CURRENT ACCOUNT经常项目

国际业务常用英语词汇跟单结算及国际保函信用证Documentary credit 跟单信用证Back to back credit 背对背信用证Transferable credit 可转让信用证Un-transferable credit 不可转让信用证Red clause credit 红条款信用证Revolving credit 循环信用证Standby letter of credit 备用信用证Negotiation credit 议付信用证Acceptance credit 承兑信用证Payment credit 付款信用证Irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证Payment credit 付款信用证Deferred payment credit 延期付款信用证Confirmed credit 保兑信用证Usance credit payable at sight 假远期信用证Commercial contract 商务合同Importer 进口商Exporter 出口商Applicant 申请人Beneficiary 受益人Opening bank/issuing bank 开证行Advising bank 通知行Reimbursing bank 偿付行Presenting bank 交单行Confirming bank 保兑行Negotiating bank 议付行Accepting bank 承兑行Drawee bank 付款行Transferring bank 转让行Nominated bank 被指定银行Expiry date and place 有效日期和地点Freely negotiable 自由议付Restricted negotiable 限制议付Cumulative 可累计Non-cumulative 不可累计Deferred payment 延期付款Discounting 贴现Acceptance 承兑Negotiation 议付Discrepancies 不符点Presentation date 交单日期Period for presentation of documents 交单期限托收Collection 托收Collecting bank代收行Remitting bank 托收行Principal 委托人Drawee 付款人Clean collection 光票托收Documentary collection 跟单托收Outward collection 出口托收Collection instruction 托收指示Collection order 托收指令Inward collection 进口代收Financial documents 金融单据Commercial documents 商业单据Documents against acceptance (D/A) 承兑交单Documents against payment (D/P) 付款交单Documents against payment at sight (D/P at sight) 即期付款交单Documents against payment of usance bill 远期付款交单Terms and conditions of collection 托收条款单据Commercial invoice 商业发票Customs invoice 海关发票Consular 领事发票Pro forma invoice 形式发票Insurance policy 保险单Transport documents 运输单据Bill of exchange/draft 汇票Usance bill 远期汇票Packing list 装箱单Weight list 重量单Quantity certificate 数量单Certificate of origin 原产地证明Certificate of quality 品质证明书Bill of lading 提单Blank back bill of lading/short form bill of lading 背面空白/简式提单Charter party bill of lading 租船提单Combined transport bill of lading 多式联运提单Container bill of lading 集装箱提单Airway bill 空运单Postal receipt 邮包收据Cargo receipt 货物收据其它Banking charges 银行费用Presentation of documents 提示单据Reimbursement/claim instructions 索汇路线Payment 付款Advice of payment 付款通知Acceptance 承兑Advice of acceptance 承兑通知Endorsement 背书Blank endorsed 空白背书Carrier 承运人Consignee 收货人Chamber of commerce 商会Shipping mark 唛头Shipment date 装运日Discrepancy 不符点Freight charge 运费Freight payable at destination 运费预付至Correspondent bank 代理行Partial shipment 分批装运Transshipment 转运Port of loading 装货港Port of discharge 卸货港Price terms 价格条款Release documents against payment 付款赎单Release documents against acceptance 承兑赎单EXW(ex works) 工厂交货价FCA( free carrier) 货交承运人价FAS(free alongside ship) 装运港船边交货价FOB(free on board) 装运港船上交货价CFR(cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF(cost, insurance and freight) 成本、保险费加运费价CPT(carriage paid to) 运费付至……价CIP(carriage and insurance paid to) 运费、保险费付至……价DAF(delivered at frontier) 边境交货价DES( delivered ex ship) 目的港船上交货价DEQ(delivered ex quay) 目的港码头交货价DDU(delivered duty unpaid) 未完税交货价DDP(delivered duty paid) 完税交货价保函Guarantee 保函Tender guarantee/bid bond guarantee 投标保函Performance guarantee 履约保函Advance payment guarantee 预付款保函Warranty guarantee 质量保函Retention money guarantee 留滞金保函Payment guarantee 付款保函Financial standby letter of credit 融资备用信用证Counter guarantee 反担保函Principal 被担保人Guarantor 担保人Written statement 书面声明Multiple drawing 多次索赔Claims under a bank guarantee 保函的索赔Place of jurisdiction 司法管辖地Commission on bond 保函佣金外汇资金Remittance; funds