2011PL-E框架

第４１卷第１期Ｖｏｌ．４１，Ｎｏ．１２　０　１　１年１月ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬ　ＯＦ　ＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹ　ＯＦ　ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ　ＡＮＤ　ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ　ＯＦ　ＣＨＩＮＡ　Ｊａｎ．２　０　１　１文章编号：０２５３－２７７８（２０１１）０１－００５０－０６ 收稿日期：２０１０－０９－１７；修回日期：２０１０－１１－１９基金项目：国家“九五”重大科学工程（９８ＢＪＧ００１）资助．作者简介：刘志刚（通讯作者），男，１９７１年生，高级工程师．研究方向：测控技术与智能信息处理．Ｅ－ｍａｉｌ：ｌｉｕｚｇ＠ｕｓｔｃ．ｅｄｕ．ｃｎ基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面设计及开发刘志刚，谢志林，江　晖，黄　璞（中国科学技术大学精密机械与精密仪器系，安徽合肥２３００２７）摘要：在Ｌｉｎｕｘ操作系统下，使用Ｑｔ对ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面进行设计与开发．首先，以用户为中心设计，进行了需求分析及总体框架设计．其次，通过界面元素的管理、界面通信机制、鼠标事件响应等方面的设计，实现了基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面．最后，对界面进行测试，得到了用户认可．关键词：ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件；以用户为中心设计；以功能为中心设计；界面；Ｌｉｎｕｘ；Ｑｔ；信号；槽中图分类号：Ｐ１１ 文献标识码：Ａ ｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．０２５３－２７７８．２０１１．０１．００８ｎｄ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　ＬＡＭＯＳＴ　ｆｉｂｅｒ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ　ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　ＱｔＬＩＵ　Ｚｈｉｇａｎｇ，ＸＩＥ　Ｚｈｉｌｉｎ，ＪＩＡＮＧ　Ｈｕｉ，ＨＵＡＮＧ　Ｐｕ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　Ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ　Ｍａｃｈｉｎｅｒｙ　ａｎｄ　Ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ　Ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ，Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ　ｏｆ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ　ａｎｄ　Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ　ｏｆ　Ｃｈｉｎａ，Ｈｅｆｅｉ　２３００２７，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ＬＡＭＯＳＴ　ｆｉｂｅｒ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ　ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ　ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　Ｑｔ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ　ａｎｄ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ，ｉｎ　ｔｈｅＬｉｎｕｘ　ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇ　ｓｙｓｔｅｍ．Ｆｉｒｓｔｌｙ，ｔｈｅ　ｎｅｅｄｓ　ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ　ａｎｄ　ｄｅｓｉｇｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ　ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　ｕｓｅｒ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒｅｄ　ｄｅｓｉｇｎ．Ｓｅｃｏｎｄｌｙ，ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ　ｏｕｔ　ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｅｓｉｇｎ　ａｎｄｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ　ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ，ｔｈｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ，ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅｍｏｕｓｅ　ｅｖｅｎｔ　ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ　ｉｓ　ｔｅｓｔｅｄ　ａｎｄ　ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｕｓｅｒｓ．Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ：ＬＡＭＯＳＴ　ｆｉｂｅｒ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ　ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ；ｕｓｅｒ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒｅｄ　ｄｅｓｉｇｎ；ｆｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ；Ｌｉｎｕｘ；Ｑｔ；ｓｉｇｎａｌ；ｓｌｏｔ０　引言国家重大科学工程ＬＡＭＯＳＴ［１］（ｌａｒｇｅ　ｓｋｙ　ａｒｅａｍｕｌｔｉ－ｏｂｊｅｃｔ　ｆｉｂｅｒ　ｓｐｅｃｔｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ　ｔｅｌｅｓｃｏｐｅ）是一架横卧南北方向的中星仪式反射施密特望远镜．ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件要求能够对直径１．７５ｍ的球冠状焦面板上的４　０００个光纤定位单元（每根光纤及控制机构组成一个光纤单元，简称单元［２］）进行快速精确定位，最多能实现对４　０００个天体目标进行同时观察，定位精度要求达到４０μｍ以内．正因为光纤定位系统在ＬＡＭＯＳＴ占据很重要的地位，所以光纤定位软件必须具备强大的安全性、可靠性、容易扩展性．Ｌｉｎｕｘ系统是全面的多任务操作系统，支持多种硬件平台．Ｌｉｎｕｘ操作系统具有很高的安全性和稳定性，而且运行效率也很高．Ｌｉｎｕｘ系统没有病毒干扰，故软件的安全性很好．Ｌｉｎｕｘ系统中的自由软件源码公开，开发性好，便于定制和开发，便于升级系统内核，能获得完善的系统功能［３］．Ｑｔ是由挪威ＴｒｏｌｌＴｅｃｈ公司开发的多平台的Ｃ＋＋图形用户界面应用程序框架，目前主要用于Ｌｉｎｕｘ下的开发．Ｑｔ完全面向对象，开发软件扩展性强，允许组件编程［４］．对于ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件而言，最重要的是Ｑｔ提供信号与槽机制［５］．当需要用户的响应命令和相关的处理程序建立联系时，我们只需要调用ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔ（）函数，调用形式为ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔ（动作事件对象，ＳＩＧＮＡＬ（“何种用户动作事件”），部件对象，ＳＬＯＴ（“动作事件的处理函数”））．利用信号与槽机制，我们可以组建很稳定和安全的软件模式．基于上述优点，我们选择在Ｌｉｎｕｘ操作系统下使用Ｑｔ软件进行ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面的设计与开发．１　基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面设计方法ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件要控制４　０００多个单元头以及控制板，需要协调这些硬件系统运行．