INFLUENCE OF ROLL DIAMETERS ON DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING TAPE

精 密 成 形 工 程第15卷 第12期34 JOURNAL OF NETSHAPE FORMING ENGINEERING2023年12月收稿日期：2023-05-10 Received ：2023-05-10引文格式：程超, 韩非, 石磊. 1 800 MPa 超高强钢变径管热气胀成形特性研究[J]. 精密成形工程, 2023, 15(12): 34-41.CHENG Chao, HAN Fei, SHI Lei. Hot Metal Gas Forming Characteristics of 1 800 MPa UHSS Variable Diameter Tube[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2023, 15(12): 34-41. 1 800 MPa 超高强钢变径管热气胀成形特性研究程超1,2，韩非1,2，石磊1,2（1.宝山钢铁股份有限公司中央研究院，上海 201999； 2.汽车用钢开发与应用技术国家重点实验室（宝钢），上海 201999）摘要：目的 对B1800HS 热成形钢进行管件热气胀成形研究，探究变径管特征件热气胀成形的可行性和规律，为进一步研究热气胀成形超高强钢管件及工程应用推广提供参考和支撑。

方法 采用ABAQUS 有限元仿真分析和试验对比，研究了1 800 MPa 超高强钢变径管热气胀成形特性，通过有限元分析研究了成形温度（700、800、900 ℃）、气压加载速率（1、3、5 MPa/s ）及胀形压力（12、15、18 MPa ）对变径管成形规律的影响，通过变径管热气胀成形试验，研究了敏感参数对变径管样件尺寸精度、强度分布及厚度变化的影响。

结果 提高成形温度、气压加载速率和胀形压力可明显提高变径管的成形质量和贴模精度，当成形温度为900 ℃时，变径管抗拉强度可达到1 800 MPa 级别，且增压速率和胀形压力影响较小；变径管沿环向厚度分布均匀，零件无明显增厚和过度减薄缺陷。

