Lyndon Baines Johnson- "L

LYNDON BAINES JOHNSONBIOGRAPHICAL INFO▪1908-1973▪36th president of the United States▪Texas native▪Southwest Texas State Teachers CollegeCHRONOLOGY▪1960 – Johnson named VP for Kennedy▪1963 – Kennedy assassinated, Johnson named President▪1963 – Martin Luther King gives “I Have a Dream” speech in Washington ▪1964 – Civil Rights Act of 1964▪1965 – Voting Rights Act speech, March 15▪1965 – Voting Rights Act passed▪1965 – Johnson calls for American troops to Vietnam▪1967 – First Super Bowl▪1968 – Johnson announces he will not run for re-election▪1968 – Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinatedQUOTES“A complex convergence of presidential public persuasion, internal and external persuasive advice to Lyndon Johnson, increasing violence associated with civil unrest at home, domestic protest over the Vietnam War, and finally, the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. all conspired in time to make a once untenable public policy initiative a codified reality” (Goldzwig, 26).“The Vietnam War took its toll on the p resident’s popularity and political viability. It inevitably spilled over to his domestic agenda” (Ibid, 32).“A succession of summer riots during the president’s tenure was central to growing negative perceptions of his leadership. Simultaneously, the statistics on racial inequality continued to mount” (Ibid).“While the 1964 Civil Rights At may have had more symbolic influence and the 1965 Voting Rights Act may have had more lasting political significance, the 1968 Civil Rights At was vintage Johnson – a measure pressed for two years and then finally manipulated under duress by a relentless president intent on snatching victory from the jaws of defeat. Johnson’s achievement was one he could rightfully share with the nation” (Ibid, 47).“It was Lyndon Johnson’s political persistence in employing a rhetoric of transcendence that had finally challenged Americans to come to terms fully withand act justly in the arena that constituted one of the most sensitive and volatile domestic policy issues of the decade –fair housing” (Ibid)“President Johnson never relented and never looked back – save to savor ahard-won rhetorical and political battle” (Ibid)MARCH 15, 1965 –“We Shall Overcome”Background▪Johnson passes the Civil Rights Act in 1964▪By the end of 1964, the administration was working on legislation that would guarantee African Americans the right to vote▪However, “the president wanted to give the South time to ‘digest’ the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and he feared losing congressional support for the rest of his legislative plans” if he pushed for the voting act too early ▪Johnson showed signs, however, by Dec. 1964, that he was ready to move forward with voting rights legislation, and in his State of the Unionaddress in January, 1965, he stated:o“I propose that we eliminate every remaining obstacle to the right and opportunity to vote” (Pauley 31, from Public Papers of the President,Lyndon B. Johnson 1965 5).▪Throughout February, the administration “moved slowly and carefully on the purposed legislation. They realized that it was an important bill withsignificant ramifications, and, therefore, they did not want to act hastily”(Pauley 33).▪Sunday, March 7, 1965 changed everything when police and other law offices attached civil rights demonstrators in Selma, Alabama --- “BloodySunday”▪The president chose not to respond to the events right away.▪Everyone looked to the president for a rhetorical response▪The circumstances following Selma clearly constituted a “rhetorical situation”, which, in Lloyd Bitzer’s terminology, “invited discourse capableof participating with the situation and thereby altering its reality” (Pauley 35, from Bitzer 6).▪At the same time, the situation required legislation action as well, not just “mere rhetoric” (Pauley 35)▪The problem for Johnson – rhetoric and legislation were bound closely here. In order to speak, his legislation needed to be complete, which iswas not▪Thus, instead of speaking right away, the White House put the finishing touches on the Voting Rights legislation.▪Johnson did not decide to speak until the late evening of March 14, when, in a meeting with the congressional leadership, he decided to speak to ajoin session of Congress the following day. In this meeting, the Speakerof the House John McCo rmack “shifted the discussion towards rhetoricalconcerns, suggesting that the president deliver a voting rights message before a joint session of Congress, stating that a speech ‘would show the world that action is being taken’” (Pauley 37)▪The president stated: “I wanted to use every ounce of moral persuasion the Presidency held. I wanted no hedging, no equivocation. And I wanted to talk from my own heart, from my own experience” (Pauley 38, from The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency by LBJ, 164)▪Most scholars provide an oversimplified view of Johnson’s complicated public discourse and overlook this speech, and instance where everything that typically characterized LBJ was not there.