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简述我国英语专业发展简史我国英语专业的发展历程可以追溯到清朝末期，随着西方列强的入侵和文化的渗透，英语逐渐成为我国教育体系中的重要学科。
下面我将简述我国英语专业发展简史。
一、萌芽期在清朝末期，我国开始接触英语，一些开明人士认识到英语的重要性，开始倡导英语教育。
1862年，京师同文馆成立，这是中国历史上第一所正式的英语教学组织，也是中国近代教育的先声。
同文馆的成立标志着我国英语教育的开始，但当时学习英语的人数很少，主要是外交官、翻译等精英人士。
二、发展期在新文化运动时期，我国开始大规模推广英语教育。
1918年，北京大学成立了英文系，这是我国第一个英语专业系。
随着新文化运动的推动，英语教育逐渐普及，学习英语的人数不断增加。
在20世纪20年代至40年代，我国的英语教育得到了较大的发展，一些大学开始设立英语专业，培养英语人才。
三、动荡期在抗日战争和解放战争期间，我国的英语教育经历了较大的动荡。
由于战争的影响，许多英语教育机构被迫关闭或迁移，教师和学生也流离失所。
这个时期我国的英语教育发展受到了很大的影响。
四、繁荣期新中国成立后，我国的英语教育逐渐复苏。
1954年，教育部决定在北京大学设立英语专业，这标志着我国英语教育的新起点。
随后，各省市也相继建立了英语专业，培养了大批英语人才。
这个时期我国的英语教育得到了较大的发展，学习英语的人数逐年增加。
五、改革期改革开放后，我国的英语教育开始了新的改革。
1979年，教育部发布了《关于高等学校开设英语专业的意见》，提出要在全国范围内开设英语专业，并将英语列为高考必考科目。
这一政策的出台推动了我国英语教育的快速发展。
六、多元化期进入21世纪后，我国的英语教育呈现多元化趋势。
随着社会的发展和经济的全球化，英语已经成为各行各业必备的技能之一。
学习英语的人数逐年增加，而且学习者的目的也变得多元化。
从为了应对考试到为了提高自身素质，从为了学习知识到为了交流沟通，学习者的需求不断变化。
英语发展简史在罗马人入侵英格兰之前﹐来自欧洲地域的凯尔特人(Celts﹕属于明天苏格兰﹐爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先)曾经在英伦列岛寓居多年。
罗马人自公元前55年代末尾﹐发起对英格兰的入侵﹐但直到公元43年才完全降服英格兰﹐自罗马人入侵到公元410年撤出英格兰﹐罗马人曾经在英格兰盘居长达四百年之久。
在罗马人分开后﹐来自欧洲西日耳曼部落‘Angelen’ 地域的盎格鲁人(Angles) ﹑其它部落的撒克逊人(Saxon) ﹑朱特人(Jutes) 和弗里斯兰人(Frisian)末尾跨海西迁进入英格兰地域(英语中的‘English’就是出自古词‘englisc ’﹐‘englise’中的‘ Engle’表示‘ the Angles ’﹐即是‘盎格鲁人’的意思)﹐并与外地的凯尔特人(Celts) 为争寻土地发作了临时的战争﹐阅历几代后也续渐在英格兰各处定居上去。
凯尔特人(Celts)的国王 Arthur在Celts与日耳曼人之间持久的战争中﹐虽然曾一度与日耳曼休战﹐但最终凯尔特人还是不敌日耳曼人而被驱逐到明天的爱尔兰﹑威尔士和马恩(Man)岛地域﹐日耳曼人称威尔士地域的Celts为‘wealas’意即本国人﹐‘ Welsh ’和‘Wales’亦因此而得名。
英语作为最前期日耳曼人运用的言语﹐自从在英伦半岛生根生长到明天﹐整个言语的演进基本上可以划分为以下4个时期﹕1. Pre-old English. 前古英语时期(从日耳曼人入侵末尾至公元500年罗马人撤出英格兰)2. Old English. 古英语时期(公元500-1100)3. Middle English. 中古英语时期(公元1100-1500)4. Modern English. 现代英语时期(公元1500-如今)古英语时期在前古英语时期﹐表记文字只要凯尔特人和日耳曼人受罗马字母影响而发生的RUNES字母。
但是从597年后末尾﹐St. Augustine 掌管了Kent国王Ethelberht 的受洗仪式﹐令他皈依了基督教。
English, as we know it today, has a long and fascinating history. From its humble beginnings as a Germanic dialect in the fifth century, to the global phenomenon it is today, English has undergone a remarkable transformation. In this article, we will take a brief look at the history of English and its evolution over time.Old English (450-1100 AD)As mentioned earlier, English was first spoken as a Germanic dialect by the Anglo-Saxons in England in the fifth century. This early form of English, known as Old English, is vastly different from the modern language we use today. Itwas a highly inflected language, in which the meaning of a word was conveyed by changing its form, rather than by using word order. Old English was also very different in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.Middle English (1100-1500)Middle English is the period of English between the endof Old English and the beginning of Modern English. Thisperiod saw significant changes in the English language, particularly with regard to spelling, grammar, and vocabulary.The most significant event of this period was the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, which introduced many French words into English vocabulary.During the Middle English period, the language gradually became more standardized. The first English dictionary, the Promptorium Parvulorum, was published in the 15th century, and the first English printing press was established in 1476.Early Modern English (1500-1700)The Early Modern English period was characterized by the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Age of Exploration. This period saw a massive influx of words from Latin and Greek, which changed the English language significantly. The printing press allowed for the widespread dissemination of knowledge and ideas, and English literature flourished, with the works of Shakespeare, Milton, and others.Late Modern English (1700-Present)Late Modern English is the period of English from the18th century to the present day. This period saw many significant changes in the English language, particularlywith regard to vocabulary and usage. The rise of the British Empire and American power led to English becoming the lingua franca of the world, and English became the global language of business, science, and technology.ConclusionIn conclusion, the history of English is a fascinating story of its evolution over time. From its humble beginnings as a Germanic dialect to becoming the global language of today, English has undergone significant changes over the years. While the language has become more standardized and formalized over time, it remains a dynamic and evolving language, constantly changing with the times.。