设计良好的控制系统的用户界面可以使使用人员专注于硬件功能，忽略硬件的区别．对大型望远镜控制软件系统的调查显示：软件系统中有４８％的程序用于用户界面．在设计阶段、实现阶段、维护阶段分别有４５％，５０％，３７％的时间用于用户界面［６］．可用性是交互系统的重要指标．传统的以应用为中心的用户界面设计只关注功能的实现，缺少用户参与，很难保证用户界面的可用性．本文将以用户为中心的设计思想（ｕｓｅｒ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒｅｄ　ｄｅｓｉｇｎ，ＵＣＤ）［７］融合到功能分析思想中，克服了以应用为中心软件设计的缺陷．在软件开发中以用户和功能为中心，时时刻刻将用户和功能摆在首位，及时获取用户需求和反馈信息，及时检验功能的完善和可靠性，不断改进设计和实现，并与用户一起对系统的可用性进行评估，使设计者的设计概念模型、用户理解模型、功能模型三者能够相互映射．ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件设计方法如图１所示，整个设计过程可分成需求分析、系统设计、系统实现、系统测试４个阶段，用户和设计者参与到每个阶段中．系统设计是根据需求分析阶段识别的信息和功能进行设计．然后进行界面编码和测试阶段．界面的用户包括天文学家、光纤系统建造人员、系统维修人员、单元标定人员、观测助手．他们是ＬＡＭＯＳＴ控制系统的主要使用者，而且他们中有的人对控制软件开发和使用有着丰富的经验，所以系统实现阶段需要他们参与．用户和设计者对设计的各个阶段进行评估，决定是否需要改进、迭代以及迭代到哪个阶段．图１　ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面设计方法Ｆｉｇ．１　Ｄｅｓｉｇｎ　ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ　ｏｆ　ＬＡＭＯＳＴ　ｆｉｂｅｒｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ　ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ２　基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面的需求分析及总体设计２．１　功能需求分析根据ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤控制系统的实际要求［１］，ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面必须具备以下功能：（Ⅰ）能仿真焦面板上的单元情况（能直观地显示焦面板上的每个单元）．（Ⅱ）能对整焦面放大、缩小、移动，能准确显示单位的位置．（Ⅲ）能显示及查询单元的相关参数、单元的运转过程和结果等．（Ⅳ）能对单个单元、成组单元或全部单元进行选择控制运转．能控制单元的运转方向、角度、方式等，能控制单元运转、停止、暂停、回零等．（Ⅴ）单元在运转过程中，出现问题能够及时报警．２．２　用户需求分析界面的使用者分为以下几类：天文学家、光纤系统建造人员、系统维修人员、单元标定人员、观测助手．天文学家需要看到界面所观测成功的星象；光纤维修人员和单元标定人员需要控制单元运转和查看单元状态；观测助手需要将控制界面调为自动状态来接受ＯＣＳ指令，实现自动化观测．２．３　界面总体框架根据ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面所需求的功能，我们所设计的软件界面总体框架如图２所示．菜单栏和工具栏有如下功能：实现系统参数和单元参１５第１期基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面设计及开发数的设置，实现界面颜色的定制，实现焦面的放大、缩小、全盘显示．主界面主要包括以下４个部分：焦面单元区域用于在调试时选择运转的单元并在仿真和运行时显示单元的实际运转情况，区域中包括绘制焦面板和单元的ＬＧｒａｐｈ类和其他便于操作的附件工具类；运转参数区域用于在调试时设置单元的运转方向、角度、步数、运转方式等参数；观测星象区域用于显示所有运转的单元编号和观测的星象位置；提示报警区域用于显示系统运转过程中出现的提示信息和报警信息．３　基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面具体实现基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面的应用程序框架是自顶向下的．先是在ｍａｉｎ函数中产生一个Ｑａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ类的实例ａｐｐ，然后是按照项目要求功能来编辑主窗口类ｍａｉｎＷｉｎ．下面是主入口程序：ｉｎｔ　ｍａｉｎ（ｉｎｔ　ａｒｇｃ，ｃｈａｒ＊ａｒｇｖ［］）｛ＱＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ａｐｐ（ａｒｇｃ，ａｒｇｖ）；／／产生一个Ｑａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ类的实例ａｐｐ／／定义ＬＭａｉｎ类的对象ｍａｉｎＷｉｎ，ＬＭａｉｎ类以公有形式继承ＱＭａｉｎＷｉｎｄｏｗ类ＬＭａｉｎ　ｍａｉｎＷｉｎ；ａｐｐ．ｓｅｔＭａｉｎＷｉｄｇｅｔ（＆ｍａｉｎＷｉｎ）；／／将ｍａｉｎＷｉｎ设置成主窗口ｍａｉｎＷｉｎ．ｓｈｏｗＭａｘｉｍｉｚｅｄ（）；图２　ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面总体框架Ｆｉｇ．２　Ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ　ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ　ｏｆ　ＬＡＭＯＳＴ　ｆｉｂｅｒ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ　ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ／／将ｍａｉｎＷｉｎ最大化ｒｅｔｕｒｎ　ａｐｐ．ｅｘｅｃ（）；　／／显示主窗口｝３．１　界面元素的绘制和位置管理３．１．１　界面元素的绘制图３所展示的是基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面．该界面由５条线（ＬＢａｒ类）分割成６大区域（ＬＤｌｇ类）．下面介绍其具体的绘制流程．首先创建父类ＬＤｉｓｐ，类ＬＤｉｓｐ重载了绘图函数、鼠标事件函数等绘制界面时需要共同的函数；然后创建子类ＬＢａｒ，ＬＤｌｇ，ＬＧｒａｐｈ，ＬＣｏｏｒｄ，ＬＳｃａｌｅ，ＬＳｔｒｅｔｃｈ公共继承类ＬＤｉｓｐ，在每个类中重载绘图函数（ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｖｏｉｄ　Ｄｒａｗ（ＱＰａｉｎｔｅｒ＊ｐａｉｎｔｅｒ）），用于绘制所分配的界面区域，在每个类的构造函数中定义需要绘制的区域．下面以类ＬＧｒａｐｈ为例：ｃｌａｓｓ　ＬＧｒａｐｈ：ｐｕｂｌｉｃ　ＬＤｉｓｐ／／类ＬＧｒａｐｈ以公有形式继承了类ＬＤｉｓｐ｛ｐｕｂｌｉｃ：ＬＧｒａｐｈ（ＱＷｉｄｇｅｔ＊ｐＷｎｄ，ＵＩＮＴ　ｎＮｏ，ＱＲｅｃｔ　ｒｅｃｔ，ＵＩＮＴｎＬａｙＴｙｐｅ＝ＤＩＳＰ＿ＨＯＲＺ）；／／ｐＷｎｄ表示父窗口，ｒｅｃｔ表示ＬＧｒａｐｈ类所绘制的区域　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ～ＬＧｒａｐｈ（）；　ｐｕｂｌｉｃ：　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｖｏｉｄ　Ｄｒａｗ（ＱＰａｉｎｔｅｒ＊ｐａｉｎｔｅｒ）；　／／重载绘图函数　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｖｏｉｄ　ＯｎＲＢｕｔｔｏｎＤｂｌＣｌｋ（ＱＰｏｉｎｔ　ｐｏｉｎｔ）；２５中国科学技术大学学报第４１卷图３　基于ＱＴ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ定位软件的界面及其功能说明Ｆｉｇ．３　Ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ　ａｎｄ　ｉｔｓ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ＬＡＭＯＳＴ　ｆｉｂｅｒ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ　ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ　ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　Ｑｔ　／／重载鼠标事件函数　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｖｏｉｄ　ＯｎＲＢｕｔｔｏｎＤｏｗｎ（ＱＰｏｉｎｔ　ｐｏｉｎｔ）；　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｖｏｉｄ　ＯｎＬＢｕｔｔｏｎＤｂｌＣｌｋ（ＱＰｏｉｎｔ　ｐｏｉｎｔ）；　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｖｏｉｄ　ＯｎＬＢｕｔｔｏｎＤｏｗｎ（ＱＰｏｉｎｔ　ｐｏｉｎｔ）；　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｖｏｉｄ　ＯｎＭｏｕｓｅＭｏｖｅ（ＱＰｏｉｎｔ　ｐｏｉｎｔ）；　ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ　ｖｏｉｄ　ＯｎＬＢｕｔｔｏｎＵｐ（ＱＰｏｉｎｔ　ｐｏｉｎｔ）；　｝；最后在ｍａｉｎ．