TOEFL阅读十大题型精讲
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iBT毕竟是⼀个考试 考试就有他的思路和⽅法,以及题型的设计 在这⾥,我们⾸先熟悉⼀下新托福阅读出题的基本思路,和10种基本题型,以及应对10种题型的技巧 要点: an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论,越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试 reading---a variety of different subjects passages---3 different categories based on author purpose: 1. Exposition 2. Argumentation 3. Historical 你需要了解general organization of the passage * classification * comparison/contrast * cause/effect * problem/solution 每篇阅读的平均字数是700,当然根据考试的实际情况,可多可少 iBT的阅读有10种题型,下⾯我们⼀种⼀种的来回顾: 经验:第1,第5种题型,占的分量最多,难度也不⼤,要保证⼀个也不错 第9种和第10种题⽬,难度,想取得⾼分,必须要多做综合练习 剩下的题型也很重要,想取得⾼分,⼀个都不能少 1. Factual Information Questions 这样的题⽬,⼀般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1,2句话中 技巧:你不可能在第⼀遍阅读的时候,就找到正确答案,需要看题⽬以后,回头再找 排出那些本⾝就很⽭盾的选项 千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句⼦在段落中出现过,就选择那个选项,⼀定要回答问题 2. Negative Factual Information Questions 做这样的题⽬,你⾸先需要对定位:locate the relevant info. in the passage 注意,这种问题你要选择的正确答案,是那个不正确的,问题⾥⾯会明确的指出:which one is NOT true 技巧:选项⾥⾯的答案,可能叙述了⼀段的意思,也可能叙述了好⼏段 正确的那个答案,要么是直接和⽂章的意思⽭盾,要么是⽂章⾥⾯没有提到的 3. Inference Questions 注意的字眼,是infer, imply, inferred 技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从⽂章已给内容推出的,特别注意 4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively. 他不关⼼作者说了什么,关⼼的是作者为什么要这样说 技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of 这样的题⽬尤其会侧重句⼦还有段落之间的逻辑联系 [ /toefl ] 5. Vocabulary Questions ⼤家不要太在意这个单词在字典⾥⾯什么意思,最重要的是,这个单词在⽂章⾥⾯的意思:in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant 技巧:问题是问你单词在⽂章⾥⾯的意思,再次强调 6. Reference Questions 这样的问题,主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验,代词指代的东西,⼀般来说就在你这个代词的前⾯,或者隔了1个短语,不会太远:...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, XXX...⼀般来说, XXX不是指代C就是指代B,不会跑太远] 技巧:代词, pronoun, 在选择以后,检查答案的时候,⼀定要注意⼀致性:the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person 当你选择了答案以后,你的选择会不会违反语法原则,并且会不会有意义 7. Sentence Simplification Questions 并不是每⼀篇⽂章都有这样的题⽬,如果有,⼀篇⽂章最多只有1个 8. Insert Text Questions 不是每篇阅读都有这样的题⽬,如果有,⼀篇⽂章最多只有1个 技巧:从⽂章结构下⼿, structure; 从逻辑下⼿, logic 尤其注意逻辑的链接单词和语句,例⼦:on the other hand, for example, on the contrary, similiary, in contrast, further or furthermore, therefore, in other words, as a resule, finally⼀定要注意,你插⼊的语句,⼀定要承上启下,即对前⾯的语句负责,⼜对后⾯的语句负责 新托福,总要有他新的地⽅,阅读⽅⾯,第9,第10种类型的题⽬,就是他新颖的地⽅,也是⽐较难的2种题⽬ 9. Prose Summary Questions 正确的答案, will synthesize major ideas in the passage 你将会碰到6选3的情况,最低得分0分,得分2分:选择0正确答案,或者1个正确答案,0分;选择2个正确答案,1分;选择3个所有的正确答案,2分 做这种归纳的题⽬,最重要的是,你要通篇的阅读,不能偷懒 根据我的经验,技巧有2点:1.区别例⼦和主旨,例⼦是⽤来说明主旨的,例⼦不是主旨; 2. 局限性的答案⼀定是错误的,主旨是让你找到major oint, 千万不要让minor给迷惑了 10. Fill in a Table Questions 这种题⽬,就是题⽬给了你⼏个空,让你把正确的答案拖到相应的位置,需要通篇阅读,不简单 关键是你要明⽩⼏种关系:cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships, arguements, and the like. 也可以称作⽂章的组织关系,types of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution, cause/effect, alternative arguements(such as theories, hypotheses), and the like 在真实考试的时候:drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. to view the passage, click on View Text. 知道这10个题⽬的类型,剩下的就是⽅法论,methodoly的问题,我们怎样针对这10种题型,在平时的学习和阅读当中,可以的训练⾃⼰: 主旨:的培养阅读的⽅法,就是多去阅读,⽽且要阅读各种不同题材的⽂章,科学的,社科类的,艺术的,商务的,等等等等。
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题托福阅读大家都想能更好地把题目做对,不过托福阅读题型还是很多的,不同的托福阅读题也有着不同的解决办法,具体该如何做呢?下面介绍的就是一种很常见的题目:推理题,希望能给大家一些好的建议。
