾：impeachment剥夺……（权利）：deprive of/abridge of 铸币：coin money立法权的委托/授予：delegation of legislative power 三权分立原则：the separation of power doctrine促进、助长、推动：in furtherance of 申请……：petition of公共职权：public functions 有溯及力的，溯及既往的：retroactive剥夺公民权法案：bills of attainder 事后的、有溯及力的、溯及既往的：ex postfacto程序性的正当程序：procedural due process 实质性正当程序：substantive due process平等保护：equal protection 裁决、判决：adjudication个人财产：personal belongings 法定权利：entitlement任意的、武断的：arbitrary 在下、从下：infra中登记审查（标准）：intermediate scrutiny 严格审查（标准）：strict scrutiny（maximumscrutiny）合理依据、最低审查（标准）：rational basis引发、触发：trigger（minimal scrutiny）不合理分类：suspect classification 监禁、禁闭：incarceration受制于、以……为条件：be subject to 主要因素：predominant factor为……量身定做：be tailored to 授权条款：enabling provision商业条款：Commerce Clause 必要的国家利益：compelling state interest歧视性待遇：disparate treatment 准嫌疑犯分类：quasi-suspect classification纠正歧视行动：affirmative action 不正当关系：illicit relationships确认生父诉讼、亲子鉴定诉讼：paternity suits 基本权利：fundamental rights避孕药物、避孕工具：contraception 包括、包含：encompass撤销、使无效：revoke 财政部：The Treasury Department流产，堕胎：abortion 全体出席的：plenary实施：implement 严格的必要性：strict necessity原因：causation 确权之诉：quiet title action修正案：amendment 驱逐出境：deport支持：upheld 代表：delegate违反：infringe 有特权的：prerogative损害：impair 非惩罚性：non-punitive区别对待：discriminatory application 避孕：contraceptives反驳：rebuttal 据说，据称：allegedly牵连：entanglement 十足信用法案：full faith and credit授权，命令：mandate 问题的可讨论性，未决状态：mootness司法审查：judicial review 多元管辖权：diversity jurisdiction当代的，同时代的：contemporary 批准，认可：ratification行政部门：executive branch 取缔诽谤：outlaw slander使无效：invalidate 授予，给予：confer详尽的，彻底的：exhaustivepart4promise允诺agreement between the parties 当事人之间的协议acceptance承诺a meeting of minds意见一致mutual assent当事人之间的协议executed contracts已履行合同executory contracts待履行合同specialty contract书面盖印合同valid 有效的parol contract非要式合同void 无效的simple contract简单合同voidable 可撤销的offer 要约unenforceable 不能强制执行contracts under seal 盖印合同revocation撤回contracts in writing书面合同rejection by the offeree受要约人拒绝contracts evidenced in writing有书面证明的合同counter-offer反要约lapse of time期限届满口头合同oral contracts incapacity无行为能力unqualified无条件的failure of a condition subject to which the offerwas made要约条件未能满足conditional assent 有条件的同意standing offer持续要约performance履行return performance 相应允诺the mirror image rule镜像原则letter书信telegram电报Mail-box Rule投邮主义consideration对价the promisee被允诺人past consideration is no consideration过去的对价不是对价公共职责public dutyaccord and satisfaction和解与清偿the principle of mutuality相关性原则允诺禁反言原则doctrine of promissory estoppel 衡平禁反言原则doctrine of equitable estoppelexpress terms明示条款implied terms 默示条款exemption clauses免责条款condition 条件warranty担保rescind 废除repudiate拒绝履行the concept of total integration合同完整性的概念certainty确定性terms implied in fact事实上的默示terms implied in law 法律上的默示customary implied terms惯例性的条款the contra proerentem不利于提供者规则the repugancy rule 矛盾解释规则the four corners rule四角规则the Control of Exemption Clauses Act管制免责条款条例warning notices警告性通知capacity to contract缔约能力minor 未成年人 a person under the influence of drink醉酒的人persons of unsound mind精神病人corporations公司mistake错误misrepresentation虚假陈述duress胁迫undue influence不当影响illegality非法性validity 效力operative mistakes关键性错误liable to be set aside衡平法上被撤销common or identical mistakes相同之错误mutual mistakes双方错误non-identical mistake不相同之错误unilateral mistake 单方错误non est factum非我所签契约null and void 无效fraudulent misrepresentation欺诈性的虚假陈述innocent or neglient misrepresentation无过错或过失性的虚假陈述affirm确认duress to a person对人的胁迫duress to goods 对货物的胁迫economic duress经济胁迫actual undue influence实际不当影响persumed undue influence假设不当影响inequality of bargaining power谈判能力的不对等unconscionability显示公平制度operation of law依法定得解除illegal contract strictly so called严格意义上的非法合同illegal contract traditionally so called传统的非法合同illegal as formed成立违法illegal as performed履行违法intended beneficiaries 有益受害人incidental beneficiaries 附带受益人discharged解决performance履行tender of performance交付履行frustration合同落空impossibility履行不能履约具有不现实性impracticabilityoccurrence of condition subsequent后续条件的发生rescission合同的废除novation合同的更新cancellation合同的取消release弃权书substituted contract替代合同account stated明细账lapse 终止（或失效）supervening illegality继起违法breach of contract违约anticipatory breach预期违约damages损害赔偿action for an agreed sum商定金额之诉quantum meruit按合理价格支付specific performance实际履行injunction禁令alternative dispute resolution替代性纠纷解决机制corporate law 公司法new words and expressionsnominalized 使转变为名词inducememt诱因，诱导abstain抑制，弃权solemnity庄严destitute使丧失perpetrator做坏事者，犯罪者usage惯例revocation撤销，撤回contingency意外事故，偶发事件dispatch发出telex电传facsimile传真detriment损害，伤害forbearance忍耐，克制，不作为undertaking承诺accure发生，产生charter包租，租用vessel船舶lumber木材freight运费furnish提供aver提出appellee被上诉人demurrer异议，抗辩rescind废除repudiate拒不履行reputable值得尊重的shack棚屋，简陋的小屋emasculate阉割，削弱collateral附属的demolish摧毁，推翻，驳倒absurdity荒谬的shear(shore,shorn)切断，剥夺rote死记硬背，生搬硬套perjury伪证（罪）supersede废除，废弃officious爱管闲事的efficacy功效indemnity赔偿（金）onus义务，负担subrogation代位（求偿权）dissipate挥霍vitiate（使）消弱，（使）无效salvage救援，营救reef礁，暗礁tender招标ab initio自始，从开始时status quo现状rescission废除puff吹嘘pecuniary金钱的restitutio in integrum[拉]恢复原状rogue无赖，流氓avoidance废止，无效uberrimae fidei [拉]最大诚信coercive强制的；强迫的convent女修道院ward被监护人devotee皈依者the balance of probabilities可能性较高者consummate完成lopsided不平等的infirmity虚假defraud诈取，骗取ex turpi causa non oritur actio [拉]非法或不道德行为不能取得诉因quantum meruit [拉]（无合同规定时）支付合理报酬；应得额；合理金额quantum valebant [拉]支付合理价格原则oust剥夺，驱逐solus单独的covenant协议，协定effectuate实行，完成supervening接着发生revoke撤销；取消encompass围绕；包含concurrent同时发生的coronation加冕礼exculpatory辩解的，辨明无罪的remote damages间接损失expectation interest期待利益reliance interest信赖利益restitution interest返还利益liquidated damages约定损害赔偿金maxim格言permeate弥漫，遍布subterfuge托词，借口evasion规避，遁词overt明显的，公开的slack off松懈；懈怠a Mareva injunction玛瑞瓦禁令warranty保修单，担保Textinternational