transfer汇款Outward remittance 汇出汇款Inward remittance 汇入汇款Telegraphic communications 电讯方式TELEX 电传CABLE,TELEGRAM 电报Draft票汇Mail transfer信汇Remitter汇款申请人Payee or Beneficiary收款人Remitting bank汇出行Receiving/Paying bank汇入/解付行Customer transfer客户汇款General financial institution transfer银行间汇款Sender's correspondent 帐户行Intermediary bank中间行Drawee bank 汇票付款行Issue of draft 汇票的签发Reimbursement of drafts 汇票的索偿Clearing 清算Trade date 交易日Reference date 参考日Value date起息日Maturity date/Expiry date到期日Basis point基点Buyer’s market买方市场Purchase and sale of foreign exchange 结售汇Foreign exchange surrender结汇Spot即期Forward远期Current account 经常项目Current account convertibility 经常项目可兑换Managed floating exchange rate有管理的浮动汇率Pegged exchange rate钉住汇率Real effective exchange rate实际有效汇率Position头寸Term structure期限结构Capital account资本项目Interest-bearing asset生息资产Foreign direct investment外国直接投资CHIPS (Clearing House Inter-bank Payment System）同业支付清算系统SWIFT (Society for Worldwide International Financial Telecommunication）环球银行间金融电信协会Opening price开盘价Closing price收盘价Bid price 买入价Offer price 卖出价Extension展期Fixed exchange rate固定汇率Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Premium升水Discount贴水Financial derivative instruments金融衍生工具Futures期货Option期权Option trading 期权的交易Swap掉期In the Money 溢价期权At the Money 平价期权Out of the Money 折价期权Put option看跌期权Call option 看涨期权Long (buyer) 买方Short (seller) 卖方Position买卖角色Long call买入看涨期权Short call卖出看涨期权Long put买入看跌期权Short put卖出看跌期权Out-Of-Money不执行（期权）Interest rate lap利率上限Interest rate floor利率下限Relative value相对价值Pay swap支付互换Option contract期权合约American style option美式期权European style option欧式期权The strike price/the exercise price执行价格Option premium/option price期权费Structured derivatives结构化衍生工具Hedge对冲Dual currency deposit 双币存款USD/CNY linked deposit 美元/人民币挂钩产品Interest rate derivatives 利率衍生产品Interest rate option利率期权Structured interest rate products 结构性利率产品To hedge currency exposures 对冲货币敞口Speculate 投机Yield enhancement products 增值产品Interest basis 计息方式Principal amount 本金Principal guaranteed 本金担保Principal guaranteed deposit 本金担保存款Spot reference 即期参考汇率Short-term view products 短期产品Hedge against套期保值Exchange-rate regime 汇率机制Deposit account 定期存款账户Cheque account 支票账户Clearing bank 清算银行Foreign currency (exchange) reserve 外汇储备Devaluation货币贬值Revaluation货币升值International balance of payment国际收支Cross rate/Arbitrage rate套汇汇率Foreign exchange fluctuation外汇波动信贷基本词汇（包括会计）Accounting convention 会计惯例Accounting for acquisitions 购并的会计处理Accounting for debtors 应收账款核算Accounting for depreciation 折旧核算Accounting for foreign currencies 外汇核算Accounting for goodwill 商誉核算Accounting for stocks 存货核算Accounting policies 会计政策Accounting standards 会计准则Accruals concept 权责发生原则Achieving credit control 实现信用控制Acid test ratio 酸性测试比率Actual cash flow 实际现金流量Adjusting company profits 企业利润调整Advance payment guarantee 提前偿还保金Adverse trading 不利交易Advertising budget 广告预算Advising bank 通告银行Age analysis 账龄分析Aged debtors analysis 逾期账款分析Aged debtors’report 逾期应收款报告Aged debtors’exception report 逾期应收款的特殊报告All—monies clause 全额支付条款Amortization 摊销Analytical questionnaire 调查表分析Analytical skills 分析技巧Analyzing financial risk 财务风险分析Analyzing financial statements 财务报表分析Analyzing liquidity 流动性分析Analyzing profitability 盈利能力分析Analyzing working capital 营运资本分析Annual expenditure 年度支出Anticipating future income 预估未来收入Areas of financial ratios 财务比率分析的对象Articles of incorporation 合并条款Asian crisis 亚洲(金融)危机Assessing companies 企业评估Assessing country risk 国家风险评估Assessing credit risks 信用风险评估Assessing strategic power 战略地位评估Assessment of banks 银行的评估Asset conversion lending 资产转换贷款Asset protection lending 资产担保贷款Asset sale 资产出售Asset turnover 资产周转率Assets 资产Association of British Factors and Discounters 英国代理人与贴现商协会Auditor's report 审计报告Aval 物权担保Bad debt 坏账Bad debt level 坏账等级Bad debt risk 坏账风险Bad debts performance 坏账发生情况Bad loans 坏账Balance sheet 资产负债表Balance sheet structure 资产负债表结构Bank credit 银行信贷Bank failures 银行破产Bank loans．