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余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是⼀个君主⽴宪制和议会民主制国家。
在英国，国家元⾸是在位的国王或⼥王，政府⾸脑是⾸相，他是下议院多数党领袖。
Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成⽂法、普通法和公约组成。
第二部分爱尔兰共和国第11章地理和历史11.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Geographical FeaturesⅡ. Climate and Weather1. The Northwest2. Connacht and Clare3. The Southwest4. The Southeast5. The Central Lowland6. The NortheastⅢ. Population and ReligionⅣ. Historical BackgroundⅤ. Foreign PolicyⅠ. Geographical Features1. The Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. George’s Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.2. The capital is Dublin.3. Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland.4. The Irish coast, with its striking cliffs, is among the most impressive in Europe.5. As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the Ice Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe.Ⅰ. 地理特征1. 爱尔兰共和国的东北部和北爱尔兰接壤，东部和东南部是爱尔兰海和圣乔治海峡，北部和西部是大西洋。
第16章美国历史(Ⅱ)(1900—1945)16.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Economic DevelopmentⅡ. ProgressivismⅢ. World War Ⅰ and the United StatesⅣ. The United States in the 1920sⅤ. The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ. World War Ⅱ and the United StatesⅠ. Economic DevelopmentIn the early 20th century, there emerged a number of features in the growth of the American economy.1. Beginning in 1989, there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers.2. With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network, there was a mushroom growth of cities.3. There was a rapid development of new technology.Ⅰ. 经济发展20世纪早期，美国经济的增长呈现了很多特点。
1. 1989年开始，出现了工业和金融的合并。
2. 随着工业的发展和铁路网络的扩展，城市的数量开始迅速增长。
3. 新技术开始迅速发展。
Ⅱ. Progressivism1. With the development of the economy, there also arose a number of social problems.2. Pushed by the Progressive Movement, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) made a policy that the government should merely preserve order and protect property, leaving the control over the economy to the business people.3. President Wilson put forward his program of New Freedom and made many achievements.Ⅱ. 进步主义1. 随着经济的发展，也出现了一系列的社会问题。
第8章英国社会和文化8.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Health and Welfare1.The National Health Service2.Private Medical Care3.Cash BenefitsⅡ.HousingⅢ.Education1.Primary and Secondary Education2.Private Schools3.Higher EducationⅣ.Cultural LifeⅤ.Daily Life and Social CustomsⅥ.ArtsⅦ.Cultural InstitutionⅧ.Sports and RecreationⅨ.Media and Publishing1.Newspapers2.Broadcasting【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.Health and Welfare1.The National Health Service(1)The National Health Service is a nationwide institution based on Acts ofParliament.The NHS provides medical care through a tripartite structure of primary care,hospitals,and community health care.(2)The Community Health Service has three functions:to provide preventive healthservices;to act as a liaison with local government;and to cooperate with local government personal social service departments.Ⅰ.健康和福利1.国家卫生系统(1)国民保健服务是根据议会法案建立的全国性机构。
第4章向现代时期的过渡4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)Ⅱ. The English ReformationⅢ. Elizabeth Ⅰ (1558—1603)1. Elizabeth and Parliament2. Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3. Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ. The English RenaissanceⅤ. James Ⅰ (1603—1625) and the ParliamentⅥ. Charles Ⅰ (1625—1649) and the ParliamentⅦ. The Civil WarsⅧ. The Commonwealth (1649—1660)Ⅸ. The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of 1688Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)1. The name Wars of the Roses as a series of wars between House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. After the war, the great medievalnobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme.2. Henry Tudor became Henry Ⅶ (1485—1509). He gave England very firm rule. Ⅰ. 向现代时期的过渡(1455—1485)1. 玫瑰战争指的是兰开斯特王朝和约克王朝之间从1455年到1485年的一系列战争。
第5章英帝国的兴起和衰落(1688—1990)5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Whigs and ToriesⅡ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyⅢ. The Industrial Revolution (1780—1830)Ⅳ. The Chartist Movement (1836—1848)Ⅴ. Trade Unions and the Labour PartyⅥ. Colonial Expansion1. The growth of dominions2. The Conquest of India3. The Scramble for Africa4. Aggression against ChinaⅦ. Twentieth Century1. Britain and the First World War2. Britain Between the Two World Wars3. Britain and the Second World War4. Postwar BritainⅠ. Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.Ⅰ. 辉格党和托利党这两大党派起源于光荣革命时期(1688)。
19世纪早期，辉格党和托利党联合，后来变成了自由党。
托利党是保守党的前身。
Ⅱ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century1. Farming was an important occupation in England in the 18th century.2. In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, depending on the countryside for food.3. Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results.Ⅱ. 18世纪晚期的农业变化1. 18世纪，农业是英国一个重要的职业。