英语的简史The History of EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that originates from England and is now the most widely used language in the world. It is the primary language of many countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and a number of Caribbean nations. It is also an official language of India, the Philippines, Singapore, and many other countries.English has evolved over the centuries from the tongue of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people who first settled in Britain in the 5th century AD. It heavily borrowed from Latin and French, which is why the English language has such a rich vocabulary.In 1066, the Norman Conquest brought the French language to England. This period saw the rise of Middle English, which is a combination of Old English and French that was used from 1100 to the 15th century. During this time, English began to be used by ordinary people, rather than by just the educated classes.By the 16th century, English had largely taken over as thelanguage of Britain once again, but it had also changed quite a bit. It was during this time that the modern English language began to take form.The 19th and 20th centuries saw a vast expansion in the use of English, as more and more countries began to adopt it as an official, or co-official, language. This has led to a vast variety of dialects and accent, as well as the development of new words and phrases.English is now one of the most widely used languages in the world, and it continues to evolve and change as it is used in different places around the globe.。
英语发展简史在罗马人入侵英格兰之前﹐来自欧洲地区的凯尔特人(Celts﹕属于今天苏格兰﹐爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先)已经在英伦列岛居住多年。
罗马人自公元前55年代开始﹐发动对英格兰的入侵﹐但直到公元43年才完全征服英格兰﹐自罗马人入侵到公元410年撤出英格兰﹐罗马人已经在英格兰盘居长达四百年之久。
在罗马人离开后﹐来自欧洲西日耳曼部落‘Angelen’ 地区的盎格鲁人(Angles) ﹑其它部落的撒克逊人(Saxon) ﹑朱特人(Jutes) 和弗里斯兰人(Frisian)开始跨海西迁进入英格兰地区(英语中的‘English’就是出自古词‘englisc ’﹐‘englise’中的‘ Engle’表示‘ the Angles ’﹐即是‘盎格鲁人’的意思)﹐并与当地的凯尔特人(Celts) 为争寻土地发生了长期的战争﹐经历几代后也续渐在英格兰各处定居下来。
凯尔特人(Celts)的国王 Arthur在Celts与日耳曼人之间长久的战争中﹐虽然曾一度与日耳曼停战﹐但最终凯尔特人还是不敌日耳曼人而被驱赶到今天的爱尔兰﹑威尔士和马恩(Man)岛地区﹐日耳曼人称威尔士地区的Celts为‘wealas’意即外国人﹐‘ Welsh ’和‘Wales’亦因此而得名。
英语作为最初期日耳曼人使用的语言﹐自从在英伦半岛生根成长到今天﹐整个语言的演进基本上可以划分为以下4个时期﹕1. Pre-old English. 前古英语时期(从日耳曼人入侵开始至公元500年罗马人撤出英格兰)2. Old English. 古英语时期(公元500-1100)3. Middle English. 中古英语时期(公元1100-1500)4. Modern English. 现代英语时期(公元1500-现在)古英语时期在前古英语时期﹐表记文字只有凯尔特人和日耳曼人受罗马字母影响而产生的RUNES字母。
但是从597年后开始﹐St. Augustine 主持了Kent国王Ethelberht 的受洗仪式﹐令他皈依了基督教。
A Brief Look at the History of EnglishThe history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called Old English (or Anglo-Saxon), Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A. D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St. Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:Eft he axode, hu ðære ðeode nama wære þe hi of comon. Him wæs geandwyrd, þæt hi Angle genemnode wæron. Þa cwæð he, "Rihtlice hi sind Angle gehatene, for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað, and swilcum gedafenað þæt hi on heofonum engla geferan beon."A few of these words will be recognized as identical in spelling with their modern equivalents -- he, of, him, for, and, on -- and the resemblance of a few others to familiar words may be guessed -- nama to name, comon to come, wære to were, wæs to was -- but only those who have made a special study of Old English will be able to read the passage with understanding. The sense of it is as follows: "Again he [St. Gregory] asked what might be the name of the people from which they came. It was answered to him that they were named Angles. Then he said, 'Rightly are they called Angles because they have the beauty of angels, and it is fitting that such as they should be angels' companions in heaven.' " Some of the words in the original have survived in altered form, including axode (asked), hu (how), rihtlice (rightly), engla (angels), habbað (have), swilcum (such), heofonum (heaven), and beon (be). Others, however, have vanished from our lexicon, mostly without a trace, including several that were quite common words in Old English: eft "again," ðeode "people, nation," cwæð"said, spoke," gehatene "called, named," wlite "appearance, beauty," and geferan "companions." Recognition of some words is naturally hindered by the presence of two special characters, þ, called "thorn," and