英国两党和两会.
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英国政党制度与主要政党研究
英国政党制度是英国政治体系的重要组成部分,它是英国政治体系的基础。
英国政党制度的特点是政党多元化,政党竞争激烈,政党联合政府的形式比较稳定。
英国政党制度的主要政党有保守党、工党、自由民主党和苏格兰民族党。
保守党是英国最大的政党,也是英国政治体系中最古老的政党。
保守党的政治理念是保守主义,主张维护传统的英国价值观,支持自由市场经济,反对政府干预经济,支持英国的独立性和英国在欧洲的重要地位。
工党是英国第二大政党,它的政治理念是社会民主主义,主张政府干预经济,支持社会公平,反对资本主义,支持英国加入欧盟,支持英国在欧洲的重要地位。
自由民主党是英国第三大政党,它的政治理念是自由民主主义,主张政府干预经济,支持社会公平,支持英国加入欧盟,支持英国在欧洲的重要地位,但反对英国加入欧洲货币联盟。
苏格兰民族党是英国第四大政党,它的政治理念是民族主义,主张苏格兰独立,支持苏格兰自治,反对英国加入欧盟,支持英国在欧洲的重要地位。
英国政党制度的主要政党有保守党、工党、自由民主党和苏格兰民族党,它们的政治理念各有不同,但都支持英国在欧洲的重要地位。
英国政党制度的多元化和政党竞争激烈,使英国政治体系更加稳定,也为英国政治发展提供了良好的基础。
评判西方的两党制与多党制两党制和多党制是西方资本主义国家最多见的政党制度类型。
能够说,西方国家的政党和政党体制产生较早,经太长期的进展,已经形成了一套比较成熟的运作方式和规那么,资本主义政党制度在本质上都是为保护本国资产阶级利益的产物,可是具体到两党制和多党制又大有不同,各有好坏,评判西方的两党制和多党制,关于咱们更好的熟悉资本主义国家政治制度,吸取其体会教训,有着较大的意义。
一、两党制和多党制的含义所谓两党制,顾名思义,确实是指一个资本主义国家由两党交替连番执政,实行两党制的国家进行议会或总统选举,由在议会中取得多数席位或被选为总统的政党组织政府,作为执政党,竞选失败的另一个政党为反对党,参与监督执政党的活动。
两党制又分为美国为代表的总统制两党制和英国为代表的议会内阁制两党制。
前者通常由在总统选举中获胜的一个政党作为执政党,后者一样由在议会中专门是下议院中占有多数议席的政党作为执政党。
两党制并非是指一个国家只有两个党派,除两大党以外,还存在一些小党,只是这些小党实力小,很难上台执政。
多党制那么是在一个资本主义国家内,存在三个以上的政党,其中没有一个政党能长期维持绝对优势,需要靠选举时偶然获胜或与其他政党结成联盟以组织政府。
法国和德国是典型的多党制国家。
二、两党制的优势和缺点一、两党制的优势第一,两党制有利于政局稳固,英国最先的两党是辉格党和托利党,后来这两党别离进展为自由党和保守党,这两党连番执政到1914年,一战期间两党组成了联合政府。
垄断资本主义的进展和经济危机使自由党在1929年被号称支持代表工人阶级利益的工党取代上台执政,从此开始了工党与保守党连番执政的历史,直至今日。
而美国那么一直维持着民主党和共和党连番执政的格局。
如此就幸免了政局动荡,减少了因为政党猛烈竞争而造成的政治混乱。
第二、两党制的确立极大的推动了选举权利的普及,民主程度较高,例如美国两党为争取更多项选择民的支持一上台就对选举制度进行改革,选举权慢慢扩大到妇女、黑人等弱势公民群体,有力的保障了公民的权益。
英国的两党制英国是内阁制国家,两大党靠竞选争夺下议院议员席位,获多数席位的政党为执政党,其领袖担任内阁首相,组织对议会负责的内阁,另一大党作为法定的反对党而存在。
以英国为代表的议会内阁制下的两党制(1)主要经历了三个阶段A:辉格党与托利党先后交替执政时期;B:托利党和辉格党演变成保守党和自由党;C:工党取代自由党的地位;(2)英国议会内阁制中两党制的特点:A:两党的活动围绕议会选举展开,执政党不仅掌握行政权,也掌握立法权;B:两党采取集中制。
形成的因素为什么会形成如此稳定的两党竞争体制,而别的政党无法插手政治呢?据西方政治学者分析,主要缘自下列因素:(1)制度的因素。
英美两党制均产生于相对多数选举制,这种选举制度有利于两大党而不利于第三党的建立和生存。
此外,美国的单一行政长官制也有利于两党的形成和发展。
总统职位通过总统选举产生,而不受各政党在国会占有席位多少的影响,总统选举人团的产生是“胜者全得”,要么获胜,要么失败,因而引起政党的两极化。
在美国,由于联邦制的特点,各州州长、各州议会的选举均采用相对多数制,这也有利于巩固两党制。
(2)历史二元因素。
两党制是美国社会结构利益双元性的产物,美国建国初期以来每次重大的政治、经济和社会冲突几乎都是二元、两面的。
围绕宪法的批准出现的东部商业利益和西部农业利益之争导致了联邦党人与反联邦党人的产生。
经济利益之争也导致南北方围绕奴隶制及其种植园经济而产生分裂,由此形成两大阵营。
20世纪城乡利益的冲突又是自由主义和保守主义交锋的重要因素,等等。
(3)政治文化因素,英美两国选民观点中庸、适度、不走偏激,善于妥协,视政治为妥协的艺术。
两国的政治文化接受了妥协的必要性、短期实用主义的明知性以及避免僵硬教条主义的务实性。
另一方面,在两国社会的根本目标以及实现这些目标的主要方式问题上存在广泛的共识。
大多数国民认可洛克和麦迪逊关于个人自我发展的重要性以及拥有私有财产权利的观点,很少有人主张生产资料公有制。
英国的两党制组织对议会负责的内阁,另一大党作为法定的反对党而存在。
以英国为代表的议会内阁制下的两党制(1)主要经历了三个阶段A:辉格党与托利党先后交替执政时期;B:托利党和辉格党演变成保守党和自由党;C:工党取代自由党的地位;A:两党的活动围绕议会选举展开,执政党不仅掌握行政权,也掌握立法权;B:两党采取集中制。
形成的因素为什么会形成如此稳定的两党竞争体制,而别的政党无法插手政治呢?据西方政治学者分析,主要缘自下列因素:(1)制度的因素。
英美两党制均产生于相对多数选举制,这种选举制度有利于两大党而不利于第三党的“胜者全得”长、各州议会的选举均采用相对多数制,这也有利于巩固两党制。
(2)历史二元因素济和社会冲突几乎都是二元、两面的。
围绕宪法的批准出现的东部商业利益和西部农业利益植园经济而产生分裂,由此形成两大阵营。
20义交锋的重要因素,等等。
(3)政治文化因素,英美两国选民观点中庸、适度、不走偏激,善于妥协,视政治为妥协的艺术。
两国的政治文化接受了妥协的必要性、短期实用主义的明知性以及避免僵硬教条主义的务实性。
另一方面,在两国社会的根本目标以及实现这些目标的主要方式问题上存在广泛的共识。
分配资源和财富问题。
两党制的特征:第一,主要政党多为掮客政党而非使命政党。
第二,主要政党关心争取所有选民,因此它们不会将自己局限在某些阶级或阶层之中。