▪“His most moving public address, conveying the natural el oquence that he so often took care to shield” (Pauley 26, from Zarefsky, “Lyndon” 224)▪“The strongest public discourse of Johnson’s presidency” (Pauley 26, from Edwin Black 24)EMOTION▪“Johnson spoke with force and compassion, drawing upon his personal ex perience and his ethos as a Southerner” (Pauley 26)TIMING▪“Timing was a central theme in his rhetoric” (Pauley 27)▪“Depending on one’s perspective, the president’s discursive involvement in the voting rights campaign seemed to be crisis rhetoric at its finest or at its worst” (27).▪“Johnson’s response to the voting rights crisis was unusual. He departed from his usual approach to rhetoric in two important ways.1. The legislation had been under consideration for some time andwas nearly finished when the crisis came.2. President Johnson not only was ready to speak to the immediatetactical issue of voting rights but also already had formulated hisown understanding of voting rights as a moral and historical issue”(27)▪The voting rights address shows that Johns on’s rhetoric was not always myopic.▪Johnson planned carefully his voting rights strategy; he considered both the legislative and rhetorical implications of speaking publicly about the voting rights bill.o Kairos– a timely response to a given situation.▪L BJ’s rhetoric was calculated carefully and coordinated closely with the development of social policy (Pauley 29)LANGUAGE▪The language of Johnson’s speech, not just its moment of delivery, also appealed to the urgencies of the moment (Pauley 38).▪Terms wer e used such as “no delay” and “no hesitation”...o“We ought not and we cannot and we must not wait another eight months before we get a bill. We have already waited a hundred yearsand more, and the time for waiting is gone”o“So I ask you to join me in wor king long hours – nights and weekends, if necessary –to pass this bill”▪His language also gave Selma a broader historical meaning by associating the terms freedom and equality with the terms purpose andpromise.TIMING▪LBJ’s timely response was a compl icated proposition.▪Although President Johnson’s speech was tactically timely, it was too little and too late for the rising militancy within the civil rights movement.Lyndon Johnson’s voting rights message on 15 March 1965 was timely,timeless, and, ironically, out of time – all at the same moment.Typical LBJ“The evaluation suggested by most scholars is that Johnson was a short-sighted, narrowly strategic presidential rhetorician”Quotes...▪Typically focused on the urgencies of the moment▪His rhetoric often was short-sighted.▪Opponents of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had criticized Johnson for attempting to legislate by rhetorical appeals to temporarily arousedemotions, and opponents of the voting rights bill believed that 1965 was a repeat performance”▪Often spoke before he should▪His own discourse created most of his political problems.▪Not only was his rhetoric myopic, but it was also so idealistic as to be unrealistic▪He promised more than he could achieve, and thus aroused expectations and courted disappointment (29)▪He ignored the possibility that rhetorical alone might effect social change David Zarefsky - “Much of Johnson’s rhetoric provided a grand vision to solve social problems, but failed to provide specific recommendations because he had not yet formulated specific policy measures to deal with those problems” (Pauley 28, from “Great Society” 366). “His implicit theory of rhetoric...viewed it as a process of selecting strategies and tactics which would comprise an effective public appeal” (Ibid, 277). Zarefsky suggests that LBJ saw a limited role for rhetoric: he made judgments about the value and ability of his programs without any factual support, and simply used rhetoric to rally public support (Pauley 29).Jeffrey Tulis - LBJ used public rhetoric to garner support for his programs before he developed them fully” (Pauley 28, from The Rhetorical Presidency) Theodore Windt - LBJ’s rhetoric usually ran ahead of his policy planning...as a man of action, Johnson sought to solve problems immediately, without thinking them thr ough clearly. LBJ’s discourse was a sincere expression of a desire to help oppressed people, but came – unfortunately – before he had fully designed his programs or planned a long-term strategy (Pauley 28, from Presidential Rhetoric: 1961 to the Present).George Reedy (Johnson’s former press secretary) – Although the president was a brilliant political tactician, he was a poor strategist. Johnson could not look ahead, nor put political issues into historical perspective (Pauley 29, from Lyndon Johnson, A Memoir 52).Doris Kearns (historian and former White House fellow) – Johnson was more concerned with passing legislation than with deliberating great issues (Pauley 29, from Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 217-218).。

