lecture2

托福听力tpo40lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR:Last class I passed out your assignment for your first paper,and today I want to spend some time going over it.Mm…most people never take any art history until they get to college,so many of you have probably never written an art history paper before.I gave you a list of appropriate works of art for you to write about.So your next step in this process needs to be to go look at the work you've selected as your topic.And bring a pencil and a notepad with you,because I don't mean you should just drop by at the museum and glance at it so you can say you've seen it in real life.You need to go and sit in front of the work and really look at it—carefully and slowly.And keep careful notes about what you see—you’ll need them for the kind of art history paper you're going to be writing…it's what we call a formal analysis.A formal analysis of a work of art,any kind of art,is based on its formal qualities, which means qualities related to the form—things like color…texture…line…shapes…proportion…and composition.Probably the closest thing to a formal analysis you might have written is for an English class.If you've…say…written an analysis of a poem,you've used the same skills—you've given an analysis of the poem by describing and analyzing its form and meter.A formal analysis paper in art history is very similar.Now,before you begin writing your formal analysis,you'll want to start with a summary of the overall appearance of the work—a brief description of what you see. Are there figures—people?What are they doing?Or is it a landscape…or an abstract representation of something?Tell what the subject is,and what aspects are emphasized in the painting.This will give your reader an overview of what the work looks like before you analyze it.The next part of your paper—the actual formal analysis—will be the longest and most important section of your paper,where you describe and analyze individual design elements.For this portion of the paper,you're going to rely on the notes you took at the museum,because you should be able to describe in detail the design elements the artist uses,and how they are used.For example,does the artist use harsh lines or soft lines—are the colors bright or muted?Focus on the design elements that you feel are most strongly represented in that particular work of art. And if you don't know where to begin,take note of where your eye goes first.Then describe things in the order in which your eye moves around the work.This will help you understand how one part relates to another—the interaction between the different parts of the work.OK,this kind of analysis should occur throughout the main portion of the paper.In the last section of your paper—and this goes beyond formal analysis—you comment on the significance of what you have seen.What details of the work convey meaning?Some significant details will not be apparent to you right away,but if you look long enough,you realize how important they are for your interpretation of the work.Many years ago,I was writing a formal analysis of a painting of a little boy.In the painting,a little boy was standing in his nursery,and he was holding a toy bird in his hand,and there were more toys around him in the background of the painting. Because of the bird he was holding,I assumed at first that the painting was about the innocence of children.But as I looked at the painting longer,I realized that the boy's eyes looked sad even though there was no discernable expression on his face.And then it dawned on me that,even though he was surrounded by toys,he was all alone in his nursery.The boy's eyes were a significant detail in the painting,that I didn't notice at first.题目1.What point does the professor make about the writing of a formal analysis in art history?A.Its objective is to identify common features of several works of art.B.Its most important part is the explanation of an artwork's significance.C.Several styles of writing a formal analysis are used by art historians.D.A particular approach is required to present Information about an artwork.2.According to the professor,what will students need to do before writing the art history paper?A.Look at examples of formal analysis in textbooksB.Take notes on the artwork they will write aboutC.Go to different museums before selecting a topic for the paperD.Study the historical context of the artwork they will write about3.Why does the professor mention an English class?A.To explain the difference between visual language and written languageB.To explain that students need good writing skills for their assignmentC.To point out similarities between a poetry paper and the students'assignmentD.To point out that many art historians become writers4.What does the professor recommend as a way to understand the relationship between different parts of an artwork?A.Looking for lines that connect different parts of the workB.Examining the artwork from several different anglesC.Looking for similar colors the artist used throughout the workD.Determining how the viewer's eyes move around the work5.Why does the professor talk about his own experience analyzing the painting of a little boy?A.To point out a common misconception about formal analysisB.To stress the importance of looking at an artwork thoroughlyC.To show why a formal analysis should not emphasize small detailsD.To provide an example of an artwork that is easy to analyze6.The professor describes three sections the art history paper should contain.Place them in the order in which they should appear in the paper.Click on a phrase.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.A.Analysis of the design elements the artist usesB.Discussion of the meaning of the artworkC.Summary of the appearance of the artwork答案D B C D B CAB译文旁白：下面听一段艺术史课程的片段。