availability 银行贷款的可获得性Bank status reports 银行状况报告Bankruptcy 破产Bankruptcy code 破产法Bankruptcy petition 破产申请书Basle agreement 塞尔协议Basle Agreement 《巴塞尔协议》Behavioral scoring 行为评分Bill of exchange 汇票Bill of lading 提单BIS (Bank for International Settlements) 国际清算银行BIS agreement 国际清算银行协定Blue chip 蓝筹股Bonds 债券Book receivables 账面应收账款Borrowing money 借人资金Borrowing proposition 借款申请Breakthrough products 创新产品Budgets 预算Building company profiles 勾画企业轮廓Business development loan 商业开发贷款Business failure 破产Business plan 经营计划Business risk 经营风险Buyer credits 买方信贷Buyer power 购买方力量Buyer risks 买方风险CAMPARI 优质贷款原则Canons of lending 贷款原则Capital adequacy 资本充足性Capital adequacy rules 资本充足性原则Capital commitments 资本承付款项Capital expenditure (Capex) 资本支出Capital funding 资本融资Capital investment 资本投资Capital strength 资本实力Capital structure 资本结构Capitalization of interest 利息资本化Capitalizing R&D costs/expenditures 研发费用资本化Capitalizing interest costs 利息成本资本化Cascade effect 瀑布效应Cash assets 现金资产Cash collection targets 现金托收目标Cash cycle 现金循环周期Cash cycle ratios 现金循环周期比率Cash cycle times 现金循环周期时间Cash deposit 现金储蓄Cash flows 现金流量Cash flow adjustments 现金流调整Cash flow analysis 现金流量分析Cash flow crisis 现金流危机Cash flow cycle 现金流量周期Cash flow forecasts/projections 现金流量预测Cash flow lending 现金流贷出Cash flow profile 现金流概况Cash flow statements 现金流量表Cash position 现金头寸Cash positive JE现金流量Cash rich companies 现金充足的企业Cash surplus 现金盈余Cash tank 现金水槽Cash-in-advance 预付现金Categorized cash flow 现金流量分类CE 优质贷款原则CEO 首席执行官Chairman 董事长, 总裁Chapter 11 rules 第十一章条款Charge 抵押Charged assets 抵押资产Chief executive officer 首席执行官Collateral security 抵押证券Collecting payments 收取付款Collection activity 收款活动Collection cycle 收款环节Collection procedures 收款程序Collective credit risks 集合信用风险Comfortable liquidity position 适当的流动性水平Commercial mortgage 商业抵押Commercial paper 商业票据Commission 佣金Commitment fees 承诺费Common stock 普通股Common stockholders 普通股股东Company and its industry 企业与所处行业Company assets 企业资产Company liabilities 企业负债Company loans 企业借款Competitive advantage 竞争优势Competitive forces 竞争力Competitive products 竞争产品Complaint procedures 申诉程序Computerized credit information 计算机化信用信息Computerized diaries 计算机化日志Confirmed letter of credit 承兑信用证Confirmed letters of credit 保兑信用证Confirming bank 确认银行Conservatism concept 谨慎原则Consistency concept 一贯性原则Consolidated accounts 合并报表Consolidated balance sheets 合并资产负债表Contingent liabilities 或有负债Continuing security clause 连续抵押条款Contractual payments 合同规定支出Control limits 控制限度Control of credit activities 信用活动控制Controlling credit 控制信贷Controlling credit risk 控制信用风险Corporate banking 公司业务Corporate credit analysis 企业信用分析Corporate credit controller 企业信用控制人员Corporate credit risk analysis 企业信用风险分析Corporate customer 企业客户Corporate failure prediction models 企业破产预测模型Corporate lending 企业贷款Cost leadership 成本领先型Cost of sales 销售成本Costs 成本Country limit 国家限额Country risk 国家风险Court judgments 法院判决Covenant 贷款保证契约Covenants 保证契约Creative accounting 寻机性会计Credit analysis 信用分析Credit