ｃｐｐ中，调用Ｑｔ“事件”功能中的画板（ＱＰａｉｎｔＥｖｅｎｔ），在ｐａｉｎｔＥｖｅｎｔ事件中使用Ｑｔ中双缓冲技术来实现以上所有的绘制函数，而且避免闪烁．界面上的控件，例如按钮、文本编辑框等按照程序所给定与界面的关系，调用ｓｅｔＧｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ（）函数进行排布．３．１．２　界面元素的位置、大小管理当ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面位置和大小有改变的时候，界面元素的位置、大小也要适当地进行调整．下面就介绍一下该界面的位置、大小管理方法．我们自定义一个函数ＣｒｅａｔｅＢａｒｓ（ｂｏｏｌ　ｉｓＩｎｉｔ，ＱＲｅｃｔ　ｒｃ）来管理界面元素的大小和位置．界面初始状态时，参数ｉｓＩｎｉｔ为ｔｒｕｅ，参数ｒｃ是一个以（０，０）为起点的，长８００、宽６００的矩形．界面上元素及控件根据程序中所给定的它们与界面的关系进行排布．当系统界面有大小、位置改变的时候就激发事件ｒｅｓｉｚｅＥｖｅｎｔ（ＱＲｅｓｉｚｅＥｖｅｎｔ＊）（在ＬＭａｉｎ类重载了该虚函数）．代码如下所示：ｖｏｉｄ　ＬＭａｉｎ：：ｒｅｓｉｚｅＥｖｅｎｔ（ＱＲｅｓｉｚｅＥｖｅｎｔ＊ｅｖｅｎｔ）｛ＣｒｅａｔｅＢａｒｓ（ｆａｌｓｅ，ＱＲｅｃｔ（ＱＰｏｉｎｔ（０，０），ｅｖｅｎｔ→ｓｉｚｅ（）））；｝通过ｒｅｓｉｚｅＥｖｅｎｔ（ＱＲｅｓｉｚｅＥｖｅｎｔ＊）函数调用ＣｒｅａｔｅＢａｒｓ（ｂｏｏｌ　ｉｓＩｎｉｔ，ＱＲｅｃｔ　ｒｃ）函数，此时参数ｉｓＩｎｉｔ设置为ｆａｌｓｅ，参数ｒｃ设置为改变后的界面矩形．界面上元素根据改变后界面的位置和大小，再根据它们与界面间的关系调用ＯｎＳｉｚｅ（）函数进行重新排布，界面上的控件根据改变后界面的位置和大小，再根据它们与界面间的关系调用ｓｅｔＧｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ（）函数进行重新排布．通过这样的界面管理，界面有着很大的灵活性，因此界面具有了很好的可扩展功能．３．２　信号与槽机制在ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位装置控制软件界面中，当用户对菜单项或者工具栏进行操作时，界面需要对不同的操作进行相应的处理，就需要使用Ｑｔ的重要的特性———“信号与槽”来实现对象间的通讯．图４为ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面利用信号与槽机制建立的界面事件响应流程．例如，通过Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔ（系统设置按钮，ＳＩＧＮＡＬ（ｃｌｉｃｋｅｄ（）），ｔｈｉｓ，ＳＬＯＴ（ｓｌｏｔＳｅｔＦｘ（）））建立系统设置和槽ｓｌｏｔＳｅｔＦｘ（）的通信，点击系统设置按钮，可以产生如图５和图６所示的界面，从而分别对系统、单元进行设置．在该机制下组件对象之间可以在互相不相识的情况下通信，因此设计出来的组件可重用性较高，需要注意的是，须将Ｑ＿Ｏｂｊｅｃｔ宏写在需要调用信号与槽机制的类中．信号与槽机制以警告的方式报告类型错误，而不会使系统产生崩溃，界面事件独立于其他事件循环，一个事件出错也不会影响其他事件，故该界面系统很安全和稳定．信号与槽通信连接关系在程序运行过程中可以随时建立和移除，因此效率很高．３．３　响应鼠标事件在ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面中，鼠标是最３５第１期基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面设计及开发图４　ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件事件响应流程Ｆｉｇ．４　Ｅｖｅｎｔｓ　ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ　ｏｆ　ＬＡＭＯＳＴ　ｆｉｂｅｒ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ　ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ图５　系统参数设置Ｆｉｇ．５　Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ　ｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒ　ｓｅｔｔｉｎｇ主要的输入工具．在界面不同区域，通过鼠标不同动作，我们可以实现对焦面板上单元进行放大、缩小以及焦面板的准确定位，可以设置焦面板单元的状态图６　光纤单元参数设置Ｆｉｇ．６　Ｆｉｂｅｒ　ｕｎｉｔ　ｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒ　ｓｅｔｔｉｎｇ（单元好的、坏的、未安装的），可以选中单元（选中单个单元、选中一行单元、选中所有单元）．鼠标事件分为以下几类：鼠标移动、右键单击、右键双击、左键单４５中国科学技术大学学报第４１卷击、左键双击、左键按下、左键弹起．Ｑｔ在这方面提供了完整的解决方法．这些鼠标事件对应了Ｑｗｉｄｇｅｔ中的一个虚方法［４］，不同的鼠标事件有不同的入口参数，捕获鼠标事件首先要重载这些虚方法，使鼠标事件在不同区域发生时能够调用适当的事件．下面这段代码展现了鼠标双击事件：ｖｏｉｄ　ＬＭａｉｎ：：ｍｏｕｓｅＤｏｕｂｌｅＣｌｉｃｋＥｖｅｎｔ（ＱＭｏｕｓｅＥｖｅｎｔ＊ｅ）｛　／／通过循环判断鼠标事件发生在界面哪个区域ｆｏｒ（ＵＩＮＴ　ｉ＝０；ｉ＜ＤＩＳＰＮＵＭ；ｉ＋＋）ｉｆ（ｍ＿ｐ［ｉ］→ＰｔＩｎＲｅｃｔ（ｅ→ｐｏｓ（）））｛ｉｆ（ｅ→ｂｕｔｔｏｎ（）＝＝ＬｅｆｔＢｕｔｔｏｎ）／／处理左键单击命令ｅｌｓｅｉｆ（ｅ→ｂｕｔｔｏｎ（）＝＝ＲｉｇｈｔＢｕｔｔｎ）／／处理右键单击命令ｒｅｔｕｒｎ；｝从上面的代码可以看出，在Ｑｔ中，所有鼠标双击事件都调用ｍｏｕｓｅＤｏｕｂｌｅＣｌｉｃｋＥｖｅｎｔ（）函数，要区分它们，就必须通过入口参数ＱＭｏｕｓｅＥｖｅｎｔ＊ｅ所提供的信息（是左键还是右键）．４　光纤定位软件界面测试在界面正式使用前，我们从界面功能以及用户需求两个方面对系统进行了测试．根据可用性测试原则［８］，我们选择了１０人（包括１个天文学家、４个观测助手、３个单元标定人员、２个系统维修人员）对用户需求方面进行测试，并根据意见进行了改进．迄今为止该界面已运行半年多，运行一直稳定，效率很高，满足功能需求．５　结论作者融合了以用户为中心的设计思想和功能分析思想，以Ｌｉｎｕｘ为平台，利用Ｑｔ组件，对ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面进行了构架和实现．该界面能很好地实现系统功能和满足用户需要．该界面的实现为Ｌｉｎｕｘ版本的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件的优化提供了很好的平台．由于充分利用了Ｑｔ的信号与槽的机制，该界面具有稳定性、安全性、效率性很好的优点．界面有很大的可扩展性，以后可以根据实际需求进行功能上的扩展，也可以移植应用于其他项目上．参考文献（Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ）［１］ＬＡＭＯＳＴ工程指挥部．ＬＡＭＯＳＴ可行性研究报告［Ｒ］．北京：ＬＡＭＯＳＴ工程指挥部，１９９７．［２］邢晓正，胡红专，杜华生，等．用于ＬＡＭＯＳＴ的并行可控式光纤定位系统［Ｊ］．中国科学技术大学报，１９９７，２７（４）：４９２－４９５．［３］李宋琛．Ｌｉｎｕｘ面向对象窗口高级编程［Ｍ］．北京：科学出版社，２００１．［４］Ｑｔ　Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ　Ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ（Ｏｐｅｎ　Ｓｏｕｒｃｅ　Ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ）［ＤＢ／ＯＬ］．［２０１０－０９－０１］．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｄｏｃ．ｑｔ．ｎｏｋｉａ．ｃｏｍ／４．０／ｉｎｄｅｘ．ｈｔｍｌ．［５］Ｓｔｅｖｅｎｓ　Ｗ　Ｒ．ＵＮＩＸ环境高级编程［Ｍ］．北京：机械工业出版社，２０００．［６］Ａｓｈｅ　Ｍ，Ｓｃｈｕｍａｃｈｅｒ　Ｇ，Ｓｅｒｂｒｉｎｇ　Ｔ．ＳＯＡＲ　ＣｏｎｔｒｏｌＳｙｓｔｅｍ　Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ：ＯＣＳ　＆ＴＣＳ［Ｊ］．Ｐｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓ　ｏｆＳＰＩＥ，２００２，４　８４８：２９４－３０３．［７］王晓春，田丰，秦严严，等．ＵＰＩＭ：以用户为中心的笔式交互系统设计［Ｊ］．计算机研究与发展，２００６，４３（８）：１　３３７－１　３４４．［８］戴国忠，田丰．笔式用户界面［Ｍ］．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，２００９．５５第１期基于Ｑｔ的ＬＡＭＯＳＴ光纤定位软件界面设计及开发。