Physical Properties of Iron-Oxide Scales on Si-Containing Steelsat High TemperatureMikako Takeda1,Takashi Onishi1,Shouhei Nakakubo1and Shinji Fujimoto21Materials Research Laboratory,Kobe Steel,Ltd.,Kobe651-2271,Japan2Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Suita565-0871,JapanThe mechanical properties of oxide scales at high-temperature were studied in order to improve the surface quality of commercial Si-containing high strength steels.Specific oxides of Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4were synthesized by powder metallurgy.The Vickers hardness,thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity were measured at high-temperatures.A series of measurements confirmed that the physical properties of the synthesized oxides were different each other.From the Vickers hardness measurements,it was verified that the hardness of each synthesized oxide was identical with the naturally-formed iron oxide,as observed in the cross-section of oxide scales on steels. The influence of the Fe2SiO4formed on Si-containing steels on the scale adhesion at high temperature and the surface property is discussed on the basis of the physical properties of the oxides.[doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2009097](Received March18,2009;Accepted June4,2009;Published August25,2009)Keywords:high-temperature oxidation,oxide hardness,oxide thermal expansion coefficient,oxide thermal conductivity,silicon-containing steel,FeO,Fe3O4,Fe2O3,Fe2SiO4,adhesion,surface property1.IntroductionThe iron oxide scales that form on billets and slabs of hot-rolled steels are usually detached using a hydraulic descaling process.However,residual primary scales or secondary scales that form after the descaling process remain on the steel surface through subsequent hot-and cold-working,then influence the surface quality of thefinal products by modifying its mechanical properties,such as deformation, fracture and spalling.The residual scales may induce non-uniform surface temperature,which affects thefinal scale structure and mechanical properties of the steel.Hence,it is of great importance to examine/understand the physical and mechanical properties of iron oxide scales in order to control their formation and properties,and ultimately to improve the quality of steels.The oxide scales that form on steels include Fe2O3,Fe3O4, FeO,which form in lamellar strata from the substrate towards the outer layer.In the case of Si-containing steels,which are widely used for automobile bodies and frames in the form of high-tensile steel sheets,the inner-most layer,mainly composed of fayalite(Fe2SiO4)and FeO,can form at the interface between scale and steel.1–4)Therefore,the high-temperature physical properties such as hardness,thermal expansion coefficient,thermal conductivity,etc.of each oxide species need to be clarified in order to understand the deformation and fracture behaviour of scale and its influence on the surface properties after rolling.The high-temperature deformation and fracture behaviour of these oxide species are not yet well summarised in the literature.Amano et al.5)reported the Vickers hardness of Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4at RT(room temperature) and at1000 C,as measured by employing micro-indenta-tion.6)In this study,5)Vickers hardnesses were measured for the lamellar constituent oxides in cross-sections of Si-containing steels.In terms of the deformation behaviour of oxides,Hidaka et al.reported on the deformation of Fe2O3, Fe3O4and FeO at600–1250 C by measuring stress-strain curves.7,8)In these studies,tensile-test specimens of pure iron were completely oxidized underfixed conditions and tensile tests atfixed strain rates were conducted to obtain the deformation and fracture behaviour.Although knowledge of such high-temperature mechanical properties of oxide scales is beneficial,their mechanical properties have been less extensively studied because high-purity specimens of specific iron oxides are required in order to measure these parameters with sufficient accuracy.This paper focuses on the hardness,thermal expansion coefficients and thermal conductivities at high-temperatures of Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4which were prepared by powder metallurgy and oxidation under a controlled atmo-sphere.Furthermore,the influence of the Fe2SiO4formed on the Si-containing steel on the scale adhesion at high-temperature,and surface property were investigated.2.Experimental2.1Preparation of specific oxide specimensIn this study,pure high-density FeO,Fe3O4,Fe2O3and Fe2SiO4were prepared by powder metallurgy and oxidation under a controlled atmosphere.Sintered compacts of each oxide were used as test specimens to measure the physical properties at high temperature.Each synthesized specific oxide of iron-oxide was prepared using the following process.FeO forms on Fe under limited oxygen partial pressures, ranging from2:8Â10À13Pa(equilibrium oxygen pressure of Fe2SiO4/FeO at850 C)to2:6Â10À13Pa(equilibrium oxygen pressure of FeO/Fe3O4at850 C).FeO is the stable phase at temperatures of570 C and above,but is not stable below570 C.9)Therefore,FeO may decompose into Fe and Fe3O4at RT.FeO that is formed at high temperature can be ‘frozen-in’by quenching,but this type of material is not suitable for measuring the mechanical properties in the high-temperature phase because numerous pores are present in such FeO specimens.Materials Transactions,Vol.50,No.9(2009)pp.2242to2246 #2009The Japan Institute of MetalsIn order to prepare an FeO specimen,finely-powdered Fe and Fe3O4were mixed in the ratio8:10by weight,and were then formed into blocks,55mm square by8mm thick.The shaped blocks were compacted by cold isostatic pressing under a constant load of150MPa,and then sintered at 1100 C for3.6ks in an Ar atmosphere.The sintered blocks were pressed in a graphite mould at900 C for3.6ks in vacuum,under a constant load of50MPa.Dense sintered compacts of pure FeO werefinally obtained.On the other hand,Fe3O4forms on Fe over a wide range of oxygen pressures from2:6Â10À13Pa(equilibrium oxy-gen pressure of FeO/Fe3O4at850 C)to4:1Â10À3Pa (equilibrium oxygen pressure of Fe3O4/Fe2O3at850 C). Fe3O4is relatively stable,but can be oxidized to Fe2O3 under high partial pressures of oxygen,and is reduced to FeO under low oxygen partial pressures.In addition,Fe2O3 forms on Fe under limited partial pressures of oxygen above 4:1Â10À3Pa(equilibrium oxygen pressure of Fe3O4/Fe2O3 at850 C).Fe2O3is stable in high partial pressures of oxygen,but is unstable and can be reduced to Fe3O4under low partial pressures of oxygen,e.g.,in an inert atmosphere. The blocks offinely-powdered Fe3O4and Fe2O3were compacted by cold isostatic pressing under a constant load of300MPa,and then sintered at1100 C for3.6ks.The Fe3O4and Fe2O3were sintered in atmospheres of Ar and air,respectively.Si-containing steels promote the formation of lamellar fayalite:Fe2SiO4forms between the FeO layer and the steel substrate.Fe2SiO4forms in a narrow range of oxygen pressures between2:7Â10À14Pa(equilibrium oxygen pressure for SiO2/Fe2SiO4at850 C)and2:8Â10À13Pa (equilibrium oxygen pressure for Fe2SiO4/FeO at850 