构造地质学专业词汇

构造地质学专业词汇Chapter 1 Basic Conceptgeometry几何学incline倾斜,斜坡,斜面undeformed无形变的portray描绘reconstruct重建,改造,推想interpretation解释,阐明,口译,通译stratigraphic地层学的bed岩层stratum(pl.strata)岩层bedded成层的bedding层理bedding planes层面formation组deposit存放,堆积,沉淀isopachytes等厚线surface表面,外表,水面diastem沉积暂停期sedimentation沉淀,沉降non-sequence间断不连续faunaltilt.(使)倾斜,(使)翘起discordance不调和,不和volcanogenic火山(生成)的synonymous同义的cessation停止,终止paraconformity似整合，沉积间断outcrop露出地面的岩层disconformity假整合,平行不整合cross bedding交错层理graded bedding粒级层理unconformity角度不整合overstep踏过,逾越,超出...的限度basal基础的,基本的,基部的truncate截去尖端,修剪overstep超覆nonconformity非整合onlap上超、超覆transgression海侵、海进offlap退覆regression海退toplap顶超downlap下超strike走向dip倾角true dip真倾角foliation面理compass bearing罗盘方位azimuth方位,方位角apparent dip视倾角given特定的,假设的stereogram极射(赤面投影)图plunge倾伏角orthogonal直角的,直交的pitch侧倾角clinometer测斜仪structure contour构造等高线form lines形态线form line contour形态等高线isopachyte等厚线borehole钻孔，地上凿洞feather edge尖灭subcrop隐伏露头intersection交叉点outliers外露层topographic地形上的inliers内露层down plunge projection俯瞰倾伏投影diagrammatic图表的,概略的palinspastic复原再造balanced section平衡剖面Chapter 2 Faults and Fracturefracture破裂fault断层joint节理hanging wall上盘cohesion结合,凝聚foot wall下盘dilationalcalcite方解石aqueous水的,水成的hade断层倾斜余角nomenclature命名法,术语strike-slip fault走滑断层dip-slip fault倾滑断层wrench fault平推断层tear fault平推断层transcurrent fault横推断层heave平错throw落差normal fault正断层reverse逆断层dyke沟,渠,堤坝thrust冲断层lay fault滞后断层sinistral左旋dextral右旋left-lateral左行ritht-lateral右行fault brecci断层角砾brittle易碎的,脆弱的ductile易延展的,易教导的,柔软的fault gouge断层泥flinty坚硬的,强硬的plateystreaky有斑点的,有条纹的,容易变的striate有条纹的,有细槽的crush breccia压碎角砾岩cataclasite碎裂岩cataclasis碎裂作用mylonite糜棱岩blastomylonite变余糜棱岩ultramylonite超糜棱岩pseudotachylite假玄武玻璃slickensides擦痕面slickenside striation擦痕groove擦槽,凹槽flexure屈曲,弯曲部分,打褶slickenline擦线slickenfibre擦痕纤维normal drag正牵引nappereverse drag逆牵引synthetic faults次级同向断层，同级断层antithetic faults次级反向断层，相反断层graben地堑horst地垒splay fault入字形、八字形、人字形断层系transfer fault转换断层transform fault转换断层staircase fault阶状断层ramp断坡flat断坪detachment拆离imbricate边缘重叠成瓦状decollement滑脱convergent会聚性的,收敛的piggyback sequence背驮式逆冲顺序overstep sequence超覆式逆冲顺序imbricate zone叠瓦带roof thrust顶板逆冲断层floor thrust底板逆冲断层duplex双层结构horses断片sole thrust基底逆冲断层，冲断层基底活动面fold plunge褶皱倾伏角back thrust背冲,反冲pop-up冲起triangle zone三角带listric fault犁式断层rollever anticline滚动背斜listric fan犁式扇extensional duplex伸展双层构造half-graben半地堑pull-apart basin拉分盆地rift裂缝,裂口,断裂divergent分歧的tabular扁平的,表格式的,平坦的perpendicular垂直的,正交的transtension转换拉伸扭张作用transpression转换压缩扭压作用flower structure花状构造inversion反转positive inversion正反转negative inversion负反转sheet joint(顺)层节理席状节理Chapter 3 Foldsfold褶曲hinge枢纽limb翼hinge line枢纽线cylindrical fold圆柱状褶皱axial plane轴平面fold axis褶轴axial surface轴(曲)面inter-limb angle翼间角neutral fold中性褶皱fold angle褶角wavelength波长inflexion point拐点amplitude波幅fold