第34章今天的新西兰34.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The Political System1. The Parliament2. The executive3. The judiciary4. Local governmentⅡ. Characteristics of New Zealand PeopleⅢ. Health Care1. Health2. Dental health3. Public health and children4. WelfareⅣ. Education1. Early childhood education2. Primary education3. Secondary education4. Rural education5. T ertiary educationⅤ. The International Marketplace1. Exports2. Imports3. Agriculture4. Crops and horticulture5. Industry6. EnergyⅥ. Culture and the ArtsⅦ. New Zealand and the WorldⅠ. The Political System(1) There is no written constitution.(2) It is contained in a large number of parliamentary statutes (laws), judiciary (court)rulings, and administrative practices.(3) New Zealand is a sovereign independent state, with a parliamentarygovernment and a constitutional monarchy.(4) Queen Elizabeth Ⅱis Queen of New Zealand as well as Britain. She isrepresented in New Zealand by the Governor-General.(5) The present Governor-General is a woman, Dame Kath Tizzard.(6) The Governor-General has very little real power, but provides continuity whengovernments change and has an important national role as representative of the monarch.Ⅰ. 政治体系(1) 新西兰没有成文宪法。
第2章国家的起源2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The Iberians2. The Beaker Folk3. The CeltsⅡ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)Ⅲ. The Anglo-Saxons (446—871)Ⅳ. The Viking and Danish InvasionsⅤ. The Norman Conquest (1066)Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The IberiansThe first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. At about 3000 BC during the New Stone Age, the Iberians came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula.2. The Beaker FolkAt about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.3. The CeltsThe Celts began to arrive about 700 BC. They came to Britain in three main waves. Ⅰ. 早期的定居者(5000 BC—55 BC)1. 伊比利亚人英国最早的定居者是伊比利亚人。
大约公元前3000年，新石器时期，来自伊比利亚半岛的伊比利亚人来到了英国。
2. 宽口陶器人大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人来到现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区。
3. 凯尔特人公元前700年，凯尔特人来到英国。
他们分三批来到这里。
Ⅱ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)1. Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.2. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.3. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Ⅱ. 罗马统治时期(55 BC—AD 410)1. 尤里乌斯·凯撒，罗马将领，在公元前55年入侵英国。
第15章美国政治15.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.The U.S.Constitution1.The Federal system2.Separation of powers:checks and balances3.Provisions for amendment4.Bill of RightsⅡ.The Legislative Branch1.A Two-chamber Congress2.The House of Representatives3.Senate4.Functions of the CongressⅢ.The Executive BranchⅣ.The Judicial Branch1.The Supreme Court2.Courts of Appeals and District CourtsⅤ.State GovernmentⅥ.Local Government【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.The U.S.ConstitutionThe American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was drawn up in1787and went into effect in1789.Ⅰ.美国宪法美国宪法是世界上最古老的成文宪法。
1787年制定，1789年生效。
1.The Federal systemThe Constitution set up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule.There is federal government.There are also state and local governments.1.联邦系统宪法规定了具有两层规则的联邦政府系统，包括联邦政府与州和地方政府。
2.Separation of powers:checks and balancesThe government is divided into three branches,the legislative,the executive and the judicial.And each branch can check the actions of the other branches.The three branches are thus in balance.This is called“checks and balances”.2.三权分立，相互制衡政府分为三个分支机构，即立法，行政和司法。
第31章政府和政策31.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The ConstitutionⅡ. Parliament1. The Governor-General2. The House of Representatives3. The Executive4. The Senate5. State Parliaments6. Local GovernmentⅢ. Political Parties1. The Australian Labor Party2. The Liberal Party of Australia3. The National Party of Australia4. The Australian DemocratsⅣ. The JudiciaryBackgroundsThe Commonwealth of Australia is a federation. It came into being on January 1,1901 when the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act was enacted by the British Parliament.The Australian federation has a three-tier system of government: the federal parliament and government, six State parliaments and governments, and about 900 local governments at the city, town, municipal and shire level.The powers of the federal parliament are defined in a written Constitution. Australia is independent but still has constitutional links with Britain.Britain’s monarch is also formally Australia’s and is represented in Australia by the Governor-General and six State governors. They are head of state and formally chief executive.Apart from the federal system, the Constitution and Parliament, government of Australia is also carried out through other political institutions. They include the High Court, Cabinet, political parties, elections and the public service.The basic structure of Australian government is based on both the British and American models. There are also some significant Australian variations.背景1901年1月1日澳大利亚联邦宪法法案由英国议会颁布，澳大利亚联邦政府成立。