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题无论是OG还是Delta,都把阅读的题目分成十类,即:Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.还有很重要的一点,做题的时候,无论考试还是练习,不光要分析对的选项为什么对,更要分析错的选项为什么错。
有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。
有助于你把握出题的思路,培养感觉。
这是非常有用的。
五、推断题应该说推断题属于难度比较大,混淆选项比较难排除的一种。
但如果掌握一定的技巧也不是无章可循。
OG的说明是:如果文章提到结果,很可能让你推断原因;如果提到二者比较,很可能问你比较的基础;正确答案不是文章明显提到的,而是明显可以推出来的。
最重要的一句话就是:You should be able to defend your choice by pointing to explicitly stated information in the passage that leads to the inference you have selected。
托福阅读的十大题型特点想要有效的提高阅读解题力量,你需要了解一下托福阅读的十大题型特点以及攻略它的小技巧,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读的十大题型特点一、列举和并列句列举指的是:First,... Second,... Third,.。
等逐条列出。
并列句是指:A ,B and C,即逐项列出。
它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。
该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”,主要有两种:1. Which 题型该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案,其它条目与题目无关。
在这种状况下,往往题目的答案出自最终一个选项。
2 . EXCEPT 题型该题型俗称“三缺一”题型,即题目4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容,剩下一个不符合,题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。
例如:All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT 这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句,这是由于它要求其三个选项肯定是文章中消失的,也就是并列或列举之处。
利用这一特点。
我们在读文章的时候就可多留意,如看到并列、列举句,可预想其有可能被考到;如发觉题目中有“三缺一”题型,则应到并列、列举处找答案。
二、否定及转折句托福听力段落题型及解题要点如何用逆向搜寻法得高分如何提高托福听力水平否定句是指带有NO 或NOT ,NEVER 等否定词的句子,而转折句则指带有HOWEVER ,BUT 或RATHER 等关联词引导的句子,它们可以用下面的句型说明:A is not B ,as C ,but is D 。
对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
三、举例句句中由as 或such as ,for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句,常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。
上面句型中的as C 为插入的举例句。
四、数字与年月文中的数字、年月、日期等经常是出题者留意的考题点,如1996 年10 月第48 题。
托福阅读十大题型介绍相比较于国内的英语阅读考试,托福阅读不仅文章篇幅较长,句式丰富,词汇较为学术,阅读的题型更是五花八门。
同学们很难判断究竟是先看文章还是先看题目,同学们也有诸如,做题前,是否要看每个段落的首末句?做题的基本步骤?两步?三步?做题前是否要优先花费时间通读全文?此类的新手入门问题,本文通过十大题型给同学们做出详细的回答。
为了回答好这些问题,同学们首先要了解托福阅读考试的题型大致可分为三大类,基础理解,推理,以及总结。
当然,每一大类又可细分为具体的题型,以此类推,又可细化出10大类。
具体分类如下:基础理解类1.事实信息2.否定信息3.句子简化4.指代5.词汇推理类6.推理题7.目的题8.插入题总结类9.文章总结题10.表格分类题不同类型的题目,对于同学们技能的考察也不相同。
基础理解类的题目强调同学们的同义替换,总结,扫读及语法的能力。
而对于推理类的题目,则更多得考察同学们对文章段落结构的把握以及推论的能力。
总结类题型则强调对文章段落的总结和具体知识点的考察。
因此,对于不同的题型,在回答的技巧和策略上也需要进行调整。
就三大类而言,题目的难度由低到高,总结类的题目可以说难度最高,基础理解类最低,也是占比较高的题型。
所以,如果同学能够提高基础理解类题型准确率,能够很大程度上提高自己的整体阅读成绩。
毕竟,这一大类的题型占到考试比重的80%左右。
Type 1 事实信息题这个类别的题型和否定信息题加在一起可以几乎达到考试整体的百分之四十。
也就是说一篇文章12-14道题可以有4题左右的事实信息和否定信息类的题目。
这类题目的解答通常并不需要阅读完整篇文章或段落,而仅仅需要某一句话,精准的定位能力是回答此类问题的关键。
此类题目多以true来询问,以下题为例:P1.Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout theCretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder th an today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.Q1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?A. Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.B. Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.C. The climate was very similar to today’s climate.D. The climate did not change dramatically from season to season以上是一道典型的托福阅读的细节题型,虽然是给出整段,但是同学们不需要通读整段。