axial trace褶皱轴迹antiform背形synform向形neutral fold中性褶曲anticline背斜syncline向斜upright folds直立褶皱inclined folds倾斜褶皱overfolds倒立褶皱crest脊trough槽gentle fold平缓褶皱open fold开阔褶皱close fold中常褶皱tight fold紧闭褶皱isoclined fold同斜褶皱fold profile褶曲剖面parallel fold平行褶皱ovthogonal thickness垂直层面厚度concentric fold同心褶皱centre fo curvature曲率中心similar fold相似褶皱chevron fold尖棱褶皱accordion fold棱角褶皱kink band膝折带dip isogon等斜线symmetric fold对称褶皱asymmetruc fold不对称褶皱nonocline等斜vergence倒向parasiteic folds寄生褶皱enveloping surface包络面harmonic folds协调褶皱disharmonic folds不协调褶皱conjugate folds共轭褶皱box fold箱状褶皱polyclinal fold多斜褶皱cylindroidal fold圆柱状褶皱non-cylindrol fold非圆柱状褶皱pericline围斜构造brachyanticline短轴背斜brachysyncline]短轴向斜dome穹窿basin盆地culmination轴隆区depression轴陷区凹陷interference干涉superimpose fold叠加褶皱interferene structure干涉构造dome and basin穹盆(相间) crescent and mushroom新月形，蘑菇形double zigzag双之字buckling纵弯作用bending横弯作用flexural slip弯滑kinking膝折shear zone剪切带slide滑动，滑移Chapter 4 Foliation，Lineation and Fabricfolliation面理beddign folliation顺层面理lineation线理fabric组构cleavage劈理schistosity片理slaty cleavage板劈理fracture cleavage破劈理crenulation cleavage褶劈理solution cleavage溶解劈理penetrative透入性non-pentrative非透入性spaced cleavage间隔劈理gneisose banding片麻状条带gneissosity片麻理tetrahedron[晶]四面体conglomerate聚结mica云母hornblende角闪石mudstone泥岩specimen标本,样品,样本muscovite白云母clay粘土,泥土lensoid透镜状的,透镜状结构aggregate集合体,集合的,聚合的slate板岩slab厚平板,厚片microlithou微劈石hydraulic fracturing水压破裂作用pressure solution压溶stylolite缝合线metamorphic segregation变质析离作用meamorphic defferentiation变质分异作用augen gniss眼球状片麻岩shape fabric形态组构intrafolial fold面理内褶皱rootless intrafolial fold面理内无根褶皱lamination迭片结构elongation lineation伸长线理symmetric相称性的,均衡的asymmetric不均匀的,不对称的nullion structure窗棂构造fissility易裂性,分裂性lithology岩石学,岩性shale页岩,泥板岩limestone石灰石schist片岩augen眼球状体paragneiss副片麻岩orthogneiss正片麻岩Intrafolial folds面理褶皱crenulation cleavage细褶皱劈理mullion竖框,直棂,放射状框Cuspate-lobate folds尖圆褶皱Mineral lineations矿物线理growth anisotropy生长各向异性boudin石香肠boudinage石香肠构造pinch-and-swell肿缩石香肠chocolate-table structure巧克力方盘构造fabric组构homogeneous均匀heterogeneous非均匀stacking fault堆垛层错sub-grain boundary亚颗粒边界undulose extinction波状消光deformation band变形带lattice格子deformation lamellae变形纹deformation twinning变形双晶Chapter 5 Stressdeformation变形geometrical几何学的,几何的force力Confining pressure围压stress应力newton牛顿pascal帕斯卡bar巴kilbar千巴normal stress正应力shear stress剪应力principal stress planes主应力面principal stress axes主应力轴stress axial cross应力轴十字hydrostatic stress静水应力deviatoric stress偏斜应力lithostatic stress静岩压力trajectory轨道、轨线stress field应力场stress fragectories应力迹线Chapter 6 Strainstrain应变dilation体变膨胀度distortion畸变形变homogeneous strain均匀应变inhomogeneous strain非均匀应变extension伸长应变shear strain剪应变elongation伸长度shortening缩短率infinitesimal无限小stretch长度比factor系数strain ellipse应变椭圆principal strain主应变strain ellipsoid应变椭球coaxial