business transactions国际商业活动；国际经济交往securities law证券法franchise 特许经营contract合同，有法律约束力的承诺或协议Convention on the International Sales ofGoods(CISG) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约restatement再声明，重述duty义务; 职责，责任binding有约束力的deed 地契，土地证stipulation契约，约定，协定seal 密封文档，密封（证明真实有效）evidenced in writing有书面证明的formation成立mutual assent相互同意manifestation表现形式bound 有义务的advertisements of rewards悬赏广告auction拍卖lapse of offer要约失效revocation撤回English law英国法option期权，选择权Blackacre黑地，黑田（辩论中的假设名字，与whiteacre相对）contingency意外事故，偶发事件standing offer持续要约writ of error纠错令decree判决，裁定Chancery Courts大法官法庭，大法庭refinance再融资Chancellor首席法官，大法官unqualified没有附加的条件的conditional assent附条件同意return promise 反允诺order confirmation确认订单terms and conditions 条款及细则general conditions of sale销售的一般条件；买卖共同条件；一般销售条件UNIDROIT PICC 国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则Mail-Box Rule邮箱规则consideration 对价detriment损害，伤害promisee受约人promisor做出承诺者，契约者，要约人executory待执行的executed已执行的accord and satisfaction和解与清偿full settlement of a debt全额清偿the principle of mutuality交互性原则promissory承诺的，约定的suspensory中止的Privy Court枢密院法庭resume恢复the principle本人，被代理人，委托人；保证人；财产，信托财产Doctrine of Equitable Estoppel衡平禁反言原则qualification条件，资格charter party租船合同frustrate the main purpose of the contract主要目的受阻volition自愿选择the Parol Evidence Rule口头证言规则total integration一体化；完全整合absurdity 荒谬，不合理genesis起源；开端superseded documents替代文件officious bystander好事的旁观者negligence过失；疏忽the inserter起草者indemnity赔偿（金）the onus of proof举证责任Age of Majority Act成人年龄法guarantees of minors’ contracts未成年人保证责任guarantee被保人subrogation代位清偿unsound mind/ mental-imcapacity心智不全fiduciary基于信托的，受托人，被信托人non est factum否认立约inducement引诱，诱导actionable misrepresentation可诉的虚假陈述restitutio in integrum恢复原状Uberrimae Fidei最大诚信原则，坦率诚实the Utmost Good Faith最大善意原则prospectus说明书，简介，募股章程undue influence 不当影响contemplation深思熟虑，沉思self-induced自己导致的，自己诱导的vendor卖方，卖主operation of law(OOL) 法律的实施（效果）mutual rescission相互解约unilateral rescission单方废止；债权人得单方解除契约frustrating events受阻事项a final balance 最后应付余额，最后结余；最后平衡original transactions原始交易commercial impracticability商业不现实性Statute of Limitations诉讼时效impossible of performance履行不能supervening illegality继起违法frustration of purpose合同目的落空coronation加冕礼Forcr Majeure Clauses 不可抗力条款remoteness of damage损害的间隔性foreseeability可预见性,预见性unliquidated damages未经算定损害赔偿；未清算的损失；未确定损害赔偿额extravagant奢侈的；挥霍的claimant原告，索赔者specific performance照规定严格执行constant supervision持续监督good faith善意；真诚good faith performance合同履行中的诚信原则；善意履行express repudiation明示的履行拒绝interlocutory (判决等)在诉讼期间宣告的perpetual不间断的；持续的prohibitory禁止的mandatory强制的；法定的pending trial候审期间，未决事项Municiple Courts市法院Choice of Forum Clause选择法院条款Forum Selection Clause法院管辖之条款Choice of Law Clause适用法律选择条款commercial arbitration商事仲裁arbitration agreement仲裁协议arbitration clauses仲裁条款exercisecontested 有争议的recital 一系列事件等的详述boilerplate样板文件；公式化，陈词滥调Caveat Emptor货物出门概不退换，买主须自行当心（货物的品质）；买主当心prevail占优势option contract期权合同merchandise 货物leverage杠杆作用，举债经营Statute of Fraudes反欺诈法unconscionability显失公平;显失公平原则unjust enrichment不正当得利third-party beneficiary 受益第三方 detrimental reliance有害依赖；不利之信赖forfeiture没收，丧失material breach重大违约，实质性违约illusory promise虚幻允诺rescind废除；撤销omission疏忽，懈怠，做某事失败Uniform Commercial Code(UCC)美国统一商法典in pais无法律手续或书据quasi-contract准契约；准合同Unit Five故意侵权intentional torts 殴打battery威吓assault 非法监禁false imprisonment侵害地产或动产trespass to Land/Chattels 侵占他人动产conversion故意精神伤害Intentional infliction ofemotional distress抗辩事由defenses特权privilege 原告同意consent正当防卫self-defense 紧急避险necessity责任duty 不履行责任breach实际损失或伤害actual loss or damage 原告过失contributory negligence比较过失comparative negligence 自冒风险assumption of risk明示自冒风险express assumption of risk 免责条款exculpatory clause暗示自冒风险implied assumption of risk 后果的预见性foreseeability of consequences 中介原因intervening cause 连带责任joint and several liability补偿indemnity 分担contribution土地所有人possessor 所有权人owner占有人occupier 自然危险情况natural hazards土地侵权人trespasser 被许可人licensee侵权儿童trespassing children 诱惑性公海原则attractive nuisance doctrine 被邀请人invitee 商业被邀请人business invitee不当行为/不当履行misfeasance 懈怠不作为/不作为nonfeasance替代责任vicarious liability 低于成本销售sales below cost侵犯隐私privacy torts 盗用他人肖像权appropriation侵扰他人私生活intrusion 扭曲他人形象public disclosure of private life 不正当竞争competitive torts 虚假宣传false advertising倾销dumping 雇主负责制respondent superiorLiability for negligence 过失责任Civil liability 民事责任Remedies 损害赔偿Invasion of privacy侵犯隐私Defamation 诽谤Fraud 欺诈Misrepresentation 虚假表述Conversion 侵犯他人财产Trespass非法侵入Trespass to land/chattels 侵犯他人土地/财产Product liability 产品责任Restitution返还原物，赔偿金Damages 赔偿金Compensatory damages 补偿性伤害赔偿金Punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿金Special damages 特定损害赔偿金Discrete 分离的Affinity亲切关系The statute of limitations 诉讼时效Causation 因果关系Tavern 客栈Cause in fact 事实上的原因Hatchet 短柄小斧；言归于好Proximate cause 最近原因Integrity完整Malice恶意Prima facie case 表面上证据确凿的案件Blackout 灯火管制；暂时失去知觉Impediment 妨碍Res Ipsa Loquitur 让事实说话Quare clausum fregit 缘何侵入私地令Foreseeability 预见性Intermeddle干涉Tort-feasor 侵权行为人Dispossess 剥夺Misconduct 行为不当Misfeasance 错误行为Non-feasance 不行为Agrarian 土地的，农村的Nuisance 妨害行为Public nuisance 公共公害Private nuisance 私人妨害Omission 疏忽；懈怠Contributory negligence 混合过失Entrant 参加者Confinement 拘禁Satisfaction 清偿Indemnity补偿Negligent misrepresentation 过失的虚假表述Malpractice 玩忽职守Sedition 煽动Libel 书面诽谤Loathsome 令人讨厌的Consortium 配偶的地位和权利Duty of care 注意义务Venereal 性交的Incompatible 矛盾的Unchastity 放荡Disparagement 轻视False light 扭曲他爱人形象Revelation 披露Deceive 欺诈Competitive torts 侵权竞合Idiosyncratic 独特的Premises 房地产Pass off 冒充Palm off 哄骗Recoup 重获Wherewithal 为做某事而需要的钱Disclose 告知Legal cause 法定原因，近因Supersede 取代Assailant 攻击者Warranty 担保；保单Defect 瑕疵Willful and wanton 放任的Accrue 利息等的自然增值；诉讼的发生Vicarious liability雇主责任，替代别人的责任A writ of trespass 侵害令状Intent 