‘工程力学＇增刊１９９９年高层建筑结构有限元分析软件ＥＴＡＢＳ魏德敏张勇（太原理工大学土木系．太原０３００２４）提要本文简要介绍美国高层建筑结构三维有限元分析软件ＥＴＡＢｓ的主要功能。

附带系列软件及适用范围和特点．关键谲高层建筑，结构分析，三维有限元１引言由于有限元法的高度通用性与实用性以及计算机应用的普及与发展，自六十年代中期以来，有限元软件开发的速度、数量和规模是十分惊人的。

各种通用和专用的有限元软件数以千计。

但是目前国际上著名的大型有限元软件仅有几十个，例如，美国动态与非线性分析软件ＡＤＩＮＡ和ＡＮｓＹｓ：德国大型综合非线性有限元软件ＡｓＩ（Ａ；大型综合土木建筑结构分析设计软件ｓＴＲｕＤＡＬ；通用有限元软件ｓＡＰ和主要应用于航空、造船、汽车等工业部门的大型综合通用有限元软件ＮＡｓＴＲＡＮ等。

这些大型软件共有的特点是：１）适用范围广：应用于航空、核能、机械、海洋、土木等各种工业部门。

２）计算规模大：一般包含数百到数千个模块，拥有ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ语句数万到数十万行。

３）涉及学科广：涉及到固体力学、流体力学、空气动力学、计算数学及计算机科学等．另外，但这些通用软件中除ｓＴＲｕＤＬ，ｓＡＰ等少数软件外，用于一般无特殊要求的普遁建筑结构时。