Celebrities Appeared in the Movie1. General Nathan Bedford Forrest (Ku Klux Klan)Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821 – October 29, 1877) was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He is remembered both as a self-educated, innovative cavalry leader during the war and as a leading southern advocate in the postwar years. He served as the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, an organization which launched a "reign of terror" against blacks and Republicans during Reconstruction in the South.2. Elvis PresleyElvis Aaron (or Aron) Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King".3. Governor WallaceThe Stand in the Schoolhouse Door took place at Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on 11 June, 1963. George Wallace, the Governor of Alabama, in a symbolic attempt to keep his inaugural promise of "segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever" and stop the desegregation of schools, stood at the door of the auditorium to try to block the entry of two black students, Vivian Malone Jones and James Hood. The incident brought George Wallace into the national spotlight.4. PresidentsPresident KennedyJohn Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), the first President born in the 20th century, and the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43. Kennedy is the first and only Catholic and the first Irish American president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize.President JohnsonLyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963. He served in all four federal elected offices of the United States: Representative, Senator, Vice President, and President.President NixonRichard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of theUnited States from 1969–1974 and was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961). Nixon was the only President to resign the office and also the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.President FordGerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he also became the only President of the United States who was elected neither President nor Vice-President.President CarterJames Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975,[2] and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.President ReaganRonald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). He began a career as an actor, first in films and later television, appearing in 52 movie productions and gaining enough success to become a household name. Reagan left office in 1989. In 1994, the former president disclosed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease earlier in the year; he died ten years later at the age of 93. He has been rated by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.5. Bob DylanBob Dylan(born Robert Allen Zimmerman; May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He has been a major figure in popular music for five decades.[2] Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was at first an informal chronicler, and later an apparently reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of his songs such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'" became anthems for the civil rights[3]and anti-war[4]movements. His early lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social and philosophical, as well as literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture. Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres, exploring numerous distinct traditions in American song –from folk, blues and country to gospel, rock and roll and rockabilly, to English, Scottish and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and swing.6. John LennonJohn Winston Ono Lennon,[1][2]MBE (9 October 1940 –8 December 1980) was an English rock musician, singer-songwriter and peace activist who rose to fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles. With Paul McCartney he formed one of the most influential and successful songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.[3] Second only to McCartney, he is among the most successful songwriters in Billboard singles chart history, responsible for 27 number one singles on the US Hot 100 chart as a performer or songwriter。

林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊：Address to a Joint Session of CongressLyndon Baines JohnsonAddress to a Joint Session of Congress on Voting Legislation"We Shall Overe"delivered 15 March 1965, Washington, D.C.演讲者简介：林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊(英语：Lyndon Baines Johnson，1908年8月27日-1973年1月22日)，美国第36任总统和第35任副总统，也曾是国会参议员。

他于1908年8月27日生于得克萨斯州基利斯比县的石墙。

约翰逊家族曾参与了约翰逊城的建设。

约翰逊是民主党人，从1937年-1949年，曾担任美国得克萨斯州的代表，1937年-1949年，担任美国参议员，包括六位美国参议院政党领袖，两位参议院少数党领袖和两位参议院多数优势。

竞选失败后，在1960年由民主党提名约翰逊由约翰·肯尼迪要求他是在1960年美国总统选举的竞选伙伴。

在肯尼迪遇刺案之后，约翰逊继续接任约翰·肯尼迪总统的职务，在1964年美国总统选举中轻松地获选总统。

民主党大力支持约翰逊，并担任主席，负责设计包括法律维护民权、公开广播、医疗保障、医疗补助、环境保护、对教育的援助和他的著名的“向贫穷开战”，他为他跋扈的个性和“约翰逊治疗是显著的”的标题，他控制有权势的政客，以推动立法。