主观Confinement 监禁Volition 意愿Deliberation 深思熟虑Malice 预谋Trespass de bonis asportate 带走他人动产Vandal 蓄意破坏者Dispossess 剥夺占有Proximate cause 近因Blackout失去知觉Calculus of risk 风险预测计算Res ipsa Loquitur 不言自明But-for causation 若非因果关系Per curiam 全庭审Joint and several liability 共同连带责任Bystander 旁观者The impact rule影响规则Implied warranty 默示担保Premises liability 场所责任Entrant 新工作者;进入者Nuisance 妨害Liable 有责任的Dangerous instrumentality doctrine 危险工具Recreational premises 娱乐场所Criminal assailants 刑事攻击者Caveat lessee 警告承租人Caveat emptor 顾客留心（一经出售概不负责）Statutes of repose 除斥期间Misdiagnosis 错误的诊断Charitable immunity 慈善事业免责Municipal immunity 市场免责Vicarious liability 替代责任Defamation 诽谤Prima facie cause of action 诉讼的初步原因Restatement (second) of torts民事侵权行为重述（第二版）Prosser 普罗塞（美国杰出法官）Reasonably prudent person合理谨慎的人part 8双重主义：dual sovereignty 商业条款：Commerce Clause犯罪意图：mens rea 夜晚破门入户企图犯重罪：burglary联邦和州监狱：prison 或penitentiary 联邦刑事诉讼法规：Federal Rules of CriminalProcedure无罪推定：presumption of innocence 排除合理怀疑：proof beyond reasonabledoubt正当程序：due process 隐私权：right of privacy自证其罪：self-incrimination 以第五条修正案作为辩护理由：Plead theFifth悬而未决的陪审团：hung jury 失审：mistrial不抗辩：no contest/nolo contendere 认罪协商：plea bargaining双重危境：double jeopardyAcquitted 无罪Accused：被告actus reus：犯罪行为Aforethought：预谋的Allege：声称Asphyxia：窒息Bail：保释Bigamy重婚罪bill of attainder：未经审批直接判有罪Bribery：行贿罪Burglary：闯入他人室内并实施其他犯罪capital punishment：死刑Causation：犯罪行为和结果之间的因果联系challenge for cause：在陪审员资格审查中因法定原因要求陪审员回避Circumstantial evidence 旁证Coercion：强制Confession：认罪Consent：赞成，同意Conspiracy：共谋Corpus delicti：犯罪事实Culpable：有罪的Detention：拘留Diplomatic immunity：外交豁免Embezzle：贪污Entrapment：诱捕Euthanasia：安乐死Ex post facto：溯及既往的Felony：重罪First degree murder：一级谋杀Habeas corpus 人身保护令Indictment 刑事起诉状Intoxication 中毒，喝醉Involuntary manslaughter 因放任或过失在实施其他犯罪行为时造成他人死亡Justifiable homicide 有正当理由杀人（如执行死刑）Knock and announce rule 警察搜查时的程序要求Knowingly 故意的犯罪心理Larceny盗窃Miranda Warning 米兰达警告Misdemeanor 轻罪Mistrial 因程序问题而导致的无效审判Mitigating circumstances 罪行减轻情节Money laundering 洗钱Motive 犯罪动机Obstruction of justice 妨碍司法公证Opening statement 开庭陈述Pardon 赦免Parole 有条件释放，假释Penal code 刑法典Peremptory challenge 无须理由要求陪审员回避Perpetrator 犯罪者Petty offence 轻微违法行为Plea bargaining 辩诉交易Police interrogation 警察讯问Presumption of innocence 无罪推定Probation 缓刑Prosecute 提起公诉Provocation 挑衅，激怒Public defender 公设辩护律师Reasonable doubt 合理怀疑Search warrant 搜查令Seizure 没收Sentence 刑事判决，量刑Sheriff 法警，警长Statutory rape 法定强奸罪Subpoena 传讯，强制传唤Summons传票传唤Treason 叛国罪Extradition 引渡Preponderance of the evidence 优势证据原则Federal criminal statutes 联邦刑事法规Falsify 伪造Fictitious=fraudulent 欺骗性的；虚构的Imprisonment 监禁County jail 郡的看守所Community service 社区义工Conviction 定罪Bail bondsmen 保释担保人Corrections officers 狱警Speedy jury trial 快速陪审团Dismiss the charge 撤销指控Incarcerate （被)监禁Wrongful death 错误致死Careless/negligent 过失、疏忽大意More-than-ordinary=recklessness=criminalnegligence 轻率Unintentional conduct无意识行为Misperceives reality 对现实认识错误Mistake of law 对法律认识错误Drug paraphernalia 毒品相关设备Malicious behavior 邪恶行为Man-endangering 危害到人Culprit 犯罪嫌疑人Strict liability law 严格责任法律Gravity 严重性Proportionality principle 比例原则Infraction 侵害Fine 罚金Arson 纵火Warrantless arrest 无证逮捕Self-defense 自卫Information 检察院起诉书Infamous crime 不名誉罪Excessive bail 过高的保释Exclusive rule 排除规则Judge-made doctrine 法官造法原则Fruit of the poisonous tree 毒树之果Miranda Warnings 米兰达警告Causal chain 因果关系Wiretapping statute 窃听法Parole revocation 假释撤销Detention 拘留Station House Detention 派出所拘留Grand Jury Appearance 陪审团出席Deadly Force致命暴力Hot Pursuit 越境追捕Evanescent evidence 容易消失的证据Custody 保管；监护Waiver 豁免；弃权Preliminary hearing预审听证Stand trial 提起诉讼Suppression hearings 听证会Burden of proof 举证责任Juror opposition 陪审员的反对Inconsistent verdict不一致的判决Right to counsel 获得律师辩护的权利Confront witness 与证人对质guilty plea 有罪答辩plea agreemen 认罪协议tpotential penalty 潜在的惩罚defense counsel 辩护律师parole term假释期限fatal致命的；毁灭性的plea bargaining认罪协商，辩诉交易disproportionate不成比例的，比例失调的prosecutorial vindictiveness报复性起诉confirmation 证明; 确认hearsay传闻证据，道听途说resentence重新判决harsher sentence更严厉的判决de novo重新, 更始reconviction再判决；重新判决jury sentencing陪审团的判决atypical and significant hardship非典型及重大困境，异常而重大的困苦proportionality比例原则，（行动、处罚等的）相称原则，恰当性felony murder谋杀重罪lethal force致命武器sanity requirement 理智的需求insane精神失常的mental retardation智力缺陷，精神发育迟缓recidivist statutes累犯法first appeal第二审；第一次上诉frivolous轻率的retroactivity溯及既往parole假释probation缓刑imprisonment关押，监禁penological interests刑罚学利益contraband走私，走私品medical malpractice医疗事故；医疗纠纷；医unbiased公正的；不偏不倚的；无偏见的疗过失prison inmates牢犯double jeopardy一事不再理原则empanel选任（陪审员）juvenile proceedings未成年人诉讼程序commencement开端，开始sentence enhancer强化判决separate sovereign独立主权collateral estoppel间接禁反言forfeiture没收；丧失quasi-criminal准刑事案；准刑事性；准刑事犯罪innocent owner无辜所有主，无过错所有人exigent紧急的；迫切的prostitute妓女accusatory控告的，控诉的duly及时的，适时的suppress禁止，使止住balance差额；结余handcuff上手铐pertinent有关的prima facie case表面上证据确凿的案件warrant批捕令，搜查令wingspan翼幅；翼展MIMIC 模仿Criminal Procedure Law (CPL)刑事诉讼法grand jury testimony大陪审团作证defraud 欺诈trespassory非法盗窃magistrate地方法官，治安官exclusionary排斥（性）的；排除在外的the Rosario doctrine罗萨里奥学说、理论exercisestatutory law 成文法，制定法preponderance优势；多数slander 口头诽谤battery殴打罪invasion侵略；侵入libel（书面）诽谤homicide杀人行为extortion强取；敲诈；勒索maladjusted失调的；不能适应环境的malum in se不法, 不法行为deus ex machina解围的人或事件responsible corporate officer公司管理负责人员supervision监督;管理forgery伪造，伪造的文书、签名等firearm火器，尤指手枪或步枪misappropriation侵吞，挪用，滥用;私吞conversion财产转换，兑换wire fraud网络诈骗，电信诈骗bribe贿赂，行贿espionage 侦察;间谍活动duress强迫，胁迫，威胁assault突袭，侵犯（人身），威胁false pretenses欺诈，诈骗kidnapping绑架amicus curiae 法庭之友search warrant搜查证skips bail 跳过保释white collar crime白领犯罪acquit判决无罪，宣告无罪，开释double-jeopardy一事不再理原则nullification无效;废弃conspiracy阴谋，同谋，串谋，共谋mandatory强制的，义务的closing statements 结束的控词contraband 走私nolo contendere无罪申诉（刑事诉讼中，被告不认罪但又放弃申辩）attorney general首席检察官，司法部长grand jury大陪审团prerequisite 先决条件，前提burden责任，义务borne by由……。