ð, called "edh," which served in Old English to represent the sounds now spelled with th.Other points worth noting include the fact that the pronoun system did not yet, in the late tenth century, include the third person plural forms beginning with th-: hi appears where we would use they. Several aspects of word order will also strike the reader as oddly unlike ours. Subject and verb are inverted after an adverb -- þa cwæð he "Then said he" -- a phenomenonnot unknown in Modern English but now restricted to a few adverbs such as never and requiring the presence of an auxiliary verb like do or have. In subordinate clauses the main verb must be last, and so an object or a preposition may precede it in a way no longer natural: þe hi of comon "which they from came," for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað"because they angels' beauty have."Perhaps the most distinctive difference between Old and Modern English reflected in Aelfric's sentences is the elaborate system of inflections, of which we now have only remnants. Nouns, adjectives, and even the definite article are inflected for gender, case, and number: ðære ðeode "(of) the people" is feminine, genitive, and singular, Angle "Angles" is masculine, accusative, and plural, and swilcum "such" is masculine, dative, and plural. The system of inflections for verbs was also more elaborate than ours: for example, habbað "have" ends with the -að suffix characteristic of plural present indicative verbs. In addition, there were two imperative forms, four subjunctive forms (two for the present tense and two for the preterit, or past, tense), and several others which we no longer have. Even where Modern English retains a particular category of inflection, the form has often changed. Old English present participles ended in -ende not -ing, and past participles bore a prefix ge- (as geandwyrd "answered" above).The period of Middle English extends roughly from the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the lexicon continued throughout this period, the loss of some inflections and the reduction of others (often to a final unstressed vowel spelled -e) accelerated, and many changes took place within the phonological and grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, especially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as Aelfric's prose has; but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either. The following brief passage is drawn from a work of the late fourteenth century called Mandeville's Travels. It is fiction in the guise of travel literature, and, though it purports to be from the pen of an English knight, it was originally written in French and later translated into Latin and English. In this extract Mandeville describes the land of Bactria, apparently not an altogether inviting place, as it is inhabited by "full yuele [evil] folk and full cruell."In þat lond ben trees þat beren wolle, as þogh it were of scheep; whereof men maken clothes, and all þing þat may ben made of wolle. In þat contree ben many ipotaynes, þat dwellen som tyme in the water, and somtyme on the lond: and þei ben half man and half hors, as I haue seyd before; and þei eten men, whan þei may take hem. And þere ben ryueres and watres þat ben fulle byttere, þree sithes more þan is the water of the see. In þat contrében many griffounes, more plentee þan in ony other contree. Sum men seyn þat þei han the body vpward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun: and treuly þei seyn soth þat þei ben of þat schapp. But o griffoun hath the body more gret, and is more strong, þanne eight lyouns, of suche lyouns as ben o this half; and more gret and strongere þan an hundred egles, suche as we han amonges vs. For o griffoun þere wil bere fleynge to his nest a gret hors, 3if he may fynde him at the poynt, or two oxen 3oked togidere, as þei gon at the plowgh.The spelling is often peculiar by modern standards and even inconsistent within these few sentences (contré and contree, o [griffoun] and a [gret hors], þanne and þan, for example). Moreover, in the original text, there is in addition to thorn another old character 3, called "yogh," to make difficulty. It can represent several sounds but here may be thought of as equivalent to y. Even the older spellings (including those where u stands for v or vice versa) are recognizable, however, and there are only a few words like ipotaynes "hippopotamuses" and