C), and therefore it is difficult to obtain pure Fe2SiO4by the oxidation of Si-containing steels.Therefore,Fe2SiO4was prepared by the sintering of fayalite powder.The natural fayalite minerals were powdered and classified into the appropriatefineness(below150mesh),then formed into blocks.The shaped blocks were compacted by cold isostatic pressing under a constant load of150MPa,and were sintered at1130 C for3.6ks in vacuum.2.2Quantitative analysis of purity and sintering densityof synthesized specific oxide specimensThe synthesized oxide specimens were identified and were quantitatively analyzed by X-ray diffraction.In the quanti-tative analysis of the synthesized oxides,the main peaks of the X-ray diffraction spectra werefitted to Gaussian curves, and the intensities of the main peaks were obtained.The relative concentrations of the synthesized specific oxide were calculated by substitution in the following equation for the peak intensity.C n¼A nÂY nÆðA iÂY iÞð1Þwhere C n is the relative concentration of component n,A n is the relative sensitivity coefficient of component n,and Y n is the peak intensity of component n.The synthesized oxide specimens were machined and their densities were obtained at room temperature by measuring the volume-to-weight ratio.2.3Measurements of physical properties2.3.1HardnessThe synthesized oxides,Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4, were machined into work-pieces with dimensions of 10Â20Â3mm3,and then polished with a series of emery papers up to1500grit,buffed,finally degreased in acetone. The hardnesses of the work pieces were measured by a high-temperature micro indenter(Nikon MQ type)at temperatures up to1000 C using square-based diamond and sapphire pyramids.A load of50g was applied for30s,and3 impressions were recorded for each sample.Oxide scales that were formed on iron and steel substrates were also prepared as reference standards,and the hardnesses of these scales were also measured similarly.10mmÂ20mmÂ2mm work-pieces of high-purity Fe(99.99%)and an Fe-3.0mass%-Si alloy were oxidized at1000 C for1.8ks in an O2atmosphere.Oxide scales of about600m m in thickness were formed under the oxidation condition.The hardnesses of oxide scales were measured using the square-based diamond and sapphire pyramids as indenters for the lamellar oxides in a cross section.5)2.3.2Thermal expansion coefficientThe synthesized oxides were formed into3:5mmÂ3:5mmÂ18mm blocks,and were degreased in acetone. The thermal expansion coefficients of the work pieces were measured between room temperature and1000 C using a thermo-mechanical analyzer(Rigaku TMA8140type)at a heating rate of5 C/min.A fused quartz bar was used as a reference in this measurement.The thermal expansion coefficients of the synthesized oxides were measured in the air for Fe2O3,in an Ar atmosphere for Fe3O4and FeO,and in a He atmosphere for Fe2SiO4.2.3.3Thermal conductivityThe synthesized oxides were machined into work pieces with dimensions of 10mmÂ1:5mm,and were degreased in acetone prior to measurements.The thermal conductivities were measured at up to1000 C using a laserflash analyzer (ULVAC-RIKO TC-7000type).The specific heats were measured by differential scanning calorimetry in an Ar atmosphere.The thermal conductivities of the synthesized oxides were calculated using the thermal diffusion coeffi-cient,the specific heat and the sintering density.3.Results and Discussion3.1Purity and sintering density of iron oxide specimens The synthesized oxides were identified from X-ray diffraction spectra.Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesised oxides are shown in Figs.1to4.It was confirmed that the synthesised Fe2O3,Fe3O4and Fe2SiO4were composed of a pure single phase.Although,slight inclusions of residual -Fe and Fe3O4were indicated for the synthesized FeO as shown in Table1,FeO was the predominant compound because the concentration of Fe3O4was below 2.0mass%.From these results,we could assume that the synthesized oxides were essentially composed of single oxide species.The densities of the synthesized oxides of Fe2O3, Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4were4.69gÁcmÀ3,5.08gÁcmÀ3, 6.27gÁcmÀ3and4.08gÁcmÀ3,respectively.Considering thatPhysical Properties of Iron-Oxide Scales on Si-containing Steels at High Temperature2243the densities of Fe 2O 3,Fe 3O 4,FeO and Fe 2SiO 4noted in the literature are 5.27g Ácm À3,5.18g Ácm À3,5.70g Ácm À3and 4.34g Ácm À3respectively,the sintering density of our synthesized Fe 2O 3was slightly low and that of the synthesized FeO was slightly high compared with the values available in the literature.10)3.2HardnessThe hardnesses of synthesized iron oxides at room-and high-temperatures are shown in Fig.5.The hardnesses of all of the oxides decrease with increasing temperature,with the magnitude of the decrease occurring approximately in the following order:Fe 2SiO 4,Fe 2O 3,Fe 3O 4and FeO.In particular,the hardnesses of Fe 2SiO 4and Fe 2O 3are remarkably high at room temperature,but are equivalent to the other oxides above 400 C.The hardness of FeO is lower than the other oxides in the range between room temperature and 1000 C.The hardness of Fe 2SiO 4can not be exactly measured at 1000 C because the melting point of Fe 2SiO 4is 1170 C and the material begins to soften at 1000 C.In order to confirm the validity of these results,they were compared with the hardnesses of oxide scales formed on steels.The hardnesses of the synthesized iron oxides and of cross-sectional oxide scales on pure Fe and a Fe-3.0mass%Si alloy are listed in Table 2.Variation of hardness of the synthesized oxides is similar to that of scales formed on steels.Furthermore,the order of magnitude of thehardnessFig.1X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe 2O 3specimen.Fig.4X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe 2SiO 4specimen.Fig.2X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe 3O 4specimen.Fig.3X-ray diffraction pattern of FeO specimen.Table 1Concentration of oxide phase in FeO specimen (vol%).Fe 2O 3Fe 3O 4FeO -Fe 01.986.811.3Fig.5Hardness of the synthesized iron oxides at high-temperature.Table 2Comparison of Vickers hardness (GPa)of the respective iron oxide scales and the cross-sectional oxide scales on iron.TemperatureSample formSintered specimenScale formed on ironFeO RT 1.67 3.501000C 0.04360.05Fe 3O 4RT 1.64 4.001000 C 0.05050.08Fe 2O 3RT 3.27 6.701000 C 0.07340.53Fe 2SiO 4RT 3.29 5.501000 C—0.632244M.Takeda,T.Onishi,S.Nakakubo and S.Fujimotoof the synthesized oxides is consistent with that formed on the steels.However,the hardness of Fe 2O 3formed on the steel is much larger than synthesized Fe 2O 3at 1000 C.It is considered that the hardness of Fe 2O 3formed on the steel could not be measured precisely because its thickness is a few or several tens of m m .Therefore,it is concluded that the properties of synthesized iron oxides that had been fabricated with high purity and density corresponds to that of oxide scales formed on steels.3.3Thermal expansion coefficientAs shown in Fig.6,the thermal expansion coefficients of all of the synthesised oxides increase with increasing temperature,with magnitudes