托福阅读考试10种题型详解与评价根据美国ETS发行的托福考试官方指南,在托福阅读考试中共有十种题型,下面就和大家分享托福阅读考试10种题型详解与评价,来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读考试10种题型详解与评价阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPESBasic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set )1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set )9. Prose Summary *内容小结题10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题其中,前八种为微观题,解题不需要联系*主旨。
试题结构阅读部分篇数时间文章长度问题数量Passage120分钟Approximately700 words12-14 个Passage2 & Passage340分钟Approximately700 words perset每篇12-14个Passage 4& Passage 5(遇加试时才有)40分钟Approximately700 words perset每篇12-14个TOEFL 阅读首堂课介绍• 1. what is TOEFL? why do you guys study TOEFL?• 2. what is TPO?• 3. what is pbt-cbt-ibt?• 4. what is OG?• 5. 托福阅读十大题型介绍+ 例题?• 6. 高分标准?•7. 教案思路?(词汇+ 语法+ 长难句+ 简单阅读)•8. 介绍上这门基础课的目的何在??学生学完这门课有什么收获??•9. “授渔”而非“授鱼”?一.事实信息题(Factual Information Questions )•①.问题形式:•According to the paragraph,which of following is true of X?•The author's discription of X mentions which of following?•According to the paragraph,X did Y because...•According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?•②.例题:•1790 saw the nation entering a new era of road development.Unable to finance road construction,states turnd for help to privatecompanies,organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior.•According to the passage, why did states need private companies' help in road building?• a. the states were unable to build roads themselves financially.• b. private companies could spend less time completing roads.• c. the states did not have as much equipment as private companies.• d. private companies had more knowledge of the interior.二.指代题(Reference Questions)• .问题形式:The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to ?(常考的代词有they,this, it, others, which等)。
•Unlike sister 凤,sister 芙蓉更PP,(she)她拥有苗条的身材,标致的脸庞,和其他网络达人一样,such as brother 春&曾,受到网友们的追捧。
•“她”refers to:A sister 凤B sister 芙蓉C brother 春D brother 曾• .例题:Animals live virtually in any place that we look at on Earth.From the tops of the mountains to the bottom of the oceans, we find animals. They have adapted to a wide variety of climates and conditions.Some tolerate extreme heat. Others are found in extreme cold, such as the Article Circle. Worms have even been found living in glacial ice.•The word "others" in the passage refers to• a. mountains• b. oceans• c. animals• d. worms三.否定事实信息题(Negative Factual Information Questions)•①. 问题形式:•According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true of X ?•The author's description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT?•②. 例题:•They used the pots they manufactured for cooking, holding food, and carrying things from one place to anthor.•Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery ?• a. To store food• b. To transport objects• c. To wash clothes• d. To cook四.修辞目的题(Rhetorical Purpose Questions)• . 问题形式:•所谓修辞目的题,简而言之,就是作者的写作目的。
一篇文章中,各个段落的目的不一,有的段落可能给一个概念下定义,第二个段落可能例证这一定义,另一个段落可能将这一定义与一个事物进行类比。
•有的修辞目的题问作者提到一个细节的目的,有的问为何作者使用某个词、词组或说法,有的甚至问段落关系。