sithes "times" that have dropped out of the language altogether. We may notice a few words and phrases that have meanings no longer common such as byttere "salty," o this half "on this side of the world," and at the poynt "to hand," and the effect of the centuries-long dominance of French on the vocabulary is evident in many familiar words which could not have occurred in Aelfric's writing even if his subject had allowed them, words like contree, ryueres, plentee, egle, and lyoun.In general word order is now very close to that of our time, though we notice constructions like hath the body more gret and three sithes more þan is the water of the see. We also notice that present tense verbs still receive a plural inflection as in beren, dwellen, han, and ben and that while nominative þei has replaced Aelfric's hi in the third person plural, the form for objects is still hem. All the same, the number of inflections for nouns, adjectives, and verbs has been greatly reduced, and in most respects Mandeville is closer to Modern than to Old English.The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in the phonology of English that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively redistributed the occurrence of the vowel phonemes to something approximating their present pattern. (Mandeville's English would have sounded even less familiar to us than it looks.) Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek on the lexicon. Later, as English came into contact with other cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.The historical aspect of English really encompasses more than the three stages of development just under consideration. English has what might be called a prehistory as well. As we have seen, our language did not simply spring into existence; it was brought from the Continent by Germanic tribes who had no form of writing and hence left no records. Philologists know that they must have spoken a dialect of a language that can be called West Germanic and that other dialects of this unknown language must have included the ancestors of such languages as German, Dutch, Low German, and Frisian. They know this because of certain systematic similarities which these languages share with each other but do not share with, say, Danish. However, they have had somehow to reconstruct what that language was like in its lexicon, phonology, grammar, and semantics as best they can through sophisticated techniques of comparison developed chiefly during the last century. Similarly, because ancientand modern languages like Old Norse and Gothic or Icelandic and Norwegian have points in common with Old English and Old High German or Dutch and English that they do not share with French or Russian, it is clear that there was an earlier unrecorded language that can be called simply Germanic and that must be reconstructed in the same way. Still earlier, Germanic was just a dialect (the ancestors of Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit were three other such dialects) of a language conventionally designated Indo-European, and thus English is just one relatively young member of an ancient family of languages whose descendants cover a fair portion of the globe.。
一种民族语言（包括词汇）的发展与民族的历史密切可关。
要了解英语语汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，乃至英国的历史密不可分。
不列颠群岛的最早居民是凯尔特人，又称不列颠人。
公元前55年，罗马人在凯萨大帝的率领下侵入不列颠群岛，凯尔特人被罗马人赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。
直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。
随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落盎格鲁人，撒克森人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居。
英语就是盎格鲁—撒克森人的语言。
语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：1、古英语时期，2、中古英语时期，3、现代英语时期。
1、古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年）日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后，名自占领一些地区。
盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克森人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。
各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英国历史上的七国时代。
直到公元830年，阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。
由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要方言有四种：西萨克森语，肯特语，莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。
这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。
西撒克森语保存下来的手搞最多。
其它方言在形成英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。
古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。