approximately in the following ascending order:FeO,Fe 3O 4,Fe 2O 3and Fe 2SiO 4.In particular,FeO exhibits the highest thermal expansion coefficient in the temperature range below 400 C.The thermal expansion coefficient of FeO abruptly increases at 600–700 C.This phenomenon may be caused by a stabiliza-tion of FeO,because FeO is becomes stable above 570 C.3.4Thermal conductivityThe temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of the synthesized iron oxides is shown in Fig.7.The thermal conductivity is reduced approximately in the following ascending order:FeO,Fe 2O 3,Fe 3O 4and Fe 2SiO 4.A prominent feature is that FeO has the highest conductivity and Fe 2SiO 4shows the lowest in the temperature range between room temperature and 1000 C.The following is also noteworthy.The thermal conductivity of Fe 2O 3is the highest at RT,but changes remarkably smaller at high-temperature,while Fe 2SiO 4exhibits extremely reduced thermal conduc-tivity compared with FeO.3.5Influence of the physical properties of iron-oxide scales at high temperature on the surface properties of the Si-containing steelIt was shown in section 3.1–3.4that the high-temperature physical properties,such as hardness,thermal expansion coefficient,and thermal conductivity,are significantly differ-ent for each oxide species.The scale structure and oxidation behaviour on the Si-containing steel have been described in many literatures.1–4)On the Si-containing steel,inner-most layer consisting of FeO–Fe 2SiO 4mixture is formed beneath the outer FeO layer.1–4)However,Fe 2SiO 4in the inner-most layer,the amount of which increases as the Si content increases,suppresses the outward diffusion of Fe ions from steels and hence the inner diffusion of oxygen ions predominates in the oxide growth.11)Therefore,as the Si content increase,the composition of outer scale layer changes from FeO to Fe 3O 4and Fe 2O 3.11)These results show that the fayalite (Fe 2SiO 4)affects the structure of the outer and inner scale layers on Si-containing steel.In the following section,the influence of the fayalite (Fe 2SiO 4)formed on the high-Si steel on the scale adhesion at high temperature and surface properties are discussed on the basis of physical properties of iron-oxide scale.3.5.1The scale adhesion at high temperature of theSi-containing steelThe thermal stress generated by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between inner-most layer and steel causes a spalling and cracking of the scale during the hot-rolling process.As described above,the inner-most layer on the high-Si steel is mainly composed of Fe 2SiO 4.Therefore,the scale adhesion of high-Si steel is influenced by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the Fe 2SiO 4and steel.As shown in Fig.6,the thermal expansion coefficient of Fe 2SiO 4increases as the temperature increases.The thermal expansion coefficient of Fe 2SiO 4at 1000 C is nearly equal to that of Fe(14:6Â10À6/ C at 800 C).12)By contrast,the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient of FeO and Fe is large at 1000 C.It is also reported that the scale adhesion of Fe 2SiO 4on steel at high temperature is greater than that of FeO.11)Therefore,the Fe 2SiO 4might strongly adhere to the substrate steel and is not detached by the descalingprocess.Fig.6Thermal expansion coefficients of the synthesized iron oxides athigh-temperature.Fig.7Thermal conductivities of the synthesized iron oxides at high-temperature.Physical Properties of Iron-Oxide Scales on Si-containing Steels at High Temperature 22453.5.2Surface property of the Si-containing steel afterrollingAs described above,the Fe2SiO4strongly adheres to the substrate steel,resulting in the deterioration of the descal-ability.The remaining Fe2SiO4suppresses the outward diffusion of Fe ions from the steel and hence the inner diffusion of oxygen ions predominates in the oxide growth.11) It is also shown in Fig.7that the thermal conductivity of Fe2SiO4is lower than that of other oxides.This result suggests that the remaining Fe2SiO4on the substrate steel brings about a reduction in the cooling rate and a rising of the surface temperature.As a result,the thick Fe2O3,which is a higher order oxide,is formed as the outer-most scale layer on the Fe2SiO4-coated substrate steel.Therefore,the fracture and deformation behaviour of Fe2O3may directly affect the surface properties of high-Si steel.It is shown in Fig.5that the hardness of Fe2O3is greater than that of the other oxides at800 C.It is also reported that the ability to deform Fe2O3is lower than that of FeO.7,8)As a result,the outer-most scale surface,mainly composed of Fe2O3,is crushed because of its hardness and stiffness at 800 C,corresponding to the hot-rolling temperature.Finely-ground Fe2O3is often observed on high-Si steels,which frequently form red scales on their surfaces and degrade the surface property of the high-Si steel.4.ConclusionIn the present study,we measured the high temperature physical properties of various iron oxides,constituents of oxide scales on steels,in order to clarify the dynamic behavior of the oxide scales that occur on practical steels. We selected FeO,Fe3O4,Fe2O3and Fe2SiO4as typical oxide species that formed on Si-containing steels,and synthesized artificial specimens of each type of oxide.The specimens were composed of a single oxide species,and were used to measure the hardness,the thermal expansion coefficient and the thermal conductivity over the temperature range between RT and1000 C.As a result,it was found that the physical properties of the synthesized iron oxides differed significantly from each other.The hardness of the synthe-sized iron oxides was identical with the naturally-formed corresponding iron oxide observed in cross-sectional oxide scales on practical steels.The experimental results from this study are confirmed as reflecting the physical properties of the oxide scales that form on practical steels. Moreover,we discussed the relationship between the physical properties of oxides at high temperature and surface property after rolling the Si-containing steel.It is possible that Fe2SiO4affects the high-temperature adhesion,surface temperature,and surface property of the Si-containing steel after rolling.REFERENCES1) C.W.Tuck:Corros.Sci.5(1965)631–643.2)W.W.Smeltzer,L.A.Morris and R.C.Logani:Can.Metall.Quart.9(1970)513–519.3)R.C.Logani and W.W.Smeltzer:Oxid.Met.3(1971)15–32.4)K.Yanagihara,S.Suzuki and S.Yamazaki:Oxid.Met.57(2002)281–296.5)T.Amano,M.Okazaki,Y.Takezawa,A.Shino,M.Takeda,T.Onishi,K.Seto,A.Ohkubo and T.Shishido:Mater.Sci.Forum522–523 (2006)469–476.6)G.R.Anstis,P.Chantikul,wn and D.B.Marshall:J.Am.Ceram.Soc.64(1981)533–538.7)Y.Hidaka,T.Anraku and N.Otsuka:Mater.Sci.Forum369–372(2001)555–562.8)Y.Hidaka,T.Anraku and N.Otsuka:Oxid.Met.59(2003)97–113.9)L.S.Darken and W.R.Gurry:Physical Chemistry of Metals,(McGrow-Hill Book Company,New York,1953)p.351.10)K.H.Hellwege ed.:Landolt Borstein numerical data tables,Group3,12,(Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1980)p.8.11)M.Takeda and T.Onishi:Mater.Sci.Forum522–523(2006)477–488.12)Metals Data Book,4th Edition,(Maruzen)p.14.2246M.Takeda,T.Onishi,S.Nakakubo and S.Fujimoto。

