摘要我国“十一五”规划纲要第一次明确提出,将国土空间划分为“优先开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发”四类主体功能区,要按照主体功能定位调整完善区域政策和绩效评价,形成合理的空间开发结构。
2003年1月,“三江源”地区(36.3万平方公里)作为限制开发和禁止开发区,被列入国家自然保护区,其主要功能是为全国提供生态服务。
2005年国务院批准了《青海三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设总体规划》以下简称“规划”。
为了让草原休养生息, 从2004 年开始国家正式在三江源的18 个核心区以及生态退化特别严重的区域进行了整体的牧民迁移。
三江源生态移民工程能够带来巨大的生态、经济和社会效益,但同时也面临着移民安置的难题。
因为生态移民是一项复杂的工程,涉及到移民生产生活的重建、民族利益的协调、文化遗产的保护等各个方面。
如果移民搬迁后不能获得足额的补偿,不公平地承担了生态工程建设带来的经济和社会成本,基本的生产条件和生活条件得不到恢复,将导致生态移民的生活水平严重下降,甚至面临陷入长期贫困的风险。
因此,认真研究移民补偿问题,对于保障移民基本权利、促进社会公平、推动生态环境的恢复和建设具有重要意义。
本文第一、二部分主要介绍研究背景和国内外研究现状。
第三部分对三江源生态移民补偿机制的构建进行分析,具体探讨了三江源移民补偿的目标、原则、主体、补偿方式和资金来源等内容。
第四部分是文章的重点,对三江源生态移民补偿的补偿标准进行评估,具体分为经济损失的补偿标准的确定和非经济损失的评估,前者采用的是机会成本分析法,后者运用重置成本法。
第五部分以格尔木市两个生态移民村为例,分析了三江源移民补偿和安置过程中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出政策建议。
本文的昀后部分是结论与展望,对文章的主要结论做概括,并指出研究中存在的不足和需进一步研究的问题。
关键词:三江源;补偿机制;生态移民;移民补偿;非自愿移民政策1AbstractChina’s "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" sketch for the first time puts forward that thenational land should be divided into four main functional areas,whichare "prioritydevelopment, key development, restricted development and prohibit development".Itis necessary to follow the dividing main-functional areas to adjust and improve theregional policy and performance evaluation, forming a rational structure of spacedevelopment. In January 2003, "Sanjiangyuan" region 36.3 ten thousand squarekilometers as the restriction and the prohibition of the development zone, has beenincluded in National Nature Reserves, whose main function is to provide ecologicalservices for the whole country. In 2005,the State Council approved the EcologicalProtection and Construction Master Plan of Qinghai Sanjiangyuan NatureReservehereinafter referred to as "planning". In order to recuperate the grasslands,from 2004 the country has officially arranged the overall transfer of the pastoralistsfrom Sanjiangyuan’s 18 core areas and the regions where theecological degradationare particularly seriousSanjiangyuan ecological migration projects can bring enormous ecological,economic and social benefits, but it also faces the problem of resettlement. Sincemigration as a complex ecosystem of the project involves the reconstruction ofmigrants’production and living, the coordination of national interests, the protectionof cultural h eritage in all its aspects. If the immigrants can’t receive fullcompensation after the relocation, not bear a fair share of the economic and socialcosts of the construction works and the basic production and living conditions are notrestored, they will get into serious ecological decline in the standard of living, evensuffer from long-term risk of poverty. Therefore, seriously studying the resettlementcompensation is of great significance to the protection of fundamental rights ofmigrants, the promotion of social justice and the construction of the ecologicalenvironment2In this paper, the first and second parts introduce the research background andthe present research at home and abroad. The third part analyzes Sanjiangyuanecological immigrants compensation mechanism,including its objectives, principles,subjects, compensation methods and sources of funding,etc. Part IV is the emphasisof this article, which is focused on assessing the compensation standards of theSanjiangyuan ecological compensation on resettlement. It is divided into thedetermination of compensation criteria about economic loss and compensationassessment for non-economic loss.The first one uses the opportunity cost analysisand the latter uses replacement cost assessment. The fifth part takes the two villagesof ecological migrants in Golmud City for instance,making an analysis of theproblems about resettlement compensation and giving some suggestion.The last partof this article are the conclusions and outlooks, including summing up the mainconclusions of the article and pointing out the inadequacy of existing research andquestions for further researchKey words: Sanjiangyuan; Compensation mechanism; Ecological immigrants;Resettlement compensation; Involuntary immigration policy3目录第 1 章导论11.1 研究背景11.2 研究目的21.3 研究意义21.4 研究思路与方法3第 2 章国内外研究与实践现状42.1 国外研究现状42.1.1 国外生态补偿的研究与实践42.1.2 国外移民补偿的研究与实践62.2 国内研究现状102.2.1 国内生态补偿的研究与实践102.2.2 国内移民补偿的研究与实践11第 3 章三江源区生态移民补偿机制的框架构建 153.1 三江源生态移民补偿目标153.2 三江源生态移民补偿原则153.3 三江源区生态移民补偿实施主体163.4 三江源区生态移民补偿方式173.5 三江源生态移民补偿的资金来源19第 4 章三江源生态移民补偿标准的确定 214.1 对移民经济损失的评估224.1.1 三江源生态移民的经济损失224.1.2 经济补偿在移民收入变化中的作用 234.1.3 经济补偿标准的确定方法244.2 对移民非经济损失的评估2714.2.1 生态移民非经济损失274.2.2 非经济损失的评估28第 5 章格尔木市生态移民村的实例分析 305.1 格尔木市生态移民补偿内容305.2 格尔木市生态移民村的移民安置基本状况 305.3 格尔木市移民补偿与安置过程中存在的问题 315.4 完善格尔木市生态移民补偿和安置政策的建议 33第 6 章结论与展望356.1 主要结论356.2 研究的不足与展望36参考文献37附录一41附录二43致谢442我国三江源生态移民补偿问题研究第1章导论1.1 研究背景三江源地区是世界上海拔昀高、江河湿地面积昀大、生物多样性昀为集中的地区之一。