托福听力结构理解听力提升太难了今天以TPO41 lecture2来看看讲座的其中一种结构听完了再来看结构哈～学生提问推动情节发展提问和回答是出题的重点FEMALE PROFESSOR:It's interesting how much we can learn about culture in the United States by looking at how Christopher Columbus has been portrayed throughout United States history. So let's start at the beginning.Columbus' ships first landed in, uh, landed in the Caribbean—there's some debate about which island—he landed in 1492 but it wasn't until 300 years later, in 1792, that his landing was first commemorated. And this was the brainchild of John Pintard.Pintard was a wealthy New Yorker, the founder of the New York Histori-cal Society. And he decided to use his influence and wealth to, um, to find a great hero, a patron for the young country. And he chose Colum-bus.And in New York in 1792, the anniversary of Columbus' landing was commemorated for the first time. Other cities, uh, Philadelphia and then Baltimore followed and …MALE STUDENT: But why Columbus? And why then?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, to Pintard, it was a way to build patriotism in the young, politically fractured country. Remember, the United Stateshad only declared its independence from Britain 16 years earlier and had yet to form a national identity.Pintard also had a hand in helping to create Independence Day—July fourth—as a national holiday. So you see that he was very involved in creating sort of a “national story” for Americans. And Columbus … he felt Columbus could become a story that Americans could tell each other about their national origins that was outside of the British colonial context. The United States was in search of a national identity, and its people wanted heroes.MALE STUDENT: But why not some of the leaders of the revolution? You know, like George Washington?FEMALE PROFESSOR: The leaders of the Revolution were the natural candidates to be heroes. But, many were still alive and didn't want the job. To them, being raised to hero status was undemocratic. So Colum-bus became the hero, and the link between Columbus and the United States took hold.FEMALE STUDENT: And so what was that link?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, Columbus was portrayed as entrepreneurial, someone who took chances, who took risks … And he was cast as somebody who was opposed to the rule of kings and queens. Perhaps most of all, Columbus was portrayed as someone who was destined to accomplish things. Just as America in those early years was coming to see itself as having a great destiny.FEMALE STUDENT: But Columbus was supported by the king and queen of Spain, he wasn't against them.FEMALE PROFESSOR: True. To be historically accurate, the way Pintard thought about Columbus doesn't match up with the facts of his life at all. And I really have to stress this: the fact that Columbus became the hero of the young country had little to do with Columbus—anything he did—and a lot to do with what was happening in the United States 300 years later.Columbus was extraordinarily adaptable to the purposes of America's nation builders—people like John Pintard—in the early part of the nine-teenth century. And since not a lot of facts were known about Colum-bus … his writings weren't available in North America until, until 1816 …that might have actually helped the process of adapting him to American purposes.MALE STUDENT: Since no one knew much about the “real” Columbus, it was easy to invent a mythical one?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Exactly. And this “mythical Columbus,” it … it became a reflection of the society which chose him.So, in the early history of the United States, Columbus represented an escape from the political institutions of Europe; he was the solitary indi-vidual who challenged the unknown. And now there was this new de-mocracy, this new country in a world without kings. Columbus became sort of the mythical founder of the country.So, as historians, we wouldn’t want to study these myths about Colum-bus and mistake them for facts about Columbus. But if we’re trying to understand American culture, then we can learn much by studying how America adapts Columbus for its own purposes.Evaluations of Columbus, then, will reflect what Americans think of themselves. Oh . . . there's a quote … something like …“societies reconstruct their past rather than faithfully record it.” And how that recon-struction takes place, and what it tells us … that's something we're going to be paying a lot of attention to …更多内容分享公众号：DC托福。