第19卷第4期2020年12月材料与冶金学报Journal of Materials and MetallurgyVol. 19 No. 4Dec. 2020doi ： 10. 19196/j. cdi. 1671-6622. 2022. 04. 008原位生成TiB 2颗粒对活塞用铝合金微观结构和性能的影响高晓波9范吉超9孟现长9曹卓坤2,徐云庆9张国华1(6滨州渤海活塞有限公司，山东滨州256604； 2.东北大学冶金学院，沈阳116819)摘要：在活塞用铝合金中，通过熔盐反应法原位生成Ta ?颗粒制备成铝基复合材料，重点研究了原位生 成Ta 颗粒质量分数对活塞用铝合金微观结构、力学性能和耐磨性能的影响.实验结果表明，采用熔盐反应法结合高强电磁搅拌技术可在铝合金内原位生成亚微米级Ta 颗粒.当T ：2颗粒质量分数由9 4%增加 至7.4%时，铝基体晶粒显著细化，富铁相由针状转化为块状，铝基复合材料的常温力学性能显著提升.高温拉伸实验结果表明，原位生成Ta 颗粒可显著提升铝合金的高温强度保持率，354 t 时保温94 h 后，铝基复合材料的屈服强度较活塞用铝合金高35%.摩擦实验结果表明，T i B 2颗粒的加入可使活塞用铝合金的 磨损量降低74%.关键词：活塞用铝合金；Ta ：颗粒；原位生成；摩擦中图分类号：TB 333； TU 619. 4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1679-6624(2424)44-4277-45Influence of iB-situ TiB 2 particles on microstructure andproperties of aleminiem alloy for pistonGao Xiaobo 9， Fan Jichao 9， Meng Xianchang 9， Cao Zhuokun 2，Xu Yunqing 1， Zhang Guohua 1((.Binzhou. BoHoi Piston Co . ， LTD . ， Einzhou 25660。