第三,主要的政党多为中庸政党,它们试图提出不让任何主要的选民团体严重失望的政治纲领。
第四,政党之间的差距不大。
两党制的优点:第一,两党制是一个较负责任的体制;第二,两党制比较公平,鼓励竞争;它鼓励政府更换,能够有效地防止任何一个政党或政党集团无限期地垄断行政权力,保障民主的持续和发展;第三,两党制被视为是鼓励温和政治活动的体制,为了赢得竞选,两大政党必须争取为数甚众的中间阵营。
1,特征:政党体系由两大政党组成,两党皆有相近的竞选实力可以组成政府2,优点第一,两党制有利于社会稳定和政权稳定。
英国的体制和议会制度英国的体制和议会制度是英国政治体系的重要组成部分,具有深厚的历史和独特的特点。
本文将从英国政府的结构、议会的角色和职能以及选举和党派政治等方面来探讨英国的体制和议会制度。
一、英国政府的结构英国政府的结构包括国王/女王、内阁、国会和法院等组成部分。
国王/女王是英国政府的元首,代表王室和国家的象征。
然而,在实际操作中,国王/女王的权力是受到法律和宪制的限制的。
内阁是英国政府的核心机构,由首相和部长组成。
首相是内阁的领导者,由执政党在议会选举后任命。
内阁成员负责管理各自的部门,并制定和执行政府政策。
二、议会的角色和职能议会是英国政治决策的核心机构,分为上议院和下议院两个部分。
上议院是由贵族成员组成的,包括贵族和一些由王室任命的成员。
下议院是由选举产生的,是议会中最重要的机构,代表了英国人民的意愿。
议会的主要角色是立法、监督和辩论。
议会通过立法程序制定和修改法律,保障公民权利和责任。
议会还对政府进行监督,通过问询和辩论等方式,对政府的政策进行审查和评价。
三、选举和党派政治英国是一个多党制国家,选举是实现民主的重要途径。
议会选举以普选制为基础,通过选举产生下议院的议员。
英国有一定的选区划分制度,保证不同地区的利益得到公平代表。
党派政治在英国具有重要的地位,主要有保守党和工党两大主要政党。
这两个党派在议会中占据主导地位,党鞭制度对议员的投票行为和党员纪律起着重要的影响。
党派政治也带来了一些争议和挑战,如政党内部的派系斗争、决策的政治化等。
同时,英国政治体系也有一定程度上的多元化,出现了一些中间派和小党派的兴起。
总结:英国的体制和议会制度是英国政治的核心和基石,保障了政府的稳定和民众的参与。
通过议会制度,不同政治力量可以辩论和协商,为国家的政策制定和管理提供了平台。
虽然存在一些问题和挑战,但英国的体制和议会制度依然在不断发展和完善中。
英国政党百科名片英国政党英国是世界上最早出现资产阶级政党,并最先确立和实行两党制的国家。
目录沿革两党制的形成与发展英国政党的特点主要政党展开编辑本段沿革英国斯图亚特王朝复辟时期,在议会内部形成了代表不同阶级利益的政治派别。
1679年议会就詹姆斯公爵(后来的詹姆斯二世)王位继承权问题展开激烈争论,反对詹姆斯公英国的政党政治与福利制度爵有王位继承权的议员们被政敌斥为辉格(Whig,苏格兰强盗),赞成詹姆斯公爵有王位继承权的议员们则被对方骂作托利(Tory,爱尔兰信仰天主教的歹徒)。
以后两派逐渐以此自称,形成两个政治派别。
辉格党代表新兴资产阶级和新贵族的利益,主张限制主权,提高议会权力;托利党代表地主贵族利益,维护君主特权。
1688年两党由于一致反对詹姆斯二世而走向合作,共同以政变方式发动“光荣革命”。
辉格党在政变中起了主要作用,政变后成为执政党。
随着英国资本主义的发展,托利党人成分逐步发生变化,辉格党内的部分土地贵族、银行家、军火商和官僚政客加入托利党,使该党实力增强,而辉格党因其分裂逐步丧失了在国家政治生活中的统治地位。
1783~1830年托利党执政。
辉格党和托利党轮流组阁时期,党派活动只限于议会内部。
19世纪30年代,英国工业革命基本完成,英国社会阶级结构发生重大变化,形成了两大对立的阶级──工业资产阶级和工业无产阶级。
同时,英国统治阶级内部也发生变化,形成了代表土地贵族、金融贵族和大商人利益的保守势力与代表工业资产阶级利益的改革势力。
前者以土地贵族为核心,在原托利党的基础上组成保守党;后者以热心于自由贸易的工厂主为核心,在原辉格党的基础上组成自由党。
1832年选举改革以后,扩大了普选权。
为争夺选民,获取议会多数,两党竞相发展自己的议会外组织,建立选区协会,作为竞选机构。
随着议会和两党制的确立及发展,两党在19世纪中叶都成为有严密的中央和地方组织的全国性政党,19世纪末、20世纪初,自由资本主义被垄断资本主义代替后,保守党逐步由土地贵族的党变为垄断资产阶级的党。
英美党派总结概述英美两国的政治体系都由多个党派组成,这些党派在政治竞选中扮演着重要的角色。
本文将对英美党派进行总结,包括其历史背景、主要政策和在政治体系中的地位。
英国政党保守党(Conservative Party)保守党是英国最大的右翼党派,成立于1834年。
保守党一直以来都主张维护传统的价值观和保障私有财产权。
在经济政策上,保守党倾向于市场自由、减税和鼓励企业发展。
保守党在英国政坛有着广泛的支持,其成员曾多次担任英国首相。
工党(Labour Party)工党成立于1900年,是英国最大的左翼党派。
工党代表工人阶级和工会利益,主张提高福利保障、公平贸易和增加对教育和医疗服务的投资。
工党也倾向于扩大国家在经济中的角色,以减轻社会不平等。
工党曾一度成为英国政府的执政党,并实施了一系列社会改革措施。
自由民主党(Liberal Democrats)自由民主党成立于1988年,是英国的中间派政党。
自由民主党主张个人自由和公民自由的价值观,强调保护人权和民主制度。
在经济政策方面,自由民主党倡导增加公共支出,投资于教育和环境保护。
自由民主党在英国政治中扮演着平衡派的角色,往往在两大党派之间发挥关键作用。
美国政党民主党(Democratic Party)民主党成立于1828年,是美国最古老的政党,也是现任美国总统乔·拜登所属的政党。
民主党主张政府在经济和社会事务中发挥积极的作用,倡导社会公正、环境保护和多元文化。
民主党在一些问题上持自由派观点,如支持婚姻平权和扩大医疗保健。
共和党(Republican Party)共和党成立于1854年,是美国另一大主要政党。
共和党主张小政府、经济自由和强硬外交政策。
在经济政策上,共和党倾向于减税、减少政府管制和促进企业发展。
共和党在一些问题上持保守观点,如反对堕胎和支持二次修正案。
独立党(Independent Party)独立党是美国政治体系中的第三大党派,成立于1971年。