analysis of customers 客户信用分析Credit analysis of suppliers 供应商的信用分析Credit analysis on banks 银行信用分析Credit analysts 信用分析Credit assessment 信用评估Credit bureau reports 信用咨询公司报告Credit bureau 信用机构Credit control 信贷控制Credit control activities 信贷控制活动Credit control performance reports 信贷控制绩效报告Credit controllers 信贷控制人员Credit cover 信用风险担保Credit cycle 信用循环Credit decisions 信贷决策Credit deterioration 信用恶化Credit exposure 信用敞口Credit granting process 授信程序Credit information 信用信息Credit information agency 信用信息机构Credit insurance 信贷保险Credit insurance advantages 信贷保险的优势Credit insurance brokers 信贷保险经纪人Credit insurance limitations 信贷保险的局限Credit limits 信贷限额Credit limits for currency blocs 货币集团国家信贷限额Credit limits for individual countries 国家信贷限额Credit line 授信额度Credit management 信贷管理Credit managers 信贷经理Credit monitoring 信贷监控Credit notes 欠款单据Credit period 信用期Credit planning 信用计划Credit policy 信用政策Credit policy issues 信用政策发布Credit proposals 信用申请Credit protection 信贷保护Credit quality 信贷质量Credit rating 信用评级Credit rating agencies 信用评级机构Credit rating process 信用评级程序Credit rating system 信用评级系统Credit reference 信用咨询Credit reference agencies 信用评级机构Credit risk 信用风险Credit risk assessment 信用风险评估Credit risk exposure 信用风险敞口Credit risk insurance 信用风险保险Credit risk of individual customers 个体信用风险Credit risk：bank credit 信用风险：银行信用Credit risk：trade credit 信用风险：商业信用Credit scoring 信用风险评分Credit scoring model 信用评分模型Credit scoring system 信用评分系统Credit squeeze 信贷压缩Credit taken ratio 受信比率Credit terms 信贷条款Credit utilization reports 信贷利用报告Credit vetting 信用审查Credit watch 信用观察Credit worthiness 信誉Creditor days 应付账款天数Cross-default clause 交叉违约条款Currency risk 货币风险Current assets 流动资产Current debts 流动负债Current ratio requirement 流动比率要求Current ratios 流动比率Customer care 客户关注Customer credit ratings 客户信用评级Customer liaison 客户联络Customer risks 客户风险Cut-off scores 及格线Cycle of credit monitoring 信用监督循环Cyclical business 周期性行业Daily operating expenses 经营费用Day’s sales outstanding 收回应收账款的平均天数Debentures 债券Debt capital 债务资本Debt collection agency 债务托收机构Debt issuer 债券发行人Debt protection levels 债券保护级别Debt ratio 负债比率Debt securities 债券Debt service ratio 还债率Debtor days 应收账款天数Debtor's assets 债权人的资产Default 违约Deferred payments 延期付款Definition of leverage 财务杠杆率定义Deposit limits 储蓄限额Depositing money 储蓄资金Depreciation 折旧Depreciation policies 折旧政策Development budget 研发预算Differentiation 差别化Direct loss 直接损失Directors salaries 董事薪酬Discretionary cash flows 自决性现金流量Discretionary outflows 自决性现金流出Distribution costs 分销成本Dividend cover 股息保障倍数Dividend payout ratio 股息支付率Dividends 股利Documentary credit 跟单信用证DSO 应收账款的平均回收期Duration of credit risk 信用风险期Eastern bloc countries 东方集团国家EBITDA 扣除利息、税收、折旧和摊销之前的收益Exports Credit Guarantee Department (ECGD) 出口信贷担保局Economic conditions 经济环境Economic cycles 经济周期Economic depression 经济萧条Economic growth 经济增长Economic risk 经济风险Electronic data interchange(EDI) 电子数据交换Environmental factors 环境因素Equity capital 权益资本Equity finance 权益融资Equity stake 股权EU countries 欧盟国家EU directives 欧盟法规EU law 欧盟法律Eurobonds 欧洲债券European parliament 欧洲议会European Union 欧盟Evergreen loan 常年贷款Exceptional item 例外项目Excessive capital commitments 过多的资本承付款项Exchange controls 外汇管制Exchange-control regulations 外汇管制条例Exhaust method 排空法Existing competitors 现有竞争对手Existing debt 未清偿债务Export buyer’s credit出口买方信贷Export collection loan 出口托收贷款Export credit agencies 出口信贷代理机构Export credit insurance 出口信贷保险Export factoring 出口代理Export sales 出口额Export seller’s credi