同时，他让美国积极介入越南战争，随着战争的拖延，约翰逊总统的声望持续下降。

尽管其外交政策遭受失败，但是因为他的国内政策成绩斐然，约翰逊在一些史学家对历届总统的评价中依然获得高排名。

Mr. Speaker, Mr. President, Members of the Congress:I speak tonight for the dignity of man and the destiny of democracy. I urge every member of both parties, Americans of all religions and of all colors, from every section of this country, to join me in that cause.At times history and fate meet at a single time in a single place to shape a turning point in man's unending search for freedom. So it was at Lexington and Concord. So it was a century ago at Appomattox. So it was last week in Selma, Alabama. There, long-suffering men and women peacefully protested the denial of their rights as Americans. Many were brutally assaulted. One good man, a man of God, was killed.There is no cause for pride in what has happened in Selma. There is no cause for self-satisfaction in the long denial of equal rights of millions of Americans.But there is cause for hope and for faith in our democracy in what is happening here tonight. For the cries of pain and the hymns and protests of oppressed people have summoned into convocation all the majesty of this great government -- the government of the greatest nation on earth. Our mission is at once the oldest and the most basic of this country: to right wrong, to do justice, to serve man.In our time we have e to live with the moments of great crisis. Our lives have been marked with debate about great issues -- issues of war and peace, issues of prosperity and depression. But rarely in any time does an issue lay bare the secret heart of America itself. Rarely are we met with a challenge, not to our growth or abundance, or our welfare or our security, but rather to the values, and the purposes, and the meaning of our beloved nation.The issue of equal rights for American Negroes is such an issue.And should we defeat every enemy, and should we double our wealth and conquer the stars, and still be unequal to this issue, then we will have failed as apeople and as a nation. For with a country as with a person, "What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?"There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem. And we are met here tonight as Americans -- not as Democrats or Republicans. We are met here as Americans to solve that problem.This was the first nation in the history of the world to be founded with a purpose. The great phrases of that purpose still sound in every American heart, North and South: "All men are created equal," "government by consent of the governed," "give me liberty or give me death." Well, those are not just clever words, or those are not just empty theories. In their name Americans have fought and died for two centuries, and tonight around the world they stand there as guardians of our liberty, risking their lives.Those words are a promise to every citizen that he shall share in the dignity of man. This dignity cannot be found in a man's possessions; it cannot be found in his power, or in his position. It really rests on hisright to be treated as a man equal in opportunity to all others. It says that he shall share in freedom, he shall choose his leaders, educate his children, provide for his family according to his ability and his merits as a human being. To apply any other test -- to deny a man his hopes because of his color, or race, or his religion, or the place of his birth is not only to do injustice, it is to deny America and to dishonor the dead who gave their lives for American freedom.Our fathers believed that if this noble view of the rights of man was to flourish, it must be rooted in democracy. The most basic right of all was the right to choose your own leaders. The history of this country, in large measure, is the history of the expansion of that right to all of our people. Many of the issues of civil rights are very plex and most difficult. But about this there can and should be no argument.。

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美国历任总统的名言大集锦第1任总统：乔治〃华盛顿（George Washington，1789-1797年任职）其名言：除了完成本职工作所获得的满足感和朋友们所给予的尊重以外，我从来没有想过因为自己的工作而得到任何奖赏。

让我感到不可思议的是：一个没有意识到民众的繁荣和幸福决定着他自己的荣耀与幸福的君主，却想着应该建立一个君主独裁的国家。

而对于一个最高统治者来说，不仅让自己的名字永垂不朽，而且还要获得万众的祝福，这是多么容易的事情啊。

第2任总统：约翰〃亚当斯（John Adams，1797-1801年任职）其名言：有两种教育方式……一种应该教我们如何生存，另一种则应该教我们如何生活。

耶稣的神圣很容易被用来掩盖谬论。

我们在《福音书》中找不到信条、忏悔、誓言、教条，以及其他一些我们在基督教中发现的一满车一满车的愚蠢杂物。

第3任总统：托马斯〃杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson，1801-1809年任职）其名言：我们认为这些真理不言自明的：人人生来平等。