British political partiesThe United Kingdom is governed within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty's Government, on behalf of and by the consent of the Monarch, as well as by the devolved governments of Scotland and Wales, and the Executive of Northern Ireland. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as in the Scottish parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies.The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The highest national court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.The UK political system is a multi-party system. Since the 1920s, the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament.[1]萨奇尔夫人Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. Dubbed the "Iron Lady" for her tough rhetoric in opposition to the Soviet Union, she was the first female British prime minister and the longest-serving of the 20th century, well known for her strict conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.Originally a chemist, then a barrister, Thatcher became Member of Parliament (MP)for Finchley in the 1959 general election. During her time in Parliament, she heavily criticised the tax policies of the Labour Government. Edward Heath appointed Thatcher Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975 Thatcher became Leader of the Conservative Party(and Leader of the Opposition), the first woman to head a major political party in the United Kingdom. After leading her party to victory in the 1979 general election she became the UK's Prime Minister.After entering 10 Downing Street, Thatcher was determined to reverse what she perceived as a precipitous national decline.[nb 1] Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation, particularly of the financial sector, flexible labour markets, the sale or closure of state-owned companies, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. In her first few years in office, Thatcher's popularity waned amid recession and high unemployment, until economic recovery and the 1982 Falklands War brought a resurgence of support resulting in her re-election in 1983.Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her Community Charge was widely unpopular and her views on the European Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990 after Michael Heseltine's challenge to her leadership of the Conservative Party. Thatcher holds a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, which entitles her to sit in the House of Lords.Member of Parliament (1959–1970)Thatcher began looking for a safe Conservative seat in the mid-1950s. She was narrowly rejected as the candidate for Orpington in 1955,[28] but was selected for Finchley in April 1958. She won the seat after a hard campaign in the 1959 election and was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP).[29] Her maiden speech was in support of her private member's bill (Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960), requiring local authorities to hold their council meetings in public. In 1961 she went against the Conservative Party's official position by voting for the restoration of birching.