这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。
复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。
据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。
有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。
共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。
古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
英语发展简史作为英语的爱好者或憎恶者，你到底对其了解多少呢？让我们从它的出身一探其面吧标签： 英语 起源 美式英语 拉丁语A brief chronology of EnglishBC 55 Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar. Local inhabitants speakCeltishBC 43Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain.436 Roman withdrawal from Britain complete. 449 Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins 450-480 Earliest known Old English inscriptions. Old English1066William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England.c1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English. Middle English1348English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools.1362English replaces French as the language of law. English is used in Parliament for the first time.c1388 Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales . c1400 The Great Vowel Shift begins.1476 William Caxton establishes the first English printing press. Early Modern English1564 Shakespeare is born.Part of Beowulf , a poem written in Old English.An example of Middle English by Chaucer.Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare.英语发展历史英语起源与发展的简短介绍英语真正的历史应该从公元5世纪时入侵英国的三个日耳曼部落说起. 这几个部落分别是：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人，他们从今天的德国北部和丹麦出发，然后横渡北海。
英语发展简史语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期:古英语时期、中古英语时期、现代英语时期。
（1）古英语时期(又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450-1100年)日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后，各自占领一些地区。
盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克森人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。
各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英国历史上的七国时代。
直到公元830年，阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。
由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要方言有四种:西萨克森语、肯特语、莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。
这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。
西撒克森语保存下来的手稿最多。
其它方言在形成英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。
古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。
这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。
复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。
据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。
有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。
共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。
古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
古英语时期有两个重要的历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大的影响。
第一件事是基督教传入英国。
公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。
罗马文化随着基督教传入了英国。
与此同时，一批拉丁词进入了英语。
第二件事是北欧人入侵英国。
从公元790年开始，大批斯堪的那维亚人在英国定居。
丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。
英语发展史英文版简短The development of English Language can be traced back to the5th century when the Germanic tribes, known as the Anglo-Saxons, migrated to what is now known as England. Old English, as it was called, was heavily influenced by the Germanic languages and had a complex grammar system.In the 11th century, Norman Invasion brought about the influence of French on the English language. This period, known as Middle English, saw the merging of French and Old English vocabulary, resulting in a more diverse and enriched language.During the Renaissance era, English underwent significant changes due to the revival of classical languages like Latin and Greek. Many new words were borrowed from these languages, contributing to the expansion of the English vocabulary.The 17th and 18th centuries marked the Enlightenment period, during which English underwent standardization and the establishment of grammar and spelling rules. This led to the publication of influential dictionaries and grammar books.In the 19th century, the British Empire expanded, and English spread around the world as a global language. As a result, different dialects and variations of English emerged in various regions.In the 20th century, English became the dominant language in many fields like science, technology, and international diplomacy. With the rise of globalization and the internet, English has becomethe most widely spoken language in the world, with numerous variations and dialects across different regions.。