第52卷第7期表面技术2023年7月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·239·制孔分层损伤对CF/PEEK复合材料拉伸性能和表面应变分布的影响杜宇1,2，刘畅1，原文慧1（1.天津工业大学 机械工程学院，天津 300387；2.数字化学习技术集成与应用教育部工程研究中心，北京 100039）摘要：目的研究钻削制孔表面分层损伤与拉伸载荷下开孔碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮（CF/PEEK）复合材料表面应变分布的相关性。

方法通过对CF/PEEK复合材料层合板进行钻削制孔实验，分析不同进给速度对钻削温度、钻削轴向力、制孔出口表面分层和孔壁表面损伤的影响。

采用数字图像相关技术（DIC）和力学实验相结合的方法，研究分层损伤程度对开孔CF/PEEK复合材料层合板拉伸性能和表面应变分布的影响。

使用扫描电镜观测开孔试件的断裂形貌，分析开孔试件受拉伸载荷时的破坏模式。

结果随着进给速度的增加，钻削温度降低，钻削轴向力提高，出口表面分层和孔壁损伤程度加剧。

随着分层损伤程度的增加，层合板的拉伸强度呈现出降低的趋势，试件的拉伸强度从558.4 MPa降低到525.63 MPa，降低了5.87%。

在中应力和高应力状态下，试件x方向的最大负应变随着分层损伤程度的增加而增加。

在高应力状态下，试件y方向的最大正应变随着分层损伤程度的增加而增加。

试件的断裂方式主要是基体开裂、分层和纤维撕裂，断口有纤维脱落和纤维拔出，垂直于载荷方向的纤维破坏模式为剥离破坏，与载荷方向一致的纤维破坏模式为拉伸破坏。

结论钻削制孔表面分层损伤会降低开孔CF/PEEK复合材料的拉伸强度。

不同分层损伤程度的开孔层合板表面应变分布表现出明显的差异性。

关键词：CF/PEEK复合材料；制孔损伤；拉伸性能；数字图像相关技术；表面应变中图分类号：TG506.7文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2023)07-0239-11DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2023.07.021Effect of Delamination Damage on Tensile Properties and SurfaceStrain of Open-hole CF/PEEK CompositesDU Yu1,2, LIU Chang1, YUAN Wen-hui1(1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; 2. Engineering Research Center ofIntegration and Application of Digital Learning Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100039, China)收稿日期：2022–09–19；修订日期：2023–01–12Received：2022-09-19；Revised：2023-01-12基金项目：天津市131创新型人才团队（201916）；天津市自然科学基金（20JCQNJC00050）；数字化学习技术集成与应用教育部工程研究中心创新基金（1221007）Fund：Tianjin 131 Research Team of Innovative Talents(201916); Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(20JCQNJC00050); Innovation Foundation of Engineering Research Center of Integration and Application of Digital Learning Technology, Ministry of Education (1221007)作者简介：杜宇（1988—），男，硕士，高级实验师，主要研究方向为切削加工技术。

第52卷第2期2021年2月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.52No.2Feb.2021Zener-Hollomon 参数对Cr4Mo4Ni4V 高合金钢热变形行为的影响马少伟1,3，张艳1,3，杨明1,2,3，李波2(1.贵州大学材料与冶金学院，贵州贵阳，550025；2.贵州电力科学研究院，贵州贵阳，550025；3.贵州大学高性能金属结构材料与制造技术国家地方联合工程实验室，贵州贵阳，550025)摘要：依据热模拟压缩实验结果，研究Cr4Mo4Ni4V 高合金钢在变形温度为950~1100℃、应变速率为0.001~1s −1条件下的热变形行为。

基于Zener-Hollomon 参数(Z 参数)建立Arrhenius 本构方程，并表征不同应变条件下材料常数(α，n ，Q 和ln A )的变化规律，证实所建立的本构模型具有较高的预测精度。

此外，利用Z 参数建立动态再结晶的临界模型，并结合微观组织在热变形中的演化规律，获得Z 参数影响微观组织变形机制和软化行为的基本规律。

研究结果表明：在高温低应变速率下，材料的流变应力较低，且呈现出明显的动态再结晶特征；在高ln Z (≥45.11)条件下，绝热剪切带和混晶是主要的微观组织形态；而在38.80≤ln Z ≤43.40时，微观组织是以动态再结晶的形式发生软化和细化，且随着Z 参数的减小，动态再结晶体积分数相应增加；而较小的ln Z (36.49)会导致再结晶晶粒粗化，不利于热加工。