偶尔有不同的声音是一件好事，对政治来说它是必要的，正如自然界少不了风暴。

第4任总统：詹姆斯〃麦迪逊（James Madison，1809-1817年任职）其名言：在构建由一部分人管理另一部分人的政府时，最大的困难是：首先你必须让政府有能力控制那些被管理的人，而后还要让政府能够控制政府自己本身。

一个受欢迎的政府如果没有受欢迎的信息或获取这种信息的方法，那么它就不过是一场闹剧或悲剧的序言----而且可能这两者都是。

第5任总统：詹姆斯〃门罗（James Monroe，1817-1825年任职）其名言：地球被赐予给人类，是为了抚养最大数量的人，任何部落和种族都无权在维持他们自己的生计和舒适所必需的东西之外，剥夺其他人的必需品。

我们有任何理由坚信，我们的体系很快就能达到人类体制所能企及的最高度完美。

第6任总统：约翰〃昆西〃亚当斯（John Quincy Adams，1825-1829年任职）其名言：勇气和坚持拥有神奇的力量，在它们面前困难和阻碍都会烟消云散。

戈洛博翻译-英语词汇库英语专题分类词汇（美国历届总统The Presidents of the United States）1.George Washington (Federal Party) 1789-1797;乔治·华盛顿 (联邦党) 1789-1797；2.John Adams (Federal Party) 1797-1801;约翰·亚当斯 (联邦党) 1797-1801；3.Thomas Jefferson（Democratic Republican Party) 1801-1809;托马斯·杰斐逊 (民主共和党) 1801-1809；4.James Madison（Democratic Republican Party) 1809-1817;詹姆斯·麦迪逊 (民主共和党) 1809-1817；5.James Monroe（Democratic Republican Party) 1817-1825;詹姆斯·门罗 (民主共和党) 1817-1825；6.John Quincy Adams（Democratic Republican Party) 1825-1829;约翰·昆西·亚当斯 (民主共和党) 1825-1829；7.Andrew Jackson（Democratic Party) 1829-1837;安德鲁·杰克逊 (民主党) 1829-1837；8.Martin Van Buren（Democratic Party) 1837-1841;马丁·范布伦 (民主党) 1837-1841；9.William Henry Harrison（Whig Party) 1837-1841;威廉·亨利·哈里森 (辉格党) 1837-1841；10.John Tyler（Whig Party) 1841-1845;约翰·泰勒 (辉格党) 1841-1845；11.James Knox Polk（Democratic Party) 1845-1849;詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克 (民主党) 1845-1849；12.Zachary Taylor（Whig Party) 1849-1850;扎卡里·泰勒 (辉格党) 1849-1850；lard Fillmore（Democratic Party) 1850-1853;米勒德·菲尔莫尔（民主党）1850-1853；14.Franklin Pierce（Democratic Party) 1853-1857;富兰克林·皮尔斯（民主党）1853-1857；15.James Buchanan（Democratic Party) 1853-1857;詹姆斯·布坎南 (民主党) 1853-1857；16.Abraham Lincoln（Republican Party) 1861-1865;亚伯拉罕·林肯 (共和党) 1861-1865；17.Andrew Johnson（Republican Party）1865-1869;安德鲁·约翰逊 (共和党) 1865-1869；18.Ulysses Simpson Grant (Republican Party) 1869-1877;尤利塞斯·辛普森·格兰特 (共和党) 1869-1877；19.Rutherford Birchard Hayes（Republican Party）1877-1881;拉塞福德·伯查德·海斯 (共和党) 1877-1881；20.James Abram Garfield（Republican Party）1881-1881;詹姆斯·艾伯拉姆·加菲尔德 (共和党) 1881-1881；21.Chester Alan Arthur（Republican Party）1881-1885;切斯特·阿伦·阿瑟 (共和党) 1881-1885；22.Grover Cleveland （Democratic Party）1885-1889;格罗弗·克利夫兰 (民主党) 1885-1889；23.Benjamin Harrison（Republican Party）1889-1893;本杰明·哈里森 (共和党) 1889-1893；24.Grover Cleveland (Democratic Party) 1893-1897;格罗弗·克利夫兰 (民主党) 1893-1897；25.William Mckinley（Republican Party）1897-1901;威廉·麦金利 (共和党) 1897-1901；26.Theodore Roosevelt（Republican Party）1901-1909;西奥多·罗斯福 (共和党) 1901-1909；27.William Howard Taft（Republican Party）1909-1913;威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱 (共和党) 1909-1913；28.Woodrow Wilson（Democratic Party）1913-1921;伍德罗·威尔逊 (民主党) 1913-1921；29.Warren Gamaliel Harding（Republican Party）1921-1923;沃伦·甘梅利尔·哈定 (共和党) 1921-1923；30.Calvin Coolidge（Republican Party）1923-1929;卡尔文·柯立芝 (共和党) 1923-1929；31.Herbert Clark Hoover（Republican Party）1929-1933;赫泊特·克拉克·胡佛 (共和党) 1929-1933；32.Franklin Delano Roosevelt（Democratic Party）1933-1945;富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福 (民主党 )1933-1945；33.Harry Truman（Democratic Party）1945-1953;哈里·杜鲁门 (民主党) 1945-1953；34.Dwight David Eisenhower（Republican Party）1953-1961德怀特·戴维·艾森豪威尔 (共和党) 1953-1961；35.John Fitzgerald Kennedy（Democratic Party）1961-1963;约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪 (民主党) 1961-1963；36.lyndon Baines Johnson（Democratic Party）1963-1969;林顿·贝恩斯·约翰逊 (民主党) 1963-1969；37.Richard Milhous Nixon（Republican Party）1969-1974;理查德·米尔豪斯·尼克松 (共和党) 1969-1974；38.Gerald Ford（Republican Party）1974-1977杰拉尔德·福特 (共和党) 1974-1977；39.Jimmy Carter/James Earl Carter Jr（Democratic Party) 1977-1981;吉米·卡特/小詹姆斯·厄尔·卡特(民主党) 1977-1981；40.Ronald Wilson Reagan (Republican Party) 1981-1989;罗纳德·威尔逊·里根 (共和党) 1981-1989；41.George Herbert Walker Bush（Republican Party) 1989-1993;乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什 (共和党) 1989-1993；42.Bill Clinton/William Jefferson Blythe III（Democratic Party) 1993-2001 ;比尔·克林顿/威廉·杰斐逊·布莱思三世(民主党) 1993-2001；43.George Walker Bush（Republican Party)2001-2008;乔治·沃克·布什 (共和党) 2001-2008；44.Barack Obama/Barack Hussein Obama II (Democratic Party)2008-巴拉克·奥巴马/巴拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马二世（民主党）2008-。

