Nonuniform image reconstruction using multilevel surface interpolation
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NONUNIFORMIMAGERECONSTRUCTION
USINGMULTILEVELSURFACEINTERPOLATION
GeorgeWolberg
DepartmentofComputerScience
CityCollegeofNewYork
NewYork,NY10031
wolberg@cs-mail.engr.ccny.cuny.edu
ABSTRACT
Thispaperdescribesafastalgorithmfornonuniform
imagereconstruction.Amultiresolutionapproachisfor-
mulatedtocomputea2-continuoussurfacethroughaset
ofirregularlyspacedsamples.Thealgorithmmakesuseof
acoarse-to-finehierarchyofcontrollatticestogeneratea
sequenceofsurfaceswhosesumapproachesthedesiredin-
terpolatingsurface.Experimentalresultsdemonstratethat
highfidelityreconstructionispossiblefromaselectedset
ofsparseandirregularsamples.
1.INTRODUCTION
Nonuniformimagereconstructionreferstotheprob-
lemoffittingasmoothfunctionthroughanonuniform,or
scattered,distributionofimagesamples.Thissubjectis
closelyrelatedtothegeneralproblemofscattereddatain-
terpolation,whichisasubjectisofpracticalimportance
inmanyscienceandengineeringfields,wheredataisof-
tenmeasuredorgeneratedatsparseandirregularpositions.
Thegoalofinterpolationistoreconstructanunderlying
function(e.g.,surface)thatmaybeevaluatedatanyde-
siredsetofpositions.Thisservestosmoothlypropagate
theinformationassociatedwiththescattereddataontoall
positionsinthedomain.
Despiteaflurryofactivityinthisarea,nonuniform
imagereconstructionremainsadifficultandcomputation-
allyexpensiveproblem.Thevastliteraturedevotedtothis
subjectdocumentsvariousapproaches,manyofwhichsuf-
ferfromlimitationsinsmoothness,timecomplexity,or
allowabledatadistributions[2].Atrendinrecentalgo-
rithmshasbeentheuseofhierarchical,ormultiresolution,
filteringtoextendontoallpositionstheinformationknown
onlyatthesparseandirregularsamples.Burtproposed
hierarchicalpolynomialfitfilteringtoyieldamultiresolu-
tionsetoflow-passfilteredimagesthatcanbecombined
toformasmoothsurfacepassingthroughtheoriginaldata[1].Mitchellproposedmultistagefilteringtohandlehighly
variablesampledensity[6].Inthatwork,weighted-average
filtersarerepeatedlyappliedwithever-narrowinglow-pass
cutoffuntiltheproperbandwidthforthedisplayisreached.
Thispaperintroducesafastalgorithmforconstruct-
inga2-continuousinterpolationfunctionfromarbitrary
scattereddata.Thealgorithmappliesaneffectiveapprox-
imationtechniquetoahierarchyofcontrollatticestogen-
erateasequenceoffunctionswhosesumapproachesthe
desiredinterpolationfunction.Theworkisbasedonthe
multilevelapproximationtechniquepresentedin[4]for
imagemorphing,wheremultilevelB-splineswereusedto
propagateuser-specifiedvaluesatscatteredfeaturesacross
theimage.Fulldetailsofthescattereddatainterpolation
algorithmpresentedinthispaper,includingpseudocode,
maybefoundin[5].
2.SURFACEAPPROXIMATION
LetΩ00bea
rectangulardomaininthe-plane,wherearereal-
valuedcoordinatesandareintegers.Consideraset
ofscatteredimagesamples,whereis
theimageintensityofasamplelyingatpositionin
domainΩ.Weformulatethereconstructedimagetobea
uniformbicubicB-splinesurfacepassingthrough.The
B-splinesurfaceisdefinedbyacontrollatticeΦoverlaid
ondomainΩ.Withoutlossofgenerality,weassumethat
Φisan33latticewhichspanstheinteger
gridinΩ.
Letbethevalueofthe-thcontrolpointon
latticeΦ,locatedatfor101and101.Thereconstructedfunction(surface)
isdefinedintermsofthesecontrolpointsby
3
03
01where1,1,,and.andareuniformcubicB-splinebasis
functions.Theyservetoweighthecontributionofeach
controlpointtobasedonitsdistanceto.
Withthisformulation,theproblemofderivingfunction
isreducedtosolvingforthecontrolpointsinΦthatbest
approximatethescattereddatain.
TodeterminetheunknowncontrollatticeΦ,wefirst
consideronedatapointin.FromEq.(1),
weknowthatfunctionvaluerelatestothesixteen
controlpointsintheneighborhoodof.Without
lossofgenerality,wemayassumethatarechosen
suchthat0inEq.(1).Then,controlpoints,
for0123,mustsatisfy
3
03
02
whereand1,1.
Therearemanyvaluesforthe’sthatsatisfyEq.(2).
Wechooseoneintheleast-squaredsensethatminimizes30302.Thesolutioniscalculatedas[3]:
24
WeshallrefertothisB-splineapproximationprocessasthe
BAalgorithm.
ThedensityofcontrollatticeΦoverlaidondomain
Ωdirectlyaffectstheshapeofapproximationfunction.
AsΦbecomescoarser,moredatapointslieintheneighbor-
hoodofacontrolpoint,therebyinfluencingitsvalue.This
causesmanydatapointstobeblendedtogethertoyielda
smoothershapeforattheexpenseofapproximationaccu-
racy.However,asΦbecomesfiner,theinfluenceofadatapointislimitedtosmallerneighborhoods.Thisenables
tobemorecloselyapproximated,althoughwilltendto
containlocalpeaksnearthedatapoints.
3.MULTILEVELSURFACEINTERPOLATION
Atradeoffexistsbetweentheshapesmoothnessand
accuracyoftheapproximationfunctiongeneratedbythe
BAalgorithm.Inthissection,wepresentamultiresolu-
tionalgorithmtocircumventthistradeoff.Thealgorithm
makesuseofahierarchyofcontrollatticestogeneratease-
quenceoffunctionswhosesumapproachesthedesired
approximationfunction.Inthesequence,afunctionfrom