副词

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副词

I.副词的分类(Kinds of Adverbs)

副词可以根据它们的意思分为下面几类:

a. 时间副词 b. 地点副词 c. 方式副词 d. 程度副词

e. 疑问副词 f. 连接副词 g. 关系副词 h. 其他性质的副词

1. 时间副词包括:

1)表示某时间的副词:

now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow, tonight, lately, ago, before, just now, so

far等。

2)表示频度的副词(可称为频度副词):

always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, never, generally,

frequently, constantly, continually, rarely等。

3)其他时间副词:

already, yet, late, early, soon, long, since, at once, (at ) first, (at ) last, finally,

presently, shortly, immediately, right away等。

2. 地点副词可分为:

1)表示地点的副词:

here, there, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere,

somewhere, abroad, elsewhere等。

2)表示位置关系的副词(这些多和介词同形):

above, over, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, along, round, around, away,

near, off, on, inside, outside, past等。

3. 方式副词

一般都是用来描绘动作的,其中绝大部分由形容词加词尾-ly构成,如:

anxiously, badly, bravely, fluently, gratefully, intentionally, calmly, carefully,

carelessly, nervously, patiently, politely, proudly, properly, rapidly, sadly, suddenly,

successfully, angrily, mildly, merrily, happily, slowly, softly, willingly, warmly等。

有些是由分词加-ly构成:admiringly, threateningly hurriedly, unexpectedly,也有一些不带-ly词尾,如well, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight。

4. 程度副词:

常见的有much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, fairly,

extremely, considerably, entirely, greatly, completely, awfully, terribly, definitely,

perfectly, amazingly, deeply, immensely, nearly, almost, hardly, scarcely, partly, half,

slightly, no at all等。

这类副词多数都用来修饰形容词(a)或副词(b):

a. Her pronunciation is very (quite, rather, pretty, fairly) good.

He has been extremely (awfully, terribly) busy these days.

b. She signs quite (pretty, extremely, not at all) well.

He works terribly (awfully, quite, very) hard.

有些可修饰动词:

Thank you very much. I can hardly agree with you.

5. 疑问副词:

常见的有how, where, when, why等,都用来引起特殊问句:

How are you doing at school? 你在学校情况怎样?

Where shall we stay for the night? 今晚我们在哪儿过夜?

When shall we meet again? 我们什么时候再见面?

Why are you so worried? 你为什么这样发愁?

how还可与许多其他词一起用,如:

How long have you been there? 你在那里待了多久?

How soon is she coming back? 她多久能回来?

How often do you meet? 你们多久见一次面?

6. 连接副词:

疑问副词可用来引起从句,这时称为连接副词。在句中可引起:

1)主语从句:

When she’ll be back depends on the weather. 她什么时候回来得看天气?

It was a mystery how she got well so soon. 她如何痊愈得这样快是一个谜。

2)宾语从句:

They didn’t say where they were to stay. 他们没说要在哪里住。

Nobody can tell why he refused to come. 没人知道他为什么拒绝来。

3)表语从句:

That was how they overcame the difficulty. 他们就是这样克服困难的。

That’s why I don’t agree with you. 因此我不能同意你的意见。

7. 关系副词

关系副词主要有where, when, why三个字,它们都可引起定语从句:

e.g.

This is the village where I was born. 这就是我出生的村子。

A library is a place where we can borrow books.

图书馆是我们可以借书的地方。

We took the picture last year, when we were on holiday there.

这张照片是我们去年在那里休假时照的。

This happened in 1990, when I was not ten.

这事发生在1990年,那时我还不到十岁。

Is that the reason why you didn’t take the exam? 这就是你不参加考试的理由吗?

8. 其他性质的副词

另外还有下面三类副词:

1)句子副词(对整个句子进行说明或解释):

Frankly, are you interested in going? 你说实话,有兴趣去吗?

Seriously, I wish to work there. 说正经的,我愿意到那里工作。

此外还有personally(就我个人来说),obviously(显然),roughly(粗略地说),generally(一般说来),undoubtedly(毫无疑问),luckily(幸好)等。

这类副词与句子主要部分相对来说关系不十分紧密,因此常和其他部分用逗号分开,其作用介乎状语与独立万分之间。

2)有连接上下文作用的副词,如:

Besides, we have other things to consider. 此外我们还有别的问题要琢磨。

This, however, is not your fault. 但这不怪你。

其他如:likewise(同样地),therefore(因此),lastly(最后),nevertheless(尽管如此)等。这些副词可以帮助使这个句子和前面句子联系更紧密,也常用逗号和句子的其他部分分开。

3)表示方面的副词:

Theoretically this is a good plan. 从理论上讲这是一个好计划。

Culturally the two countries are closely linked together.

在文化上这两个国家联系很紧密。

这类副词还比较多,如historically(从历史上),economically(在经济上),politically(在政治上),industrially(在工业上),psychologically(在心理上),geographically(在地理上),physically(在身体方面),mentally(在脑力上),morally(在道德上),intellectually(在智力上),socially(在社会上),ideologically(在思想意识上)等。

II. 副词在句中的作用

副词的主要作用是状语,可用来修饰:

1.动词:

Don’t drive too fast. 开车不要太快。

They were warmly received. 他们受到热情的接待。

2.形容词:

You don’t know how grateful we are to you. 你不知道我们多么感激你。

Her eyes were wide open. 她的眼睛睁得大大的。

3.副词:

How gracefully they are dancing! 他们跳得多美呀!