托福听力tpo69 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (8)译文 (8)Lecture2 (10)原文 (10)题目 (14)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture3 (20)原文 (20)题目 (23)答案 (26)译文 (26)Lecture1原文So, we've talked about the plates that form the earth crust and their movements and how in some places they're separating. Now, when this happens in the ocean along a middle ocean ridge, some important things can happen, in particular you can get a hydrothermal vent. This is a lot like a geyser except it’s on the ocean floor.A geyser of course is a kind of eruption from underground hot spring. Water that’s been heated up in Earth’s interior, when under pressure, can erupt, sending that water and steam, shooting upwards through crack in the earth. A hydrothermal vent is essentially this same thing, but the water is emitted out of cracks or, or fractures in the ocean floor. If Forms that don't depend on energy from the sun, but depend on chemical energy.But, the vents are also enormous significance for us. From a purely geological perspective, because the chemistry of the oceans is affected by them. To see how, let’s look at the process a little more closely. They typically occur in fields, so you might have an area with a dozen of them, but you need two things to get one of these fields, first, you got haveheat. And you’ve got have fissures in the ocean floor. So, in a vent field, you've got cracks in the ocean floor. And cold water at the bottom of the ocean, we are talking, maybe two degrees Celsius, goes down into them, as it goes underground, it heats up, because in these fields, there are magma chambers, only a few kilometers below the ocean floor.This hot molten rock heats the solid rock above it to as high as five hundred degrees Celsius. And this heated solid rock, then heats the ocean water that flows over it. Now remember, the high pressure of the deep sea, allows water to stay liquid at such a high temperature, so it can reach temperatures of, three or four hundred degrees Celsius.As the water heated, it rises up through other cracks and it shoots up back into the ocean, much like with geyser on land. Now, the important part, is what the water is carrying with it, as it emerges. The heated water draws minerals from solid rock. So, you get dissolved metals in the water, like iron and copper. When the water shoots up and re-enters the cold ocean, it quickly cools and these minerals precipitate out. They’re released and they are deposited into the ocean water, which affects its composition. And it also creates quite a site, these vents have a plume that looks like a smoke, likes smoke that’s coming up out of the vent in the earth.Remember some of the water coming out of the vents is over threehundred degree Celsius. When it’s this hot, it dissolves sulfur, iron and other metals in the rock and it interacts with. when these minerals precipitate out, the water forms of black plume, so these vents are called black smokers. It's the sulfur and metals precipitating out of the water that that's what causes black color.But there are also white smokers, these emit what looks like a white smoke. That's because their water is relatively cool, above one hundred to three hundred degrees. Still pretty warm, but, not warm enough to dissolve sulfur or iron. Instead, they draw off different minerals from rocks. Things like silica and they give off different color, whitish color, when those minerals precipitate out.But in both black and white smokers as the waters emitted in the plume, the mineral that precipitate out, eventually build up around the vent, forming large, tower, like structures or minerals, build up layer upon layer, we call these chimneys, just like a chimney on a house. Different minerals will tend to build up at different places on the chimneys. But, some of the minerals like silica, a form kind of cement, and they hold the whole structure together. So, they can grow quite large and quite quickly. If you can believe it there was one chimney that reached forty-seven meters, that’s like fourteen story It collapsed, but it’s actually now rebuilding.题目1.What does the professor mainly discuss?A. The process by which molten rock can enter the oceanB. The formation of hydrothermal ventsC. The differences between geysers and hydrothermal ventsD. The mineral composition of hydrothermal vent chimneys2.According to the professor, what is the main difference between geysers and hydrothermal vents?A. Where they occurB. What causes themC. The size of their plumesD. The temperature of the water they emit3.What aspect of hydrothermal vents is of most significance to the professor?A. Their role in supporting unusual life formsB. Their role in affecting the chemical composition of the oceansC. Their role in affecting the movement of ocean platesD. Their role in affecting the temperature of ocean water4.What conditions are needed for hydrothermal vents to form?[Click on2 answers.]A. Heated rock beneath the ocean floorB. Rocks on the ocean floor with high mineral contentC. Cracks in the ocean floorD. Strong ocean currents5.What are two differences between black smokers and whitesmokers?[Click on 2 answers.]A. Black smokers emit water at a higher temperature.B. Black smokers are more common than white smokers are.C. Black smokers are found in deeper ocean water.D. Black smokers release different types of minerals than white smokers release.6.What does the professor say about the chimney structures that grow around hydrothermal vents？A. They last only a few years.B. They are formed by a single mineral.C. They can grow very tall.D. Their growth rate depends on the temperature of the water emitted from the vent.答案B A B AC AD C译文我们之前讨论了构成地壳的板块及其运动，以及在某些地方它们如何分离。