法律渊源 source of law制定法 statute判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system ofAnglo-American law大陆法系 civil law system普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则 fundamentalprinciples of civil law平等原则principle ofequality自愿原则principle of freewill公平原则principle ofjustice等价有偿原则 principle ofequal value exchange诚实信用原则principle ofgood faith行为act作为ac不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act民事权利权利能力civilright绝对权 absolute right相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权antecedent right 救济权 right of relief支配权 right of dominion请求权 right of claim物上请求权right of claimfor real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claimingcancellation否认权right of claimingcancellation解除权right ofrenouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentaryright of defense永久性抗辩权 permanentcounter-argument right不安抗辩权 unstablecounter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defenseright of simultaneousperformance既得权tested right期待权 expectant right专属权 exclusive right非专属权non-exclusiveright人身权利 personal right人权 human right人格权 right of personality 生命健康权 right of life andhealth姓名权 right of name名称权 right of name肖像权 right of portraiture自由权 right of freedom名誉权 right reputation隐私权 right of privacy私生活秘密权 right ofprivacy贞操权 virginity right身份权 right of status亲权parental power;parental right亲属权 right of relative探视权 visitation right配偶权 right of spouse荣誉权 right of honor权利的保护 protection ofright公力救济 public protection私力救济 self-protection权利本位 standard of right社会本位standard ofsociety无责任行为irresponsibleright正当防卫justifiable right;ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conductingact紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为 act of self-help不可抗力 force majeure意外事件 accident行为能力 capacity for act意思能力 capacity of will民事行为 civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictivecapacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐 protection自治产人minor who iscapable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人 interdicted person 自然人 natural person 公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household 合伙 partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property ofpartnership合伙债务debt ofpartnership入伙 join partnership退伙withdrawal frompartnership合伙企业partnershipbusiness establishment个人合伙 partnership法人合伙partnership oflegal person特别合伙specialpartnership普通合伙generalpartnership有限合伙limitedpartnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleepingpartnership;dormantpartnership私营企业private enterprise;proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body ofenterprise企业集团group ofenterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业 individualbusiness establishment国有独资企业solelystate-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreignjoint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreigncontractual enterprise社团法人legal body ofmass organization财团法人legal body offinancial group联营joint venture法人型联营association oflegal persons合伙型联营coordinatedmanagement in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinatedmanagement合作社cooperative民事法律行为 civil legalact单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateralcivil legal act多方民事法律行为joint actcivil legal act有偿民事法律行为civillegal act with consideration 无偿民事法律行为 civillegal act withoutconsideration; civil legal actwithout award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formalcivil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principalcivil legal act从民事法律行为accessorycivil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civillegal act with term生前民事法律行为civillegal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others ’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平 obvious unjust误传 misrepresentation代理 agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人 subagent再代理人 subagent转代理人 subagent代理权 right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency bymandate本代理 original agency复代理 subagency次代理subagency有权代理 authorized agency表见代理 agency byestoppel; apparent agency律师代理 agency by lawyer 普通代理 general agency 全权代理 general agency 全权代理委托书 generalpower of attorney共同代理 joint agency独家代理 sole agency居间 brokerage 居间人broker行纪 commission; brokerhouse信托trust时效time limit; prescription;limitation时效中止suspension ofprescription/limitation时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extension oflimitation取得时效acquisitiveprescription时效终止lapse of time;termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civilrelations with foreignelements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法 applicable law;governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve ofpublic order法律规避 evasion of law国籍 nationality国有化 nationalization法律责任 legal liability民事责任civilliability/responsibility行政责任administrativeliability/responsibility刑事责任criminalliability/responsibility违约责任 liability of breach ofcontract; responsibility ofdefault有限责任 limited liability 无限责任 unlimited liability按份责任shared/severalliability连带责任joint and severalliability过失责任liability fornegligence;negligentliability过错责任fault liability;liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错 victim ’ s fault 第三人过错 third party ’ sfault推定过错 presumptive fault恶意 bad faith; malice故意 deliberate intention;intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失 gross negligence 疏忽大意的过失 carelessand inadvertent negligence 过于自信的过失 negligencewith undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance;removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one ’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权 jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度 real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义 principal of legality of right in rem 物权公示原则principal ofpublic summons of right inrem物权法jus rerem物 property生产资料 raw material forproduction生活资料means oflivelihood;means ofsubsistence流通物 res in commercium; athing in commerce限制流通物limitedmerchantable thing禁止流通物 res extracommercium; a thing out ofcommerce资产 asset固定资产 fixed asset流动资产 current asset;floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产 immovable; realestate特定物 res certae; a certainthing种类物genus; indefinitething可分物res divisibiles;divisible things不可分物 res indivisibiles;indivisible things主物 res capitalis; a principalthing从物 res accessoria; anaccessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息 natural fruits法定孳息 legal fruits无主物 bona vacatia; vacantgoods; ownerless goods遗失物 lost property漂流物 drifting object埋藏物fortuna;hiddenproperty货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类 classification ofright in rem/real right自物权 jus in re propria;right of full ownership所有权dominium;ownership; title所有权凭证document oftitle; title of ownership占有权 dominium utile;equitable ownership使用权right of use; right touse of收益权right to earnings;right to yields处分权right of disposing;jus dispodendi善意占有possession ingood faith恶意占有maliciouspossession按份共有severalpossession共同共有 joint possession他物权 jus in re aliena用益物权real right forusufruct使用权right to use; right ofuse土地使用权right to the useof land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权 managerial authority;power of management承包经营权right tocontracted management相邻权neighboring right;relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract地役权 servitude; easement 人役权 servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保 security for thing 物的瑕疵担保 warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation;right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人 mortgagor抵押权人 mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力 deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权 lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien 质权 hypotheque; pledge;right of pledge佃权tenant right债权 jus in personam; right togive or procure; claim;creditor ’ s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人 counterpart; offeree给付 give; pay债务debt;liability;obligation债务的偿还 payment ofdebt债务的偿清 discharge ofdebt债务的担保 guarantee ofdebt债务的合并 consolidationof debt债务的给付日期debtmaturity债务的免除exemption ofdebt债的分类obligatio;obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntaryobligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternativeobligation主债prime/principalobligation从债 accessory obligation 单一之债 single obligation 按份之债 several obligation 连带之债 joint obligation 特定之债 certain obligation种类之债indefiniteobligation合同之债contractualobligation侵权行为之债tortobligation损害赔偿之债obligation ofcompensation for injury;obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritualdamage医药费 hospital treatmentexpense医疗费 medical charge抚恤金 pension慰问金 consolation money 产品瑕疵 defect of product 不当得利 unjust enrichment 无因管理 voluntary service债的担保 guarantee ofobligation财产担保propertyguarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienationguarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证 implied guaranty保证人 guarantor保证合同contract ofguaranty/suretyship保证金 guaranty bond;security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款 advanced payment 定金 earnest money; deposit 违约金 liquidated damages法定违约金liquidateddamages by law约定违约金liquidateddamages by agreement债的履行 performance ofobligation实际履行原则doctrine ofspecific performance情事变更原则 doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿 discharge; satisfaction 提存 debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则 doctrine of national treatment优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则 doctrine of automatic protection特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人 copyright owner创作 creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权 right of personality of copyright发表权 right of publication 署名权 right of authorship;right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision完整性保持权 right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权 right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版 publish a book at the author’ s own expense 著作财产权 property right法律英语in work使用收益分享权r ight toshare usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to getpayment重播权right ofrebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权 right ofmechanograph; right ofmechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboringright of copyright剽窃 plagiary; plagiarism盗版 pirate盗版 VCD pirated VCD伪造 forge工业产权 industrialproperty专利权 patent right 优先权日 priority date申请在先原则priorapplication rule使用在先 priority of use新颖性 novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention andcreation实用新型utility model外观设计design; industrialdesign发明权 right of invention 发现权 right of discovery 专利申请patent application 专利异议 objection to apatent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee ofpatent专利许可协议patentlicensing agreement技术诀窍 know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate ofpatent专利事务所 patent office专利代理 patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of thePeople ’s Republic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册 internationalregistration of trademark商品商标commoditytrademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标 advertisementtrademark近似商标 similar trademark 商标评审委员会 tradereview and appraisal board商标审查trademarkexamination商标侵权trademarkinfringement商标注册registeredtrademark商标公告 trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registeredtrademark注册商标转让assignmentof registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensingagreement商标事务所trademarkoffice商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, inheritance,adoption婚姻法marital law;marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage 财产分割 partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女 only child 法律婚 legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女 ligitimate child计划生育 birth control 结婚 marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲 blood relations in fiction of law旁系血亲 collateral relation blood relation涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements配偶 spouse事实婚 de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权 visitation right同居 cohabitation晚婚 late marriage无效婚姻 void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement法律英语一夫一妻制 monogamy早婚 early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural bloodrelation收养法adoption law收养协议adoptionagreement收养人adoptive parent送养人 person or institutionplacing out a child foradoption涉外收养adoption withforeign elements继承法 inheritance law; lawof succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestatesuccession遗赠继承succession bydevise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation;succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditarysuccession间接继承indirectsuccession转继承subsuccession共同继承 joint succession 单独继承 single succession 继承人 heir; successor第二顺序继承人successorsecond in order第一顺序继承人successorfirst in order继承参与人successionparticipant遗产 inheritance; heritage 遗产继承人 heir to property;inheritor遗言 last will and testament遗书 last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法 accounting law 税法tax law; taxation law 反不正当竞争法 anti-unfaircompetition law消费者权益保护法consumer ’s interestprotection law产品责任法productionliability law消费者权益法consumerrights and interests law公司法 company law;corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limitedliability company股份有限公司companylimited by shares无限公司unlimitedcompany股份两合公司joint stocklimited liability partnershipjointliability控股公司 holding company集团公司 group company合资公司joint venturecompany联营公司associatedcompany; affiliated company国营公司state-owncompany国有公司state-ownedcompany民营公司civilian-runcompany本国公司national/domesticcompany外国公司 foreign company上市公司 listed company 母公司 parent companycompany两合公司子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcasecompany; fundless company 募集设立 incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile ofcompany出资 contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment inkind工业产权出资 investment in industrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements注册资本 registered capital 实缴资本 paid-in capital验资报告capitalverification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则 doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则 doctrine of capital maintenance资本不变原则 doctrine of unchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of法律英语association;articles ofincorporation; bylaw公司登记incorporation;corporate registration公司存续existence ofcompany公司合并分立merger andsplit of company公司并购 corporate mergerand acquisition公司管理corporategovernance;companymanagement公司法律顾问corporatecounsel公司整顿companyrectification公司歇业closure ofbusiness公司和解companycomposition公司解散companydissolution公司清算companyliquidation公司清理companywinding-up竞业禁止non-commpete;competition prohibition招股章程 prospectus股本 stock capital 股东 shareholder股东大会shareholders ’meeting股东大会决议resolution ofshareholders’ meeting股东大会议事规则rule ofprocedure of shareholders’meeting表决权 voting right; right tovote董事director董事长 president/chairmanof the board首席执行官chief executiveofficer(CEO)首席运营官chief operationofficer(COO)执行董事 executive director常务董事 managing director董事会 board of directors 董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system ofthe chief executive officerunder the leadership of theboard of directors经理独立负责制managerindependent responsibilitysystem监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股 common stock特别股 special stock资格股 qualification stock优先股 preferred stock 劣后股 inferior stock表决权股 stock with votingpower溢价股 premium stock 折价股 converting stock 国家股state-owned share集体股 collective share 法人股 corporate share企业股 enterprise share个人股 individual share股息 dividend红股 bonus stock;dividendstock法定公积金legalaccumulation fund资本公积金capitalaccumulation fund盈余公积金surplusaccumulation fund任意公积金optionalaccumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange 证券商 securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度 disclosing system交割日 closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券监督委员会securities supervision committee票据法law of negotiableinstrument票据notes;bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill;commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据 matured bill即期票据 sight bill记名票据 bill payable to order; note to order不记名票据bearer instrument本票 promissory note支票 cheque汇票 bill of exchange发票日 ticket day法律英语出票日 date of draft/issue发票地 place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额 sum of bill票面价额 face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act oncommercial paper承兑票据 honor a bill票据议付 negotiation拒付票据 protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer oncommercial instrument票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人 endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人billpledgee/warrantee再追索人renewedrecourser前手 remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor ofcommercial instrument追索权 right of recourse票据抗辩 exception to bill票据丧失 loss of bill票据时效 prescription ofexchanges票据贴现 discount of bill再贴现 