据此，获得的相关结论能够为Cr4Mo4Ni4V 高合金钢热加工工艺的制定提供参考。

关键词：Cr4Mo4Ni4V 高合金钢；本构方程；Zener-Hollomon 参数；临界应变；微观组织演变中图分类号：TG142.1文献标志码：A文章编号：1672-7207（2021）02-0376-13Effect of Zener-Hollomon parameters on hot deformationbehavior of Cr4Mo4Ni4V high alloy steelMA Shaowei 1,3,ZHANG Yan 1,3,YANG Ming 1,2,3,LI Bo 2(1.School of Materials and Metallurgy,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China;2.Guizhou Electric Power Research Institute,Guiyang 550025,China;3.National &Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-performance Metal Structure Material and AdvancedManufacturing Technology,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China)DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2021.02.006收稿日期：2020−04−20；修回日期：2020−06−24基金项目(Foundation item)：贵州省教育厅工程研究中心项目([2017]016);贵州省自然科学基金重点资助项目([2020]1Z046)(Project([2017]016)supported by the Engineering Research Center Program of Education Department of Guizhou Province;Project([2020]1Z046)supported by the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province)通信作者：杨明，博士，副教授，从事金属材料加工及力学行为研究；E-mail ：**************.cn引用格式：马少伟,张艳,杨明,等.Zener-Hollomon 参数对Cr4Mo4Ni4V 高合金钢热变形行为的影响[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2021,52(2):376−388.Citation:MA Shaowei,ZHANG Yan,YANG Ming,et al.Effect of Zener-Hollomon parameters on hot deformation behavior of Cr4Mo4Ni4V high alloy steel[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2021,52(2):376−388.第2期马少伟，等：Zener-Hollomon参数对Cr4Mo4Ni4V高合金钢热变形行为的影响Abstract:Based on the results of the thermal simulation compression test,the hot deformation behavior of Cr4Mo4Ni4V high alloy steel was investigated in terms of deformation temperature(950−1100°C)and strain rate(0.001−1s−1).Meanwhile,the Arrhenius constitutive equation was established and the variation law of the materialconstants(α,n,Q and ln A)under different strain conditions was characterized based on the Zener-Hollomon parameter(Z),which confirms that the constitutive equation has high prediction accuracy.In addition,the critical model of dynamic recrystallization assisted by using Z-parameter and microstructure evolution characterization in hot deformation was performed to acquire the basic law,which reflects the effect of Z parameter on the deformation mechanism and softening behavior of microstructure.The results show that the flow stress of the material is low and shows obvious dynamic recrystallization characteristics at high temperature and low strain rate.When ln Z is high(≥45.11),the adiabatic shear band and mischcrystal structure are the main microstructure features,when38.80≤ln Z≤43.40,the microstructure presents softening and refining characterization in the form of dynamic recrystallization,and the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization increases with the decrease of Z parameter.However,the low ln Z(36.49)will lead to the coarsening of recrystallized grains and have detrimental effect on hot processing.So the relevant conclusions can provide a reference for the regulation of the hot processing technology of Cr4Mo4Ni4V high alloy steel.Key words:Cr4Mo4Ni4V high alloy steel;constitutive equation;Zener-Hollomon parameter;critical strain;microstructure evolution近年来，航空工业的快速发展对航空发动机轴承的力学性能和服役寿命提出了更高的要求，而控制轴承部件的热加工组织将是提高其力学性能的重要方法[1]。

P91钢高温应力-应变分析相关领域：核研究，刀具制造，航空航天工业等对于应用于切削工具，发电厂和航空航天工业等领域的材料而言，其高温力学性能的评估是至关重要的。

仪器化的高温纳米压痕是在不需要样品制备的条件下获得各种力学性能的优良测量方法。

本应用报告介绍了用高温超纳米压痕仪（UNHT3 HTV）测量温度从室温到600°C条件下P91钢机械性能测试分析结果。

1 背景介绍铁素体/马氏体（F / M）钢是最常用选择，首先是基于其耐腐蚀性，其次是基于其机械性能。

然而随着工作环境温度的升高，其高温特性已成为首要考虑因素。

P91钢是现代F / M合金钢，适用于常规和核电站。

其在600℃下仍具有良好的高温强度和较高的氧化温度限制。

这使得蒸汽管道和加热器盘管等工程部件能够以较小的厚度运行，并具有较长的热疲劳寿命。

主要合金元素是铬（9 wt.%）和钼（1 wt.%）。

铬提高了高温强度，提高了抗氧化性，钼提高了蠕变抗力。

少量的镍和锰存在，提高了钢的淬透性。

该合金钢在1050°C正火，空气冷却至200°C，然后加热至760°C 回火。

为了保证其长期的性能和更好地了解其焊接性能，对合金在工作温度下的机械性能的认识是至关重要的，因为预热，保温和焊后热处理对于P91钢是非常关键的。

高温纳米压痕在过去几年取得了重大进展，可以在高温下从一个测试中测量各种材料特性[1]。

研究使用高温超纳米压痕测试仪（UNHT3 HTV）从室温至600℃对P91钢进行纳米压痕测量。

传统的准静态纳米压痕和应力-应变分析都被用来确定随温度变化下硬度，弹性模量和屈服应力特性。

2 UNHT3 HTV安东帕高温超纳米压痕测试仪（UNHT3 HTV）已被开发用于在高达800°C的温度下测试不同种类材料的力学性能测试。

基于超高压纳米压痕测试仪（UNHT3）[2,3]的验证和专利技术，UNHT3 HTV还采用了主动顶部参比系统，使热漂移最小化，并提供无与伦比的测量稳定性。

第27卷第5期宽厚板Vol.27,No.5•22-2021年10月WIDE AND HEAVY PLATE October2021•生产实践•终轧温度对Q355B-Ti低合金钢力学性能的影响邢飞I王会岭I杨雄$谷盟森I付振坡I(1河钢集团舞钢公司；2河钢集团邯钢公司)摘要为了进一步降低Q355B钢的生产成本以及合金成本，在原有C-Mn成分体系基础上添加适量Ti,减少Mn元素含量。