[30]In October 1961, Thatcher was promoted to the front bench as Parliamentary Undersecretary at the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance in Harold Macmillan's administration.[31]After the loss of the 1964 election she became Conservative spokeswoman on Housing and Land, in which position she advocated her party's policy of allowing tenants to buy their council houses.[32]She moved to the Shadow Treasury team in 1966, and as Treasury spokeswoman opposed Labour's mandatory price and income controls, arguing that they would produce effects contrary to those intended and distort the economy.[32]At the Conservative Party Conference of 1966 she criticised the high-tax policies of the Labour Government as being steps "not only towards Socialism, but towards Communism".[32] She argued that lower taxes served as an incentive to hard work.[32]Thatcher was one of the few Conservative MPs to support Leo Abse's Bill to decriminalise male homosexuality[33]andvoted in favour of David Steel's Bill to legalise abortion,[1][34] as well as a ban on hare coursing.[35][36] She supported the retention of capital punishment[37] and voted against the relaxation of divorce laws.[38][39]In 1967, she was selected by the United States Embassy in London to take part in the International Visitor Leadership Program (then called the Foreign Leader Program), a professional exchange programme that gave her the opportunity to spend about six weeks visiting various US cities, political figures, and institutions such as the International Monetary Fund.[40]Thatcher joined the Shadow Cabinet later that year as Shadow Fuel spokesman. Shortly before the 1970 general election, she was promoted to Shadow Transport, and then to Education.[Prime Minister (1979–1990)Main article: Premiership of Margaret ThatcherThatcher's Ministry meets with Reagan's Cabinet at the White House, 1981Thatcher became Prime Minister on 4 May 1979. Arriving at 10 Downing Street, she said, in a paraphrase of the "Prayer of Saint Francis":Where there is discord, may we bring harmony. Where there is error, may we bring truth. Where there is doubt, may we bring faith. And where there is despair, may we bring hope.Tony Blair Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953)[1] is a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. He resigned from all of these positions in June 2007.Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party in the leadership election of July 1994, following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith. Under his leadership, the party adopted the term "New Labour"[2]and moved away from its traditional left wing position towards the centre ground.[3][4] Blair subsequently led Labour to a landslide victory in the 1997 general election. At 43 years old, he became the youngest Prime Minister sinceLord Liverpool in 1812. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blair's government implemented a number of 1997 manifesto pledges, introducing the minimum wage, Human Rights Act and Freedom of Information Act, and carrying out devolution, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly.Blair's role as Prime Minister was particularly visible in foreign and security policy, including in Northern Ireland, where he was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. From the start of the War on Terror in 2001, Blair strongly supported the foreign policy of US President George W. Bush, notably by participating in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq. Blair is the Labour Party's longest-serving Prime Minister, the only person to have led the Labour Party to three consecutive general election victories, and the only Labour Prime Minister to serve consecutive terms more than one of which was at least four years long.He was succeeded as Leader of the Labour Party on 24 June 2007 and as Prime Minister on 27 June 2007 by Gordon Brown.[5]On the day he resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East. In May 2008, Blair launched his Tony Blair Faith Foundation.[6]This was followed in July 2009 by the launching of the Faith and Globalisation Initiative with Yale University in the US, Durham University in the UK and the National University of Singapore in Asia to deliver a postgraduate programme in partnership with the Foundation.[7][8]Leader of the Labour PartyBlair announced at the end of his speech at the 1994 Labour Party conference that he intended to replace Clause IV of the party's constitution with a new statement of aims and values. This involved the deletion of the party's stated commitment to "the common ownership of the means of production and exchange", which was widely interpreted as referring to wholesale nationalisation.[51] At a special conference in April 1995, the clause was replaced by a statement that the party is 'democratic socialist'.[51]He inherited the Labour leadership at a time when the party was ascendant over the Tories in the opinion polls since the Tory government's reputation for monetary excellence was left in tatters by the Black Wednesday economic disaster of September 1992. Blair's election as leader saw Labour support surge higher still[52] in spite of the continuing economic recovery and fall in unemployment that the Conservative government (led by John Major) had overseen since the end of the 1990–92 recession.[53]At the 1996 Labour Party conference, Blair stated that his three top priorities on coming to office were "education, education, and education".[54]Aided by the unpopularity of John Major's Conservative government (itself deeply divided over the European Union), "New Labour" won a landslide victory in the 1997 general election, ending 18 years of Conservative Party government, with the heaviest Conservative defeat since 1832.