英语故事Lyndon Baines Johnson林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊是美国第36任总统。

约翰逊在任时提出了与”新政”、“公平施政”、“新边疆”一脉相承的改革计划，通过老年保健医疗制度、医疗补助制度、民权法和选举权法。

Lyndon Baines JohnsonLyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969 after his service as the 37th vice president of the United States from 1961 to 1963. He served in all four federal elected offices of the United States: representative, senator, vice president, and president.Johnson, a democrat, served as a United States representative from Texas, from 1937–1949 and as United States senator from 1949–1961, including six years as United States senate majority leader, two as senate minority leader and two as senate majority whip. After campaigning unsuccessfully for the democratic nomination in 1960, Johnson was asked by John F. Kennedy to be his running mate for the 1960 presidential election.Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, completed Kennedy’s term and was elected president in his own right, winning by a large margin in the 1964 presidential election. Johnson was greatly supported by the democratic party and, as president, was responsible for designing the “great society”legislation that included laws that upheld civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and his “war on poverty.” he was renowned for his domineering personality and the “Johnsontreatment,”his arm twisting of powerful politicians in order to advance legislation.Simultaneously, he greatly escalated direct American involvement in the Vietnam War. As the war dragged on, Johnson’s popularity as president steadily declined. After the 1966 mid-term congressional elections, his re-election bid in the 1968 United States presidential election collapsed as a result of turmoil within the Democratic Party related to opposition to the Vietnam War. He withdrew from the race amid growing opposition to his policy on the Vietnam War and a worse-than-expected showing in the New Hampshire primary.Despite the failures of his foreign policy, Johnson is ranked favorably among some historians due to his domestic policies.Early political careerJohnson briefly taught public speaking and debate in a Houston high school, and then entered politics. Johnson’s father had served five terms in the Texas legislature and was a close friend of one of Texas’s rising political figures, Congressman Sam Rayburn. In 1930, Johnson campaigned for Texas state senator Wally Hopkins in his run for congress. Hopkins recommended him to Congressman Richard m. Kleberg, who appointed Johnson as Kleberg’s legislative secretary. Johnson was elected speaker of the “little congress,”a group of congressional aides, where he cultivated congressmen, newspapermen and lobbyists. Johnson’s friends soon included aides to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, as well as fellow Texans such as vice president John Nance Garner. He became a surrogate son to Sam Rayburn.Johnson married Claudia Alta Taylor (already nicknamed “lady bird”) of Karnack, Texas on November 17, 1934 after having attended Georgetown university law school for several months. They had two daughters, Lynda Bird, born in 1944, and Luci Baines, born in 1947. Johnson enjoyed giving people and animals his own initials citation needed; his daughters’given names are examples, as was his dog, little beagle Johnson.In 1935, he was appointed head of the Texas national youth administration, which enabled him to use the government to create education and job opportunities for young people. He resigned two years later to run for congress. Johnson, a notoriously tough boss throughout his career, often demanded long workdays and work on weekends.He was described by friends, fellow politicians, and historians as motivated throughout his life by an exceptional lust for power and control. As Johnson’s biographer Robert Caro Observes, “Johnson’s ambition was uncommon—in the degree to which it was unencumbered by even the slightest excess weight of ideology, of philosophy, of principles, of beliefs.”Senate years1948 contested electionIn 1948, Johnson again ran for the senate and won. This election was highly controversial: a three-way Democratic Party primary saw Johnson facing a well-known former governor, coke Stevenson; and a third candidate. Johnson drew crowds tofairgrounds with his rented helicopter dubbed “the Johnson city windmill”. he raised money to flood the state with campaign circulars, and won over conservatives by voting for the Taft Hartley act (curbing union power) as well as by criticizing unions himself.Stevenson came in first, but lacked a majority, so a runoff was held. Johnson campaigned even harder this time around, while Stevenson’s efforts were surprisingly poor. as the two candidates see-sawed for the lead, the runoff count took a week. the democratic state central committee (not the state, because the matter was a party primary) handled the count, and it finally announced that Johnson had won by 87 votes. By a majority of one member (29-28) the committee voted to certify Johnson’s nomination, with the last vote cast on Johnson’s behalf by temple (Texas) publisher Frank W. May born, who rushed back to Texas from a business trip in Nashville.There were many allegations of fraud on both sides. Thus, one writer alleges that Johnson’s campaign manager, future Texas governor John B. Connally, was connected with 202 ballots in precinct 13 in Jim Wells County that had curiously been cast in alphabetical order and all just at the close of polling. (All of the people whose names appeared on the ballots were found to have been dead on Election Day.) Robert Caro argued in his 1989 book that Johnson had stolen the election in Jim Wells County, and other counties in south Texas, as well as rigging 10,000 ballots in Bexar County alone. A judge, Luis Salas, said in 1977 that he had certified 