由于专用性不强，往往输入数据过繁，输出结果亦不便于直接使用。

国内从７０年代起研制开发了一批高层建筑结构分析与设计的专用程序。

’．例如中国建筑研究院的ＥＴｓ３，ＰＫＰＭ系列软件，ＴＢｓＡ多层及高层建筑结构三维分析与设计系列：华东设计院的ＰＳＦＴ；清华大学的Ｔｕｓ一２．５多层及高层空间结构实用设计系统，同济大学的３Ｄ３ｓ微机空间钢结构ｃＡＤ软件等等。

国外有欧洲著名钢结构ｃＡＤ／ｃＡＤ／ｃＩＭ一体化软件ｓｃＩＡ，有美国ＥＴＡＢｓ建筑三维分析软件等。

这些专用程序普遍的优点是完善的前后处理，大部分以ＡｕＴｏｃＡＤ为支撑平台，运行于ｗＩＮＤ０ｗｓ环境下，集结构分析与设计于一体，可以人机交互魏撼ｔ．女，１９５５５出生，工学博士．教授山西省青年学科带头人基金资助项目’１２８’‘工程力学＇增刊１９９９年自动建模，自动导算荷载，自动分析计算并与绘图模块接口。

FLEX I/O Remote I/O Adapter Modules 1Publication 1794-IN098E-EN-P - January 2011Installation InstructionsFLEX I/O Remote I/O Adapter ModulesCat. No. 1794-ASB and 1794-ASBK Series E; 1794-ASB2, Series D(Modules with a K in the last position of the catalog number are conformally coated to meet noxious gas requirements of ISA/ANSI-71.040 1985 Class G3 Environment.)European Hazardous Location ApprovalThe following modules are European Zone 2 approved: 1794-ASB and 1794-ASBK Series E; 1794-ASB2, Series DDo not use these adapters (1794-ASB and 1794-ASBK Series E; 1794-ASB2, Series D) with the Classic PLC-5/15 or PLC-5/25 processors. Improper operation of the remote I/O can result.Important User InformationSolid state equipment has operational characteristics differing from those ofelectromechanical equipment. Safety Guidelines for the Application, Installation andMaintenance of Solid State Controls (Publication SGI-1.1 available from your local Rockwell Automation sales office or online at ) describes some important differences between solid state equipment and hard-wiredelectromechanical devices. Because of this difference, and also because of the wide variety of uses for solid state equipment, all persons responsible for applying this equipment must satisfy themselves that each intended application of this equipment is acceptable. In no event will Rockwell Automation, Inc. be responsible or liable for indirect or consequential damages resulting from the use or application of this equipment.The examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for illustrative purposes. Because of the many variables and requirements associated with any particular installation, Rockwell Automation, Inc. cannot assume responsibility or liability for actual use based on the examples and diagrams.No patent liability is assumed by Rockwell Automation, Inc. with respect to use of information, circuits, equipment, or software described in this manual.Reproduction of the contents of this manual, in whole or in part, without written permission of Rockwell Automation, Inc., is prohibited.Throughout this manual we use notes to make you aware of safety considerations.Identifies information about practices or circumstances that can cause an explosion in a hazardous environment, which may lead to personal injury or death, property damage, or economic loss.Identifies information that is critical for successful application and understanding of the product.Identifies information about practices or circumstances that can lead to personal injury or death, property damage, or economic loss. Attentions help you:•identify a hazard •avoid a hazard•recognize the consequenceEnvironment and EnclosureThis equipment is intended for use in a Pollution Degree 2 industrialenvironment, in overvoltage Category II applications (as defined in IEC 60664-1), at altitudes up to 2000 m (6562 ft) without derating.This equipment is considered Group 1, Class A industrial equipment according to IEC/CISPR 11. Without appropriate precautions, there may be difficulties with electromagnetic compatibility in residential and other environments due to conducted and radiated disturbances.This equipment is supplied as open-type equipment. It must be mounted within an enclosure that is suitably designed for those specific environmentalconditions that will be present and appropriately designed to prevent personal injury resulting from accessibility to live parts. The enclosure must have suitable flame-retardant properties to prevent or minimize the spread of flame, complying with a flame spread rating of 5VA, V2, V1, V0 (or equivalent) if non-metallic. The interior of the enclosure must be accessible only by the use of a tool.Subsequent sections of this publication may contain additional information regarding specific enclosure type ratings that are required to comply with certain product safety certifications. In addition to this publication, see:•Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, RockwellAutomation publication 1770-4.1, or additional installation requirements.•NEMA Standard 250 and IEC 60529, as applicable, for explanations of the degrees of protection provided by different types of enclosure.Preventing Electrostatic DischargeThis equipment is sensitive to electrostatic discharge, which can cause internal damage and affect normal operation. Follow these guidelines when you handle this equipment:•Touch a grounded object to discharge potential static.•Wear an approved grounding wriststrap.•Do not touch connectors or pins on component boards.•Do not touch circuit components inside the equipment.•Use a static-safe workstation, if available.•Store the equipment in appropriate static-safe packaging when not in use.Power wiring must be less than 10 m (33 ft) in length.FLEX I/O is grounded through the DIN rail to chassis ground. Use zinc plated yellow-chromate steel DIN rail to assure proper grounding. The use of other DIN rail materials (for example, aluminum or plastic) that can corrode, oxidize, or are poor conductors, can result in improper or intermittent grounding. Secure DIN rail to mounting surface approximately every 200 mm (7.8 in.) and use end-anchors appropriately.Do not remove or replace an adapter module while power is applied.Interruption of the backplane can result in unintentional operation or machine motion.To reduce susceptibility to noise, power analog modules and digital modules from separate power supplies.European Zone 2 Certification (The following applies when the product bears the Ex Marking)This equipment is intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres as defined by European Union Directive 94/9/EC and has been found to comply with the Essential Health and Safety Requirements relating to the design and construction of Category 3 equipment intended for use in Zone 2 potentially explosive atmospheres, given in Annex II to this Directive.Compliance with the Essential Health and Safety Requirements has been assured by compliance with EN 60079-15 and EN 60079-0.Observe the following additional Zone 2 certification requirements:•This equipment is not resistant to sunlight or other sources of UV radiation.•This equipment must be installed in an enclosure providing at least IP54 protection when applied in Zone 2 environments.•This equipment shall be used within its specified ratings defined by Rockwell Automation.•Provision shall be made to prevent the rated voltage from being exceeded by transient disturbances of more than 40% when applied in Zone 2 environments.•Secure any external connections that mate to this equipment by using screws, sliding latches, threaded connectors, or other means provided with this product.