[55]During Smith's leadership of the Labour Party, there were discussions with Paddy Ashdown, the leader of the Liberal Democrats, about forming a coalition government if the next general election resulted in a hung parliament. After Blair became leader, these talks continued – despite virtually every opinion poll since late 1992 having shown Labour with enough support to form a majority. However, the scale of the Labour victory meant that there was ultimately never any need for a coalition.[Prime MinisterMain article: Premiership of Tony BlairBlair became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 2 May 1997, serving concurrently as First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and Leader of the Labour Party. The 43-year old Blair became the youngest person to become Prime Minister since Lord Liverpool in 1812, at the age of 42.[57]With victories in 1997, 2001, and 2005, Blair was the Labour Party's longest-serving prime minister, the only person to lead the party to three consecutive general election victories.两党制弊端英国的两党制并不是铁板一块、完美无缺的,它也存在着很多弊端。
英国政治制度介绍(一)两党制的形成与发展大致经历了三个阶段:1、17世纪70年代到19世纪初为萌芽时期。
17世纪70年代出现了分别代表不同阶级利益的政治组织—宫廷党和乡村党,后演变为托利党和辉格党,初步具备政党特征。
1688年,由于面临国王专制的共同威胁,两派联合发动了光荣革命,建立了君主立宪制。
这次革命的成功使两派由对立转入并存,并逐步形成了两派轮流执政的宪法性习惯。
2、19世纪30年代到20世纪初为形成时期。
19世纪托利党和辉格党演变为保守党和自由党,阶级利益和宗教立场日趋一致,前者代表主张保护关税、以地产为中心的地主阶层的利益,后者代表主张自由贸易的工业资产阶级的利益。
始于19世纪30年代的选举改革,有力的促进了两党基层组织的建立和发展,两党逐渐发展成为全国性的政党,并形成了保守党和自由党轮流执政的局面。
3、20世纪初至今为新的两党制的确立与发展时期。
19世纪末,自由党衰落,工党兴起。
1922年成为第二大党。
1924年,保守党和工党开始轮流执政,英国确立了新的两党制。
(二)英国两党制的表现形式反对党制度,依据宪法惯例,在下院占有多数席位的政党为执政党,党的领袖为政府首相并负责组织政府。
在下院席位次之者则为反对党。
内阁成员全部是同属于一个政党的议员,而内阁的更换必须通过下院大选进行,如果反对党获得多数席位,则由反对党重新组阁执政。
反对党在野时组织自己的影子内阁两党的选民基础传统上有差异,保守党的选民基础主要是垄断财团、企业老板、公司经理、农场主等中上等阶层。
工党则与工会关系密切,工会为工党提供绝大部分活动经费,并对工党领袖、党的最高权力机构及其政策具有重大影响。
由于受单一制、议会君主立宪政体以及不严格的分权结构的影响,两党的组织比较严密,权力比较集中,有较严格的党纪约束。
(三)内阁与责任内阁制1、责任内阁制的确立由中世纪枢密院的外交委员会演变而来(11—17世纪)。
经历了御前会议—枢密院—外交委员会—内阁的发展过程,但长期为御用工具。
英国是多党制,最大的两个党是保守党(the conservative party)和工党(the labor party),两党由下议院产生,议会立法必须经过两党同意。
1.背景:议会是英国的最高立法机关。
英国的国会为两院制,由上议院和下议院组成。
上议院又称贵族院,主要由王室后裔、世袭贵族、新封贵族、上诉法院法官和教会的重要人物组成。
上议院议员不由选举产生,部分是世袭贵族。
上议院是英国最高司法机关,议长由大法官兼任。
和下议院相比,上议院的权力相对有限,保留着历史上遗留下来的司法权,有权审查下议院通过的法案,并通过必要的修正案,还可以要求推迟它不赞成的立法,最长可达一年。
下议院又称平民院或众议院,其议员由直接选举产生,任期5年。
下院的主要职权是立法、监督财政和政府。
通常情况下,英国下议院总有一个拥有绝对多数的政党,该党领袖被国王任命为首相(现为保守党领袖卡梅伦)。
下议院第二大党的领袖则成为反对党领袖。
2.英国议会立法程序英国议会的立法程序可分为三个阶段:1提案;2讨论决议;3送请国家元首批准公布。
(1)第一阶段是议案提出。
全国议案分为公议案和私议案两种。
公议案是指涉及全国性并与政府有关的议案。
它绝大多数由内阁提出,议员个人也可以提,但他们提的议案必须经议会特别委员会挑选后才能列入议程。
私议案是指涉及到地方法人、地方当局、某些集体或个人利益的议案,它由地方法团的代理人向下院私议案办公室提出。
私议案并不都在下院讨论,大约有一半在上院讨论。
(2)第二阶段是讨论决定。
英国议会对立法案的讨论决定的程序是要经过三读,一读是宣读议案名称,说明目的,确定二读的日期,将议案分发给议员;二读淡化对议案逐条朗读,进行原则的讨论、表决,如通过便交给专门委员会审查,审查不能通过,法案就认为已被否决。
委员会对议案作逐条详细讨论,进行修改后向院会作报告;第三读对议案进行表决,这时只讨论整个法案可否成立,不许逐条讨论,除文句外,不得修改内容。