202 fraudulent ballots for Johnson.The state democratic convention upheld Johnson. Stevenson went to court, but — with timely help from his friend Abe Fortas — Johnson prevailed. Johnson was elected senator in November, and went to Washington, D.C. tagged with the ironic label “Landslide Lyndon,” which he often used deprecatingly to refer to himself.Freshman senatorOnce in the senate, Johnson was known among his colleagues for his highly successful “courtships” of older senators, especially senator Richard Russell, patrician leader of the conservative coalition and arguably the most powerful man in the senate. Johnson proceeded to gain Russell’s favor in the same way that he had “courted”speaker Sam Rayburn and gained his crucial support in the house.Johnson was appointed to the senate armed services committee, and later in 1950, he helped create the preparedness investigating subcommittee. Johnson became its chairman and conducted investigations of defense costs and efficiency. these investigations tended to dig out old forgotteninvestigations and demand actions that were already being taken by the Truman administration, although it can be said that the committee’s investigations caused the changes. However, Johnson’s brilliant handling of the press, the efficiency with which his committee issued new reports, and the fact that he ensured every report was endorsed unanimously by the committee all brought him headlines and national attention.Johnson used his political influence in the senate to receive broadcast licenses from the federal communications commission in his wife’s name.In 1951, Johnson was chosen as senate majority whip under a new majority leader, Ernest McFarland of Arizona, and served from 1951 to 1953Senate democratic leaderSenate Desk X, used by all democratic leaders, including Johnson, since Joseph Taylor Robinson in the 1952 general election republicans won a majority in both house and senate. Among defeated democrats that year was McFarland, who lost to then-little-known Barry Goldwater, Johnson’s future presidential opponent.In January 1953, Johnson was chosen by his fellow democrats to be the minority leader. thus, he became the least senior senator ever elected to this position, and one of the least senior party leaders in the history of the senate. The whip is usually first in line to replace party leader (e.g., most recently whip Harry Reid became senate minority leader after tom Daschle’s defeat).One of his first actions was to eliminate the seniority system in appointment to a committee, while retaining it in terms of chairmanships. In the 1954 election, Johnson was re-elected to the senate, and since the democrats won the majority in the senate, Johnson became majority leader. Former majority leader, William Knowland was elected minority leader. Johnson’s duties were to schedule legislation and help pass measures favored by the democrats. Johnson, Rayburn and President Dwight D. Eisenhower worked smoothly together in passing Eisenhower’s domestic and foreign agenda. As majority leader, Johnson was responsible for passage of the civil rights act of 1957, the first civil rights legislation passed by the senate since reconstruction.Johnson gives “the treatment” to 90-year-old Rhode Island senator Theodore F. Green in 1957 historians Caro and Dallek consider Lyndon Johnson the most effective senate majority leader in history. He was unusually proficient atgathering information. One biographer suggests he was “the greatest intelligence gatherer Washington has ever known”, discovering exactly where every senator stood, his philosophy and prejudices, his strengths and weaknesses, and what it took to break him. Robert baker claimed that Johnson would occasionally send senators on NATO trips in order to avoid their dissenting votes. Central to Johnson’s control was “the treatment”, described by two journalists:The treatment could last ten minutes or four hours. it came, enveloping its target, at the Johnson ranch swimming pool, in one of Johnson’s offices, in the senate cloakroom, on the floor of the senate itself — wherever Johnson might find a fellow senator within his reach.Its tone could be supplication, accusation, cajolery, exuberance, scorn, tears, complaint and the hint of threat. It was all of these together. It ran the gamut of human emotions.Its velocity was breathtaking, and it was all in one direction. Interjections from the target were rare. Johnson anticipated them before they could be spoken. He moved in close, his face a scant millimeter from his target, his eyes widening and narrowing, his eyebrows rising and falling. From his pockets poured clippings, memos, and statistics. Mimicry, humor, and the genius of analogy made the treatment an almost hypnotic experience and rendered the target stunned and helpless.。

历届美国总统介绍第36任总统林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊Lynd on Baines Johnson was the 36th President of theUnited States, serving from 1963 to 1969. He wasborn in 1908 on a small farmhouse in central Texasand felt the pinch of rural poverty as he grew up.He workedhis way through Southwest Texas StateTeachers College and graduated as a teacher in1930. In 1937 he campaigned successfully for theHouse of Representatives.林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊是美国第36任总统，任期为1963-1969年。

1908年，林登出生于德克萨斯中部的小农场中，林登赶上了农村最艰苦的那段时间。

林登就读于德克萨斯州西南师范学院，1930年毕业之后成为了一名老师。

1937年，他成功进入了众议院。

During World War II he served briefly in the Navy and won a Silver Star medal in the SouthPacific. He served six terms in the House of Representatives and was elected to the Senate in1948. In 1953, he became the youngest Minority Leader in Senate history, and the followingyear, when the Democrats won control, Majority Lead er. His political skill helped a number ofkey Eisenhower measures pass.二战期间，他曾经在海军短暂服役，他还凭借在南太平洋战争中的优异表现获得银星勋章。