•Do not disconnect equipment unless power has been removed or the area is known to be nonhazardous.2 FLEX I/O Remote I/O Adapter Modules Publication 1794-IN098E-EN-P - January 2011North American Hazardous Location ApprovalThe following modules are North American Hazardous Location approved: 1794-ASB and 1794-ASBK Series E; 1794-ASB2, Series D.Remote I/O Adapter 1794-ASB/E, 1794-ASBK/E, 1794-ASB2/DThese adapters are shipped configured for standard addressing mode. InStandard Addressing Mode, the 1794-ASB(K) series E adapter can be used as a replacement for 1794-ASB series A and B remote I/O adapters, and the 1794-ASB2 series D can be used for a replacement for 1794-ASB2 series A 2-slot remote I/O adapters.Installing Your Adapter ModuleMount on a DIN rail before installing the Terminal Base Units1.Hook the lip on the rear of the adapter onto the top of the DIN rail,and rotate the adapter module onto the rail.2.Press the adapter module down onto the DIN rail until flush. Lockingtab C will snap into position and lock the adapter module to the DIN rail.3.If the adapter module does not lock in place, use a screwdriver orsimilar device to move the locking tab down while pressing theadapter module flush onto the DIN rail, and release the locking tab to lock the adapter module in place. If necessary, push up on the locking tab to lock.4.Connect the adapter wiring as shown under “Wiring” later in thisdocument.Mount or Replace the Adapter on an Existing System1.Remove the RIO plug-in connector from the front of the adapter.2.Disconnect any wiring jumpered to the adjacent terminal base.3.Open the module latching mechanism and remove the module fromthe base unit to which the adapter will be attached.4.Push the FlexBus connector toward the right side of the terminal baseto unplug the backplane connection. (When fully retracted, you will see a raised dot on the connector).5.Release the adapter locking tab and remove the adapter module.The following information applies when operating this equipment in hazardous locations:Informations sur l’utilisation de cet équipement en environnements dangereux:Products marked "CL I, DIV 2, GP A, B, C, D" are suitable for use in Class I Division 2 Groups A, B, C, D, Hazardous Locations and nonhazardous locations only. Each product is supplied with markings on the rating nameplate indicating thehazardous location temperature code. When combining products within a system, the most adverse temperature code (lowest "T" number) may be used to help determine the overall temperature code of the system. Combinations of equipment in your system are subject to investigation by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction at the time of installation.Les produits marqués "CL I, DIV 2, GP A, B, C, D" ne conviennent qu'à une utilisation enenvironnements de Classe I Division 2 Groupes A, B, C, D dangereux et non dangereux. Chaque produit est livré avec des marquages sur sa plaque d'identification qui indiquent le code de température pour les environnements dangereux. Lorsque plusieurs produits sont combinés dans un système, le code de température le plus défavorable (code detempérature le plus faible) peut être utilisé pour déterminer le code de température global du système. Les combinaisons d'équipements dans le système sont sujettes à inspection par les autorités locales qualifiées au moment de l'installation.EXPLOSION HAZARD•Do not disconnect equipment unless power has been removed or the area is known to be nonhazardous.•Do not disconnect connections to this equipment unless power has been removed or the area is known to be nonhazardous. Secure any external connections that mate to this equipment by using screws, sliding latches, threaded connectors, or other means provided with this product.•Substitution of components may impair suitability for Class I, Division 2.•IIf this product contains batteries, they must only be changed in an area known to be nonhazardous.RISQUE D’EXPLOSION•Couper le courant ou s'assurer que l'environnemen t est classé non dangereux avant de débrancher l'équipement.•Couper le courant ou s'assurer que l'environnement est classé non dangereux avant de débrancher les connecteurs. Fixer tous les connecteurs externes reliés à cet équipement à l'aide de vis, loquets coulissants, connecteurs filetés ou autres moyens fournis avec ce produit.•La substitution de composants peut rendre cet équipement inadapté à une utilisation en environnement de Classe I, Division 2.•S'assurer que l'environnement est classé non dangereux avant de changer les piles.Component Identification 1Remote I/O Adapter Module 6Remote I/O cable connector 2Indicators7+V DC connections 3Communication reset button (PRL)8-V common connections 4Access door to switches S1 and S29FlexBus connector5Switches S1 and S2 (behind door)If you insert or remove the module while backplane power is on, an electrical arc can occur. This could cause an explosion in hazardous location installations. Be sure that power is removed or the area is nonhazardous before proceeding.If you connect or disconnect the communications cable with power applied to this module or any device on the network, an electrical arc can occur. This could cause an explosion in hazardous location installations. Be sure that power is removed or the area is nonhazardous before proceeding.For Class I Division 2 applications, use only Class I Division 2 listed or recognized accessories and modules approved for used within the 1794 platform.During mounting of all devices, be sure that all debris (metal chips, wire strands, etc.) is kept from falling into the module. Debris that falls into themodule could cause damage on power up.FLEX I/O Remote I/O Adapter Modules 3Publication 1794-IN098E-EN-P - January 20116.Before installing the new adapter, notice the notch on the right rear ofthe adapter. This notch accepts the hook on the terminal base unit. The notch is open at the bottom. The hook and adjacent connection point keep the terminal base and the adapter tight together, reducing the possibility of a break in communication over the backplane.plete the adapter mounting as shown below.8.If the adapter module does not lock in place, use a screwdriver orsimilar device to move the locking tab down while pressing theadapter module flush onto the DIN rail, and release the locking tab to lock the adapter module in place. If necessary, push up on the locking tab to lock.9.Reinstall the module in the adjacent terminal base unit.Connect the Wiring1.Connect the remote I/O cable to the removable remote I/Oconnector.2.Connect +V DC power to the left side of the lower connector,terminal A .3.Connect -V common to the left side of the upper connector,terminal B .4.Connections C and D are used to pass +V DC power (D) and -Vcommon (C) to the next module in the series (if required).Set the Addressing Mode Switches1.Lift the hinged switch cover on the front of the adapter to expose theswitches.2.Set the switches as shown below.3.Cycle power to the adapter after setting the switches.Do not wire more than 2 conductors on any single terminal.ConnectTo terminal Blue Wire - RIO 1Shield Wire - RIO SH Clear Wire - RIO2If you connect or disconnect wiring while the field-side power is on, an electrical arc can occur. This could cause an explosion in hazardous location installations.Be sure that power is removed or the area is nonhazardous before proceeding.Push down and in at the same time to lock the adapter to the DIN rail.When the adapter is locked onto the DIN rail, gently push the FlexBus connector into the adapter to complete the backplaneIf this is the last adapter, you must terminate the remote I/O link here. Use a terminating resistor connected across terminals 1 and 2. Refer to your processor manual for information on the size of the resistor.WARNINGWhen you change switch settings while power is on, an electrical arc can occur. This could cause an explosion in hazardous location installations. Be sure that power is removed or the area is nonhazardous before proceeding.ATTENTIONSome switches on this adapter differ from the switches on previous versions. Make certain that you identify each switch before setting.8 and 16-point Mode Switch SettingsWhen using this addressing modeAndMode Switch 2 S1-1Mode Switch 1 S2-5Mode Switch 0 S2-8Standard (as shipped)8 and/or 16-point modulesSee note 1ON