strain共轴应变pure shear纯剪切simple shear简单剪切prolate ellipsoid长椭球体Constrictional strainFlattening strainablate ellipsid扁椭球体progressive deformation渐进变形Prolate ellipsoid扁长椭球体Oblate ellipsoid扁平椭球体coaxial共轴的finite strain有限应变infinitesimal strain无穷小应变growth fibre生长纤维crack-seal mechanism裂隙焊封机制Chapter 7 Stress and Strain in Materialselastic strain弹性应变Hooke's law虎克定律young,s modulus杨氏模量elasticityy弹性compressibility压缩率viscous strain粘度性应变elastoviscons弹粘性plastic塑性yield stress屈服应力viscoelastic粘弹性delayed recovery迟滞回复brittle脆性ductile韧性yield strength屈服强度failure strength破坏强度ultimate strength极限强度confining pressure围压extrapolate外推，推断marble大理石feldspar长石creep蠕变primary creep初期蠕变secondary creep二期蠕变tertiary creep三期蠕变cataclasis碎裂作用grain boundary sliding颗粒边界活动intracrystalling plasticity晶内塑性dislocation glide位错滑移dislocation creep位错蠕变strain hardening应变硬化diffusive mass transfer扩散质量迁移solution creep溶解蠕变pressure solution压溶crystal plasticity晶质塑性superplasticity超塑性coble creep柯勃尔蠕变nabareo-herring creep纳巴罗-赫林蠕变deformation map变形图coldworking冷加工hotworking polygonization热加工多边形化annealing退火Chapter 8 Determination of Strain inRocks morphology形态学determination of strain应变测量quantitative evaluation定量估算total strain全应变bulk strain总应变strain trajectory应变迹线strain marker应变标志shaly页岩的ooids鲕粒oolitic limestone鲕粒灰岩spherulite球粒vesicle气泡volcanic rock火山岩reduction spot退色斑spherulite球粒fossil化石recrystallization spot重结晶斑点hornfels角岩concretion结核thin section薄片centre-to-centre method心对心法atypical非典型的deformed conglomerate变形砾石bilaterally symmetrical fossil两侧对称化石strain determination in threedimensions三维应变测量superimposition of strain应变叠加Chapter 9 faulting and stressbrittle failure脆性破坏stress criteria of brittlestrength脆性强度应力准则angle of internal friction内摩擦角Mohr failure envelope莫尔破坏包络线coulomb failure库伦破坏准则diabase辉绿岩dolerite辉绿岩，粗粒玄武岩Griffith failure criterion格里菲斯破坏准则Griffith-murrell failurecriterion格里菲斯-穆雷尔破坏准则slip滑动seismic fault发震断层aseismic fault无震断层stick-slip粘滑focal-plane solution震源面解fault-plane solution断层面解auxiliary plane辅助面Chapter 10 strain in folds and shear zonebuckling纵弯作用tangential longitudinal strain切面纵应变cleavage refraction劈里折射Card-decksheath fold等鞘褶皱disharmonic fold不谐和褶曲S-C structure S-C构造σ-structureσ构造δ-structureδ构造Stereographic projectionSterographic projection极射赤平投影Orientation方位Projection sphere投影球Great circle大圆Primitive circle基圆Lower-hemisphere projection下半球投影Cyclographic trace圆弧Sterographic net赤平投影网Equatorial plane赤平面Wulff net吴氏网Schmidt net施密特网Equal angual projection等角度投影Equal area projection等面积投影Longitude great circle经线大圆Latitude small circle纬线小圆Diameter直径Pole极点Normal法线Sterogram极射赤平投影图Density distribution密度分布Contour diagram等密图Preferred orientation优选方位Plotted points投点Center counter中心密度计Peripheral counter边缘密度计Pole diagram极点图Point diagram（投）点图。