Chapter_4_Features_of_a_Paragraph_+_Development_by_Time

repetition
parallelism
antithesis
Activity 3: Investigate your campus to find out activities on argumentation among the students at your university. Choose one or more of the following activities. • Check your student center, campus bulletin boards, and the campus newspaper for advertisements or club recruitments. How much do you find? What issues are important on your campus? • Attend a meeting of a group or club on campus, and observe how they argue in their discussions and how they convince others. • Watch TV or video about debate such as CCTV English debate competition and find out how the contestants argue and what rhetorical devices are used in their speeches.
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2. Identify and evaluate the support a writer provides to defend an argument Read the magazine article in the textbook “College Lectures: Is Anybody Listening?”, which will give you a general idea of argumentative writing. In it, David Daniels questions a traditional teaching method: the lecture class. Before you read, answer these questions: Have you attended any lecture classes in college? If so, what happened in them? Is lecturing an effective way for you to learn? Do you think your experience in lecture classes is typical? Why might some object to lecturing as a teaching method? Why might some defend it?

Convention for the Unification of CertainRules for International Carriage by AirMontreal, 28 May 1999 Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air (Montreal, 28 May 1999)Chapter 1 - General ProvisionsChapter II - Documentation and Duties of the Parties Relating to the Carriage of Passengers, Baggage and CargoChapter III - Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for DamageArticle 20 - Exoneration 0If the carrier proves that the damage was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the person claiming compensation, or the person from whom he or she derives his or her rights, the carrier shall be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the claimant to the extent that such negligence or wrongful act or omission caused or contributed to the damage. When by reason of death or injury of a passenger compensation is claimed by a person other than the passenger, the carrier shall likewise be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the extent that it proves that the damage was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of that passenger. This Article applies to all the liability provisions in this Convention, including paragraph 1 of Article 21.thereafter, declare that the limit of liability of thecarrier prescribed in Article 21 is fixed at a sum of1,500,000 monetary units per passenger in judicial proceedings in their territories; 62,500 monetaryunits per passenger with respect to paragraph 1 ofArticle 22; 15,000 monetary units per passenger with respect to paragraph 2 of Article 22; and 250 monetary units per kilogram with respect to paragraph 3 of Article 22. This monetary unit corresponds to sixty-five and a half milligrams of goldof millesimal fineness nine hundred. These sums maybe converted into the national currency concerned inround figures. The conversion of these sums into national currency shall be made according to the lawof the State concerned.3.The calculation mentioned in the last sentence of paragraph I of this Article and the conversion method mentioned in paragraph 2 of this Article shall be made in such manner as to express in the national currency of the State Party as far as possible the same real value for the amounts in Articles 21 and 22 as would result from the application of the first three sentences of paragraph 1 of this Article. States Parties shall communicate to the depositary the manner of calculation pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article, or the result of the conversion in paragraph 2 of this Article as the case may be, when depositing an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval of or accession to this Convention and whenever there is a change in either.majority of the States Parties register their disapproval, the revision shall not become effectiveand the Depositary shall refer the matter to a meetingof the States Parties. The Depositary shall immediately notify all States Parties of the coming intoforce of any revision.3.Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of this Article, the procedure referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall be applied at any time provided that one-third of the States Parties express a desire to that effect and upon condition that the inflation factor referred to in paragraph 1 has exceeded 30 percent since the previous revision or since the date of entry into force of this Convention if there has been no previous revision. Subsequent reviews using the procedure described in paragraph 1 of this Article will take place at five-year intervals starting at the end of the fifth year following the date of the reviews under the present paragraph.provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.Chapter IV - Combined CarriageChapter V - Carriage by Air Performed by a Person other than the Contracting CarrierConvention with a passenger or consignor or with a person acting on behalf of the passenger or consignor, and another person (hereinafter referred to as "the actual carrier") performs, by virtue of authority from the contracting carrier, the whole or part of the carriage, but is not with respect to such part a successive carrier within the meaning of this Convention. Such authority shall be presumed in the absence of proof to the contrary.contracting carrier shall, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their employment, be entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which are applicable under this Convention to the carrier whose servant or agent they are, unless it is proved that they acted in a manner that prevents the limits of liability from being invoked in accordance with this Convention.Chapter VI - Other ProvisionsChapter VII - Final Clauses。

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Topic Sentence
Developing Sentence
Developing Sentence
Developing Sentence
Developing Sentence
Concluding Sentence
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(1) Requirements of the topic sentences writing
All
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well-written topic sentences share four characteristics: ① It must be a complete sentence. ② It is not too general nor too specific. ③ It cannot deal with too much information. ④ It includes a stated topic and a controlling idea.
Improper：Mike,
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③ It cannot deal with too much information.
主题句如果包含过多的信息，势必会出现多
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中心，多头绪的扩展，主题就会不突出，不 明确，使段落缺乏统一性的原则。例如： Shanghai is famous for its temperate climate, its large population, and its rapid industrial development. (too much information) Shanghai is famous for its rapid industrial development.

Chapter 4 From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is nolimit to the number of sentencesnative speakers of that languageare able to produce and comprehend.3. An endocentric construction is also known as headed constructionbecause it has just one head4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonlyrecognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase,infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7. Word order plays an important role in the organization of Englishsentences.8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct objectusually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF 6-10 TTTTT )II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 A s _________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command2. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same timestructurally alone is known as an f _____________ clause3. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phraseand which says something about the subject is grammaticallycalled p ___________________ .4. A c __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause isnormally called an e ________ clause.6. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that newwords are constantly added.7. G ________ relations refer to the structural and logicalfunctional relations between every noun phrase and sentence8. A a __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.9. A s ___________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, questionor command.10. A s ___________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1. sentence2. finite3. predicate4.complex 5. embedded6. open7. grammatical8. simple9.sentence 10. subjectIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement :1 The head of the phrase “ the city Rome ” is __________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city andRome2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have ______A. recursiveproperties.B. grammaticalD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understandA.how words and phrases form sentences. B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C.how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above.5 The phrase “ on the half ” belongs to ________constructionA endocentricB exocentricC subordinateD coordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact thatA.noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B.noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsC. sociD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence structure is _______ .A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are _____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The _______ rules are the rules that group words and phrases toform grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10 The sentence “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not toexposethemselves ” is a___________ s entenceA simpleB coordinateC compoundD complexAnswers:1 D2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 AIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Syntax2. IC analysis3. Hierarchical structureAnswers :1. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words arecombined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short,refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate con stitue nts -word groups (phrases), which are in turn an alyzed into theimmediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.3. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups wordsinto structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.V. Answer the following questions:1. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.2. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4. What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach? Illustrate them with examples ？Answers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They aresimple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complexsentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause whichcontains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its ownsentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinatesentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam.A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.2. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of itsconstituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head.The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is definednegatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3. 略4. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They aresimple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause whichcontains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its ownsentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinatesentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for herhistory exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam­ple: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin­guistics.。