ON Compact8-point modules OFF ON OFF 16-point modules ONONOFFComplementary See complementary table below.Primary Chassis 8-point modules OFFOFF ON Complementary ChassisONOFF ON Complementary See complementary table below.Primary Chassis 16-point modules OFF OFF OFF Complementary ChassisON OFF OFF 1In Standard mode, this switch retains its function as switch position 1 of rack addressing. In standard mode, the module is functionally interchangeable with 1794-ASB series A or B adapters.2In compact mode, 32-point modules appear as 8 or 16-point modules.3When programming block transfers, address analog modules as module 0 if switch S1-1 is on; module 1 if switch S1-1 is off.32-point Mode Switch SettingsWhen using thisaddressing modeAndMode Switch 0 S2-8Mode Switch 1 S2-5Mode Switch 2 S1-1ModeSwitch 3 S2-3Mode Switch 4 S2-4Standard – 328, 16 and/or 32-point modulesONONSee note 1OFFOFFComplementary – 324 FLEX I/O Remote I/O Adapter ModulesPublication 1794-IN098E-EN-P - January 2011Primary Chassis 8, 16 and/or 32-point modulesOFF OFF OFF OFF OFF Complementary ChassisOFF OFF ON OFF OFF 1In Standard – 32 mode, any module in the chassis occupies 32 input points and 32 output points in the input/output data table.2In Complementary – 32 mode, any module in the chassis occupies 32 input points or 32 output points in the input/output data table. If using 8 or 16-point modules,unused points in the data table are zeroed out.First I/O Group 1) (see Important)I/O Rack Number S1-8S1-7I/O Group S1-6…S1-1ON ON 0 (1st)Refer to addressing modetables.OFF ON 2 (2nd)ON OFF 4 (3rd)OFF OFF 6 (4th)1) In 32-point mode, starting quarter must be 0 (S1-8 and S1-7 on).S2-8Mode Switch 0Refer to mode selection switches, above.S2-7Hold Inputs S2-6Rack Fault Select ON Hold inputs ON Disabled (default)OFF Reset inputs OFF EnabledS2-5Mode Switch 1Refer to mode selection switches, munication Rate (32-point Mode Select)Processor Restart Lockout Hold Last State S2-4S2-3Bits/s S2-2S2-1ON ON 57.6k ON Restart ON Reset Outputs OFF ON 115.2k OFFLocked outOFFHold Last StateON OFF 230.4k OFFOFFAuto BaudUse only with 32-point modules.1)These switches used to put the adapter in 32-point mode and perform autobaud.1)Cycle power to the adapter or push the RESET button when the baud rate is changed in the scanner.32-point Mode Switch SettingsWhen using thisaddressing modeAndMode Switch 0 S2-8Mode Switch 1 S2-5Mode Switch 2 S1-1ModeSwitch 3 S2-3Mode Switch 4 S2-4FLEX I/O Remote I/O Adapter Modules 5Publication 1794-IN098E-EN-P - January 2011Complementary I/O Rack Number Switch Settings for PLC-5 Processors(refer to your processor documentation for all other processors) SpecificationsPrimary RackRack Number S1 Switch Position 1747-SN PLC-5654321Rack 0Not Valid ON ON ON ON ON OFF Rack 1Rack 1OFF ON ON ON ON OFF Rack 2Rack 2ON OFF ON ON ON OFF Rack 3Rack 3OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF Rack 4ON ON OFF ON ON OFF Rack 5OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF Rack 6ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF Rack 7OFFOFFOFFONONOFFComplementary RackRack Number S1 Switch Position 1747-SN PLC-5654321Rack 0Not Valid ON ON ON OFF ON ON Rack 1Rack 1OFF ON ON OFF ON ON Rack 2Rack 2ON OFF ON OFF ON ON Rack 3Rack 3OFF OFF ON OFF ON ON Rack 4ON ON OFF OFF ON ON Rack 5OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON Rack 6ON OFF OFF OFF ON ON Rack 7OFFOFFOFFOFFONONSpecifications – 1794-ASB/E, 1794-ASBK/E, and 1794-ASB2/D1794-ASB/E, 1794-ASBK/E1794-ASB2/DI/O capacity 8 modules 2 modulesPower supplyPower supply must be capable of providing a turn-on inrush surge current of 23 A (at 24V DC) for 2 ms for each adapter connected to the power supply.Input voltage range 19.2V…31.2 V DC, 450 mA Output voltage 5V DC, 640 mA Communication rate 57.6 Kbps 115.2 Kbps 230.4 KbpsIndicators Power – green; Adapter active – green; Adapter fault – red; Local fault – redDimensions (H x W x D)87 x 69 x 69 mm 3.4 x 2.7 x 2.7 inchesIsolation voltage 50V (continuous), Basic Insulation TypeType tested at 750V DC for 60 s, power to system, power to RIO, and RIO to systemCurrent draw330 mA at 24V DC; 450 mA max Power dissipation, max 4.6 WThermal dissipation, max1.7BTU/**********Enclosure type rating None (open-style)Wire sizePower and RIO connections:Single wire connection: 0.33... 2.5 mm 2 (22...12 AWG) solid or stranded copper wire rated at 75 °C (167 °F ) or greater 1.2 mm (3/64 in.) insulation maxDouble wire connection: 0.33... 1.3 mm 2 (22...16 AWG) solid or stranded (not intermixed) copper wire rated at 75 °C (167 °F ) or greater 1.2 mm (3/64 in.) insulation max Wire category (1)(1)Use this Conductor Category information for planning conductor routing. Refer to Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1.3 – on power ports2 – on communications ports Terminal screw torque 0.8 Nm (7 lb-in.)Remote I/O cable Belden 9463 or equivalent Remote I/O connector plugPart number 942029-03North American temp codeT4A IEC temp codeT4Publication 1794-IN098E-EN-P - January 2011 Supersedes Publication 1794-IN098D-EN-P- March 2005Copyright © 2011 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.Mounting DimensionsEnvironmental Conditions Temperature, operating IEC 60068-2-1 (Test Ad, Operating Cold), IEC 60068-2-2 (Test Bd, Operating Dry Heat),IEC 60068-2-14 (Test Nb, Operating Thermal Shock): 0…55 °C (32…131 °F)Temperature,surrounding air, max 55 °C (131 °F)Temperature, nonoperatingIEC 60068-2-1 (Test Ab, Un-packaged Non-operating Cold), IEC 60068-2-2 (Test Bb, Un-packaged Non-operating Dry Heat), IEC 60068-2-14 (Test Na, Un-packaged Non-operating Thermal Shock):-40…85 °C (-40…185 °F)Relative humidity IEC 60068-2-30 (Test Db, Un-packaged Damp Heat):5…95% non-condensingVibration IEC60068-2-6 (Test Fc, Operating): 5 g @ 10…500 HzShock, operating IEC60068-2-27 (Test Ea, Unpackaged shock): 30 gShock, nonoperating IEC60068-2-27 (Test Ea, Unpackaged shock): 50 gEmissions CISPR 11:Group 1, Class A (with appropriate enclosure)ESD immunity IEC 61000-4-2: 8 kV air discharges Radiated RF immunityIEC 61000-4-3:10 V/m with 1 kHz sine-wave 80%AM from 80…2000 MHz 10 V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100%AM at 900 MHz 10 V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100%AM at 1890 MHz 3 V/m with 1 kHz sine-wave 80%AM from 2000…2700 MHz EFT/B immunity IEC 61000-4-4:±2 kV at 5 kHz on power ports±2 kV at 5 kHz on communications ports Surge Transient Immunity IEC 61000-4-5:±2 kV line-earth(CM) on communications ports Conducted RF ImmunityIEC 61000-4-6:10 Vrms with 1 kHz sine-wave 80%AM from 150 kHz…80 MHzCertifications (when product is marked)(1)c-UL-usUL Listed Industrial Control Equipment, certified for US and Canada. See UL File E65584.UL Listed for Class I, Division 2 Group A,B,C,D Hazardous Locations, certified for U.S. and Canada. See UL File E194810.CSA CSA Certified Process Control Equipment. See CSA File LR54689C.CSA Certified Process Control Equipment for Class I, Division 2 Group A,B,C,D Hazardous Locations. See CSA File LR69960C.CEEuropean Union 2004/108/EC EMC Directive, compliant with: EN 61326-1; Meas./Control/Lab., Industrial Requirements EN 61000-6-2; Industrial Immunity EN 61000-6-4; Industrial EmissionsEN 61131-2; Programmable Controllers (Clause 8, Zone A & B)C-Tick Australian Radiocommunications Act, compliant with: AS/NZS CISPR 11; Industrial EmissionsExEuropean Union 94/9/EC ATEX Directive, compliant with:EN 60079-15; Potentially Explosive Atmospheres, Protection "n" EN 60079-0; General Requirements II 3 G Ex nA IIC T4 XPublicationsInstallation Instructions 1794-IN098; User Manual 1794-UM009(1)See the Product Certification link at for Declarations of Conformity, Certificates, and other certificationdetails.。