同时为了获得良好的综合力学性能，生产厂针对不同终轧温度对Q355B钢力学性能和组织的影响展开相关研究。

结果显示:当待温厚度为2.5倍成品厚度时，钢的强度、韧性都会随着终轧温度的降低而改善。

当终轧温度W850t时,Q355B钢的力学性能和组织均能满足国家标准GB/T1591—2018o 关键词低合金高强钢Q355B控制轧制Effects of Finishing Temperature on Mechanical Propertiesof Q355B-Ti Low Alloy SteelXing Fei1,Wang Huiling',Yang Xiong2, Gu Mengsen1and Fu Zhenpo1(1HBIS Group Wusteel Company；2HBIS Group Hansteel Company)Abstract In order to further reduce the production cost and alloy cost for Q355B steel,an appropriate amount of Ti is added on the basis of the original C-Mn composition system and the content of Mn element is reduced.The pro­ducer further studies the effects of various finish rolling temperatures on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Q345B steel plate to achieve good comprehensive mechanical properties.The results show that the strength and tough­ness of steel plate are all improved with decrease of finish rolling temperautre when the holding thickness of transfer bar is2.5times larger than finish thickness.The mechanical properties and microstructure of Q345B steel plate both can meet the requirements in GB/T1591—2018standard at finish rolling temperature850X..Keywords Low alloy high strength steel,Q355B,Controlled rollingo前言Q355B属于低合金高强钢,具有良好的综合力学性能和工艺性能，广泛应用于钢结构、风力塔筒制造等工程领域。

第23卷第2期2011年2月钢铁研究学报Jour nal of Ir on and Steel ResearchV ol.23,N o.2February 2011基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(50734002)作者简介:乔立峰(1968 ),男,博士生,教授级高级工程师; E mail:lilyz hm68@; 收稿日期:2009 12 14退火工艺对高强细晶IF 钢的显微组织与性能的影响乔立峰1,2, 刘振宇1, 刘相华1, 王国栋1(1.东北大学轧制及连轧自动化国家重点实验室,辽宁沈阳110004; 2.鞍钢集团鞍凌公司钢轧厂,辽宁凌源122500)摘 要:以新型的含铌高强细晶IF 钢为研究对象,在实验室进行了热轧、冷轧以及轧后模拟连续退火试验。

通过微观组织观察可以发现化学成分的改善、轧制及退火工艺的控制不仅可以使这种钢具有细小的晶粒,而且存在大量细小的析出物Nb(C 、N);同时晶界附近析出物非常稀少,称之为P FZ 带(晶界无析出物区),且仅存在于晶界的一侧。

试验结果表明由于铌系析出物非常细小以及晶粒细化作用使试验钢具有较高强度和良好的伸长率;而PF Z 带的存在,这种钢具有较低的屈服强度。

与传统的I F 钢相比,试验钢具有晶粒细小、屈强比低、伸长率良好且塑性应变比r 值较高的特点。

关键词:高强细晶IF 钢;铌碳氮化合物;PF Z 带;力学性能文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001 0963(2011)02 0043 05Effect of Annealing Process on Microstructure and MechanicalProperties of Super Fine Grain IF SteelQIAO Li feng 1,2, LIU Zhen y u 1, LIU Xiang hua 1, WAN G Guo dong1(1.T he St ate Key Labor ator y o f Rolling and A ut omatic,No rtheastern U niver sity,Shenyang 110004,L iaoning ,China;2.A nling Iro n and St eel Co L td Steel M aking and Ro lling P lant of Ansteel G no up,L ing yuan 122500,Liaoning,China)Abstract:T he hot ro lling ,co ld ro lling and simulative continuous annealing ex per iments w ere carr ied out in the la bo rato ry on the base of new t ype SF G H SS (super f ine g rain,high str eng th steel sheet).T he micro structur e ob servation results show t hat t he micr ostr ucture of this new type steel contains not only very fine ferr ite grain but also N b(C,N )pr ecipitates by im pr oving chemical composit ion,contro lled ro lling and co nt rolled annealing.T he P FZ zone is free of precipit ate called P recipitated F ree Z one on t he one side o f the g rain bo undary.T he results sho w that the SFG steel has ver y high tensile str eng th and go od tensile elo ng atio n by fined Nb,T i(C,N)pr ecipitates and ver y fined ferr ite g rain.O n the o ther hand,it also has v ery low yield streng th by the for mation of the PFZ.Con trast to the co nv entional IF steel,t he SFG steel have the character s of super f ine g rain,hig h tensile str eng th,lo w y ield strength/tensile strength r ate,g ood elo ng atio n and high r value.Key words:super f ine hig h st rength IF steel;N b(C,N )pr ecipitate;P FZ;mechanical pr operty汽车减重是降低油耗的主要途径,因而也是减少二氧化碳排放的最有效对策。