Nonuniform image reconstruction using multilevel surface interpolation

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NONUNIFORMIMAGERECONSTRUCTION

USINGMULTILEVELSURFACEINTERPOLATION

GeorgeWolberg

DepartmentofComputerScience

CityCollegeofNewYork

NewYork,NY10031

wolberg@cs-mail.engr.ccny.cuny.edu

ABSTRACT

Thispaperdescribesafastalgorithmfornonuniform

imagereconstruction.Amultiresolutionapproachisfor-

mulatedtocomputea2-continuoussurfacethroughaset

ofirregularlyspacedsamples.Thealgorithmmakesuseof

acoarse-to-finehierarchyofcontrollatticestogeneratea

sequenceofsurfaceswhosesumapproachesthedesiredin-

terpolatingsurface.Experimentalresultsdemonstratethat

highfidelityreconstructionispossiblefromaselectedset

ofsparseandirregularsamples.

1.INTRODUCTION

Nonuniformimagereconstructionreferstotheprob-

lemoffittingasmoothfunctionthroughanonuniform,or

scattered,distributionofimagesamples.Thissubjectis

closelyrelatedtothegeneralproblemofscattereddatain-

terpolation,whichisasubjectisofpracticalimportance

inmanyscienceandengineeringfields,wheredataisof-

tenmeasuredorgeneratedatsparseandirregularpositions.

Thegoalofinterpolationistoreconstructanunderlying

function(e.g.,surface)thatmaybeevaluatedatanyde-

siredsetofpositions.Thisservestosmoothlypropagate

theinformationassociatedwiththescattereddataontoall

positionsinthedomain.

Despiteaflurryofactivityinthisarea,nonuniform

imagereconstructionremainsadifficultandcomputation-

allyexpensiveproblem.Thevastliteraturedevotedtothis

subjectdocumentsvariousapproaches,manyofwhichsuf-

ferfromlimitationsinsmoothness,timecomplexity,or

allowabledatadistributions[2].Atrendinrecentalgo-

rithmshasbeentheuseofhierarchical,ormultiresolution,

filteringtoextendontoallpositionstheinformationknown

onlyatthesparseandirregularsamples.Burtproposed

hierarchicalpolynomialfitfilteringtoyieldamultiresolu-

tionsetoflow-passfilteredimagesthatcanbecombined

toformasmoothsurfacepassingthroughtheoriginaldata[1].Mitchellproposedmultistagefilteringtohandlehighly

variablesampledensity[6].Inthatwork,weighted-average

filtersarerepeatedlyappliedwithever-narrowinglow-pass

cutoffuntiltheproperbandwidthforthedisplayisreached.

Thispaperintroducesafastalgorithmforconstruct-

inga2-continuousinterpolationfunctionfromarbitrary

scattereddata.Thealgorithmappliesaneffectiveapprox-

imationtechniquetoahierarchyofcontrollatticestogen-

erateasequenceoffunctionswhosesumapproachesthe

desiredinterpolationfunction.Theworkisbasedonthe

multilevelapproximationtechniquepresentedin[4]for

imagemorphing,wheremultilevelB-splineswereusedto

propagateuser-specifiedvaluesatscatteredfeaturesacross

theimage.Fulldetailsofthescattereddatainterpolation

algorithmpresentedinthispaper,includingpseudocode,

maybefoundin[5].

2.SURFACEAPPROXIMATION

LetΩ00bea

rectangulardomaininthe-plane,wherearereal-

valuedcoordinatesandareintegers.Consideraset

ofscatteredimagesamples,whereis

theimageintensityofasamplelyingatpositionin

domainΩ.Weformulatethereconstructedimagetobea

uniformbicubicB-splinesurfacepassingthrough.The

B-splinesurfaceisdefinedbyacontrollatticeΦoverlaid

ondomainΩ.Withoutlossofgenerality,weassumethat

Φisan33latticewhichspanstheinteger

gridinΩ.

Letbethevalueofthe-thcontrolpointon

latticeΦ,locatedatfor101and101.Thereconstructedfunction(surface)

isdefinedintermsofthesecontrolpointsby

3

03

01where1,1,,and.andareuniformcubicB-splinebasis

functions.Theyservetoweighthecontributionofeach

controlpointtobasedonitsdistanceto.

Withthisformulation,theproblemofderivingfunction

isreducedtosolvingforthecontrolpointsinΦthatbest

approximatethescattereddatain.

TodeterminetheunknowncontrollatticeΦ,wefirst

consideronedatapointin.FromEq.(1),

weknowthatfunctionvaluerelatestothesixteen

controlpointsintheneighborhoodof.Without

lossofgenerality,wemayassumethatarechosen

suchthat0inEq.(1).Then,controlpoints,

for0123,mustsatisfy

3

03

02

whereand1,1.

Therearemanyvaluesforthe’sthatsatisfyEq.(2).

Wechooseoneintheleast-squaredsensethatminimizes30302.Thesolutioniscalculatedas[3]:

24

WeshallrefertothisB-splineapproximationprocessasthe

BAalgorithm.

ThedensityofcontrollatticeΦoverlaidondomain

Ωdirectlyaffectstheshapeofapproximationfunction.

AsΦbecomescoarser,moredatapointslieintheneighbor-

hoodofacontrolpoint,therebyinfluencingitsvalue.This

causesmanydatapointstobeblendedtogethertoyielda

smoothershapeforattheexpenseofapproximationaccu-

racy.However,asΦbecomesfiner,theinfluenceofadatapointislimitedtosmallerneighborhoods.Thisenables

tobemorecloselyapproximated,althoughwilltendto

containlocalpeaksnearthedatapoints.

3.MULTILEVELSURFACEINTERPOLATION

Atradeoffexistsbetweentheshapesmoothnessand

accuracyoftheapproximationfunctiongeneratedbythe

BAalgorithm.Inthissection,wepresentamultiresolu-

tionalgorithmtocircumventthistradeoff.Thealgorithm

makesuseofahierarchyofcontrollatticestogeneratease-

quenceoffunctionswhosesumapproachesthedesired

approximationfunction.Inthesequence,afunctionfrom