银行资本监管逆周期调整与宏观审慎监管框架构建张金城;李成【摘要】商业银行信贷以及监管当局的监管资本要求具有顺周期性,银行信贷与资本监管的双重顺周期性是影响宏观经济波动、调控政策有效性和金融稳定的重要因素.通过总结分析顺周期性产生和强化的机制,探索银行资本监管逆周期性的监管框架和政策工具以缓解顺周期性.根据金融监管变革的趋向,强化银行的风险管理,构建宏观审慎监管框架,将微观审慎监管进行有机结合,建立资本约束的逆周期机制.【期刊名称】《金融理论与教学》【年(卷),期】2011(000)001【总页数】5页(P18-22)【关键词】资本监管;顺周期性;逆周期;宏观审慎【作者】张金城;李成【作者单位】哈尔滨金融学院,金融研究所,黑龙江,哈尔滨,150030;西安交通大学,经济与金融学院,陕西,西安,710060【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F831.59顺周期性是指金融部门与实体经济之间动态的相互作用(正向反馈机制)这种相互依存的关系会扩大经济周期性的波动程度，并造成或加剧金融部门的不稳定性。

从广义上可以定义为主要金融变量(如信贷、利差、期限、贷款损失准备等)与实体经济变量随着经济周期的共同运动。

历次金融危机的发生都伴随着信贷的扩张和资产价格的上涨，内在的机理很大一部分便来自于金融体系的顺周期性。

伴随着次贷危机的逐步蔓延、各大银行的相继转型和破产，引发了人们对《巴塞尔资本协议Ⅱ》的争论。

银行信贷与资本监管的双重顺周期性，为次贷危机后《巴塞尔资本协议Ⅱ》下银行的风险管理和监管的创新带来了新的要求和挑战。

资本监管通过对商业银行的经营活动，特别是信贷行为的影响，对宏观经济的运行态势具有同方向的推动作用。

在宏观经济衰退时期，在资本强约束和主动避险的双重作用下银行紧缩信贷，使实体经济进一步萎缩，加剧了经济衰弱的程度;在宏观经济繁荣时期，银行对违约概率、违约损失率等风险要素的估值较低，导致基于内部评级的监管资本要求较低，得商业银行有能力、也有动力进行信贷扩张，从而刺激经济的繁荣，加速经济的上升趋势。