第33章新西兰的组成33.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. GeographyⅡ. ClimateⅢ. Plants and AnimalsⅣ. Historical Background1. Before 18402. The Treaty of Waitangi 18403. After 18404. The 1870s and after5. Social changes6. The 1930s and 1940s7. After World War ⅡⅤ. Notable New ZealandersⅥ. Maoritanga1. Origins2. Traditional history3. Everyday life before 18404. Society5. Race relations6. Recent developmentsⅠ. Geography1. New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean, halfway between the equator and the South Pole.2. It has two main Islands: North Island and South Island.3. North and South Islands are long and narrow; from Cape Reinga in the far north to Bluff at the very south of South Island is 1,770 km.4. New Zealand is just west of the International Date Line, so it is the first country to get the new day. It has only one time zone.5. The highest peak, Mt Cook, 3,764 meters, is in the centre of the mountain range, which is called the Southern Alps.6. In North Island the central plateau is dominated by 3 volcanic mountains. Ruapehu and Ngaurohoe are active volcanoes. The third mountain, Tongariro is dormant.7. The centre of North Island is a volcanic and geothermal area. There are pools of boiling mud and boiling water.8. Lake T aupo is the largest lake in New Zealand.9. The largest river is the Clutha in South Island.10. The two largest North Island rivers, the Waikato and the Wanganui.11. Apart from occasional storms and flooding, and droughts in some areas,earthquakes and volcanoes are the most serious potential natural disasters. Ⅰ. 地形1. 新西兰位于太平洋南部，在赤道和南极点正中间。
2. 两个主要岛屿：北岛和南岛。
3. 北岛和南岛从北部雷恩加角延伸到南部绝壁1770千米。
4. 新西兰在国际日界线的西部，是第一个迎来新一天的国家。
只有一个时区。
5. 最高峰库克山，海拔3764米，位于山脉中间，叫做南阿尔卑斯山。
6. 北岛中部高原由3个火山组成：鲁阿佩胡火山和高卢胡火山是活火山，汤加里罗火山处于休眠期。
7. 北岛中心是火山多地热区，有沸泥塘和沸水湖。
8. 陶波湖是新西兰最大的湖。
9. 克鲁沙河是南岛最大的河。
10. 北岛最大的河有两个：怀卡托河和黄加雷河。
11. 除了偶尔的风暴，洪水和干旱以外，地震和火山爆发是最严重的自然灾害。
Ⅱ. Climate1. The climate of New Zealand is generally temperate, but because the country runs north to south, the climate is varied.2. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South Island it is almost subarctic.3. Summer is seldom uncomfortably hot, and in winter snow usually falls only inhigh country and in the far south. Rain falls all year, but it rains more in the winter.4. The highest rainfall is on the west coast.Ⅱ. 气候1. 新西兰气候普遍温和，但是从北到南气候不同。
2. 最北方是亚热带气候，南岛的一些山区是亚极地气候。
3. 夏天不会很热，冬天只在高地下雪。
在最南方成天下雨，尤其冬天较多。
4. 降雨最多的地方在西海岸。
Ⅲ. Plants and Animals1. Many of New Zealand’s native flowering plants are unique. Some of the world’s oldest plant forms can be found here.2. New Zealand native trees are evergreens, so the country remains green all year round.3. New Zealand evergreen giants include the kauri and totara trees, flax plants, toitoi or pampas grass, and the “cabbage tree”, the yellow kowhai flower and the red pohutukawa.4. New Zealand has 250 species of birds. The kiwi is a national symbol and New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.5. The only native land mammals are two species of bats.6. All other animals have been introduced, mostly from England.Ⅲ. 植物和动物1. 新西兰本地植物千奇百怪，一些世界上最古老的植物就在这里。
2. 新西兰本地树种四季常青，所以这个国家常年都是绿色的。
3. 新西兰长青植物有贝壳杉，罗汉松，亚麻树，蒲苇，巨朱蕉。
有黄色的四翅槐和桃金娘科常绿树。
4. 新西兰有250种鸟。
几维这种无翼鸟是国家象征。
新西兰人称他们自己为几维。
5. 唯一的本土哺乳动物是两种蝙蝠。
6. 其他所有动物都是引进的，大部分来自英国。
Ⅳ. Historical Background1. Before 1840(1) There are two histories: the Maori history and the European history.(2) The first European to visit New Zealand was a Dutchman, Abel Tasman.(3) The first Englishman to visit New Zealand was Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy.(4) In 1840 the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders.(5) In 1840 Hobson, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signedthe Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand was founded.Ⅳ. 历史背景1. 1840年以前(1) 有两段历史：毛利人历史和欧洲人历史。
(2) 第一个来新西兰的欧洲人是荷兰人阿贝尔·塔斯曼。
(3) 第一个来新西兰的英国人是英国皇家海军的吉姆·库克船长。
(4) 1840年，第一个官方州长霍布森和毛利领导人协商。
(5) 1840年霍布森代表维多利亚女王和毛利领导人签署了怀唐伊条约。
新西兰成立。
2. The Treaty of Waitangi 1840(1) The Treaty was an agreement between the chiefs of the Maori people and theBritish Crown on behalf of the whalers, sealers, traders and missionaries who had been settling in New Zealand since the early 1800s.2. 怀唐伊条约(1) 该条约是毛利领导人和代表19世纪定居在新西兰的商人，贸易人的英国政府签订的条约。
(2) The Treaty has three articles.①Under the first article, the Maori people gave the Queen of England t he right to make laws for the country;②The second article promised the Maori full exclusive undisturbed possession over their lands, forests, fisheries and other treasured possessions. If Maori owners wanted to sell land, only the Crown had the right to buy;③Under the third article Maoris were granted all the rights and privileges of British subjects.(3) The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New ZealandNational Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.(2) 该条约有三大条款：①第一条规定了英国女王在新西兰有立法权。