问题形式如下:•The author uses X as an example of...•The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to...•Why does the author mention X ?•What's the function of discussion of the terms X in paragraph X ?•What's the purpose of paragraph X ?•In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other ?• . 例题:•But it is also true that the problems of global advertising-problems of language and culture-have become larger than ever. For example, Braniff Airlines wanted to advertise its fine leather seats. But when its advertisement was translated from English to Spanish, it told people that they could fly naked!Another example of incorrect translation is how Chevrolettried market the Chevy Nova in Latin America. In English, the word nova refers to a star. But in Spanish, it means "doesn't go." Would you buy a car with this name?•The author uses the examples of Braniff Airlines and Chevrolet to• a. contrast their different practices in advertising products • b. stress the fact that they produce similar products• c. highlight a major problem of global advertising• d. demonstrate that they were successful in advertising products五.推理题(Inference Questions)•比如说“unlike不像海獭,想象一下早期的鲸鱼长什么样子很不容易”,就是告诉我们:•想象一下早期的海獭长什么样子其实比较容易。
•再比如说“在1815年后,工匠们制作工艺品追求速度胜过看重质量”,关键就是要暗示我们:•在1815年前,工匠们更加看重工艺品的质量。
• . 问题形式:推理题一般涉及文中没有直接或明确表达出来的观点或立场。
例如,两个方面形成对比,作者明确说出了一方面,问题要求推断没有明说的另一方面。
推理题常与原文的比较或对比相联系。
题干中常出现infer, imply, suggest, most likely, least likely, probably等词。
问题形式如下:•Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X ?•Which of the following can be inferred about X ?•The author of the passage implies that X...•It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following(about X) ?• . 例题:•Fundamental to any appreciation of Canada in the 20 years after World War II is the country's dramatic populationgrowth...•...It seemed that Canada was once more aligning with the tendency toward smaller families that had manifested itself all through the western world since the IndustrialRevolution.•We can infer from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution• a. families had more members.• b. the economic situation was pessimistic.• c. population statistics were hardly credible.• d. the population changed very little.六.词汇题(Vocabulary Questions)•①. 问题形式:•The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to•In stating X, the author means that•②. 例题1:•It costs a spammer approximately one-hundredth of a cent to send spam, which means that a spammer can still make aprofit even with an abysmally low response rate,as low as one sale per 100,000 E-mails sent.•The word "abysmally" in line 2 is closest meaning to• a. tragically• b. unconsciously• c. extremely• d. discouragingly• .例题2.1:•Easter Island is an isolated island in the Pacific between Chile and Tahiti. The island is roughly triangular and covers only 64 square miles. Because of its immense statues, Easter Island has long been the subject of curiosity.•The word "immense" in the passage is closest in meaning to• a. ancient• b. enormous• c. ruined• d. peculiar•例题2.2:• A potentially hazardous consequence of even a slight increase in world temperature was identified in the 1970s.Scientists predicted a nearly 20-foot rise in global sea levels as a result of the Antarctic ice sheets melting.•The word "slight" in line 1 is closest in meaning to• a. small• b. light• c. superficial• d. considerable七.句子简化题(Sentence Simplication Questions)•中考“解释句子”题型的升级版•Zhang looks much better than Li• A. Zhang looks much worse than Li.• B. Li looks much better than Zhang.• C. Zhang and Li look the same.•D.Li looks even worse than Zhang.. 问题形式:句子简化题是旧托福中没有的一种题型,目的是考查考生对于句子逻辑关系、句子基本信息的准确把握的能力。