rediscount of bill恩惠期间term ofbenevolence票据代理agency fornotes/bills/commercialinstruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate ofregistry; certificate of ship ’snationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificateof ship ownership船舶检验 register of ship 船舶保险 insurance on hull 船舶保险单 hull insurancepolicy船舶登记证书certificate ofregistry船舶丈量tonnagemeasurement of ships船舶进港费 groundage船舶抵押 ship mortgage船舶租赁 ship chartering船舶转租shipsubchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities ofship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难 maritime distress海上灾难 perils of the sea海上拖航 marine towage 船舶扣押 detention of ship 船舶债权 ship’ s credit船级社classificationsociety船级证书certificate of class海上留置权 maritime lien船舶留置权 maritime lien船舶抵押权 maritimemortgage海上优先请求权 priorityclaim to seagoing ships救助优先权 priority claim tosalvage共同海损优先权priorityclaim to general average服务优先权priority claimto service货物损害优先权priorityclaim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claimto ship credit and goods credit海运合同 shipping contract提单 bill of lading(B/L)空舱费 dead freight租船费 charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengersby sea远洋拖带合同 contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract ofport towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书 sea protest 海事争议 maritime dispute 海事法院 maritime court;;admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of法律英语sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritimedisputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritimeattachment海事优先请求权preferential right topmaritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition formaritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instrumentsin maritimeaction/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritimeaction involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of thedistrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules ofmaritime arbitrationprocedure保险法 insurance law自愿保险voluntaryinsurance强制保险compulsoryinsurance商业保险commercialinsurance财产保险propertyinsurance人身保险personalinsurance人寿保险 life insurance 健康保险 health insurance意外保险accidentinsurance社会保险 social insurance 养老保险 endowmentinsurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemploymentinsurance信用保险credit insurance保证保险guarantyinsurance保险合同 insurance contract保险人 insurer; underwriter 被保险人 the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant forinsurance;; policy holder 保险单 insurance policy 保险标的 insurance object 保险费 premium保险期限time limit ofinsurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance;insurance compensation保险事故insuranceaccident保险赔偿insuranceindemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurancebroker索赔 claim代位索赔claim bysubrogation理赔 settlement of claim代位求偿权right ofsubrogation委付 abandonment退保cancellation/discharging ofinsurance法律英语致爱人！因为有缘，才相遇，因为有爱，才相伴。

法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right 同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right 亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus 完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household 合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment 个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment 国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise 中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act 双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act 法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act 要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act 要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act 不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term 生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death 准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent 再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation 时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility 刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault 推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness 过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things 主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing 孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude 担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage 抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage 抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage 抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage 抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage 留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除exemption of debt债的分类obligatio; obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation主债prime/principal obligation从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权行为之债tort obligation损害赔偿之债obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage医药费hospital treatment expense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信用担保credit guarantee让与担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship保证金guaranty bond; security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money; deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidated damages by law约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement 债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment 优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection 特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner创作creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright 发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision 完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right to share usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment重播权right of rebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright 剽窃plagiary; plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrial property专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则prior application rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention and creation实用新型utility model外观设计design; industrial design发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to a patent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee of patent专利许可协议patent licensing agreement 技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registration of trademark商品商标commodity trademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board商标审查trademark examination商标侵权trademark infringement商标注册registered trademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family,inheritance, adoption婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law 旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation 涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements 配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation 晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural blood relation收养法adoption law收养协议adoption agreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption涉外收养adoption with foreign elements继承法inheritance law; law of succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestate succession遗赠继承succession by devise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation; succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditary succession间接继承indirect succession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir; successor第二顺序继承人successor second in order第一顺序继承人successor first in order继承参与人succession participant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law 消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law公司法company law; corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limited liability company股份有限公司company limited by shares无限公司unlimited company股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership两合公司joint liability company控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venture company联营公司associated company; affiliated company国营公司state-own company国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company 上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance 资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital 最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles ofincorporation; bylaw公司登记incorporation; corporate registration 公司存续existence of company公司合并分立merger and split of company 公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司管理corporate governance; company management公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿company rectification公司歇业closure of business公司和解company composition公司解散company dissolution公司清算company liquidation公司清理company winding-up竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’meeting表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director 董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund任意公积金optional accumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stock exchange证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange 深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange 证券监督委员会securities supervision committee票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes; bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill; commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order 不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill 票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act on commercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee再追索人renewed recourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument 追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship’s nationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership 船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租ship subchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to general average服务优先权priority claim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit海运合同shipping contract提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminaljurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntary insurance强制保险compulsory insurance商业保险commercial insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance 信用保险credit insurance保证保险guaranty insurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer; underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder 保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit of insurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance; insurance compensation 保险事故insurance accident保险赔偿insurance indemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging of insurance。

“不可抗力”的四种翻译，哪种最合适？谈到“不可抗力”这一法律术语，我们需要了解的大概有4个词或词组，分别是英文：act of God，法文：Force Majeure，以及拉丁文：vis major，它们通常均被翻译为“不可抗力”；还有一个相关的英文单词叫contingency，本来指“突发事件，意外事件”，但在实践应用中，也常与不可抗力条款混用。

Force Majeure的字面意思是“超级力量”，通常，它的涵义要广于英文“act of God”。

后者指“不受人力控制，也无人类参与，纯由自然力单独作用造成”。

而Force Majeure则“不仅包括自然力，还包括人为的力量（如暴乱、罢工、政府干预、战争行为等）”。

拉丁文vis的意思是“力、力量”，在意思上，它与Force Majeure几乎相同。

不可抗力条款（Force Majeure Clause）有时又被称为“意外事件条款”（Contingency Clause）。

Contingency的运用广泛，除天灾外也包括人祸，如战争（war）、封锁（blockage）、革命（revolution）、叛乱（insurrection）、民众骚乱（civil commotions）、暴动（riots）、动员（mobilization）、罢工（strikes）、工厂封锁（lockouts）、天灾（act of God）、恶劣气候（severe weather）、疫病（plague）或其他疾病（other epidemic）、货物遭火灾或水灾（destruction of goods by fire or flood）等。

举几个例子：例1：The defendant can excuse himself by showing that the loss was owing to the plaintiff or the act of God, or vis major (a great or superior force).译：被告可以通过证明损失系由原告自己或不可抗力因素造成而免除自己的责任。