t出口买方信贷Export negotiation 出口议付Extending credit 信贷展期External agency 外部机构External assessment methods 外部评估方式External assessments 外部评估External information sources 外部信息来源Extraordinary items 非经常性项目Extras 附加条件Facility account 便利账户Factoring 代理Factoring debts 代理收账Factoring discounting 代理折扣Factors Chain International 国际代理连锁Failure prediction scores 财务恶化预测分值FASB (美国)财务会计准则委员会Faulty credit analysis 破产信用分析Fees 费用Finance, new business ventures 为新兴业务融资Finance, repay existing debt 为偿还现有债务融资Finance, working capital 为营运资金融资Financial assessment 财务评估Financial cash flows 融资性现金流量Financial collapse 财务危机Financial flexibility 财务弹性Financial forecast 财务预测Financial instability 财务的不稳定性Financial rating analysis 财务评级分析Financial ratios 财务比率Financial risk 财务风险Financial risk ratios 财务风险比率Fitch IBCA 惠誉评级Fitch IBCA ratings 惠誉评级Fixed assets 固定资产Fixed charge 固定费用Fixed charge cover 固定费用保障倍数Fixed costs 固定成本Floating assets 浮动资产Floating charge 浮动抵押Floor planning 底价协议Focus 聚焦Forced sale risk 强制出售风险Foreign exchange markets 外汇市场Forfaiting 福费廷Formal credit rating 正式信用评级Forward bill discount 远期信用证项下汇票贴现Forward rate agreements 远期利率协议FRAs 远期利率协议Fund managers 基金经理FX transaction 外汇交易GAAP 公认会计准则Gearing 财务杠杆率Geographical spread of markets 市场的地理扩展Global target 全球目标Going concern concept 持续经营原则Good lending 优质贷款Good times 良好时期Government agencies 政府机构Government interference 政府干预Gross income 总收入Guarantee of payment 支付担保Guaranteed loans 担保贷款Guarantees 担保High credit quality 高信贷质量High credit risk 高信贷风险High default risk 高违约风险High interest rates 高利率High risk regions 高风险区域Highly speculative 高度投机High-risk loan 高风险贷款High-value loan 高价值贷款Historical accounting 历史会计处理Historical cost 历史成本IAS 国际会计准则IASC 国际会计准则委员会IBTT 息税前利润ICE 优质贷款原则Ideal liquidity ratios 理想的流动性比率Implied debt rating 隐含债务评级Importance of credit control 信贷控制的重要性Improved products 改进的产品Improving reported asset values 改善资产账面价值In house assessment 内部评估In house credit analysis 内部信用分析In house credit assessments 内部信用评估In house credit ratings 内部信用评级Income bonds 收入债券Income statement 损益表Increasing profits 提高利润Increasing reported profits 提高账面利润Indemnity clause 赔偿条款Indicators of credit deterioration 信用恶化征兆Indirect loss 间接损失Individual credit transactions 个人信用交易Individual rating 个体评级Industrial reports 行业报告Industrial unrest 行业动荡Industry limit 行业限额Industry risk 行业风险Industry risk analysis 行业风险分析Inflow 现金流入Information in financial statements 财务报表中的信息Initial payment 初始支付Insolvencies 破产Institutional investors 机构投资者Insured debt 投保债务Intangible fixed asset 无形固定资产Inter-company comparisons 企业间比较Inter-company loans 企业间借款Interest 利息Interest cost 利息成本Interest cover ratio 利息保障倍数Interest cover test 利息保障倍数测试Interest holiday 免息期Interest payments 利息支付Interest rates 利率Interim statements 中报(中期报表)Internal assessment methods 内部评估方法Internal financing ratio 内部融资率Internal Revenue Service 美国国税局International Accounting Standards Committee 国际会计准则委员会International Accounting Standards(IAS) 国际会计准则International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International credit ratings 国际信用评级International Factoring 国际保理International Factoring Association 国际代理商协会International settlements 国际结算Inventory 存货Inverse of current ratio 反转流动比率Investment analysts 投资分析人员Investment policy 投资政策Investment risk 投资风险Investment spending 投资支出Invoice discounting 发票贴现Issue of bonds 债券的发行Issued debt capital 发行债务资本Junk bond status 垃圾债券状况Just-in-time system(JIT) 适时系统Key cash flow ratios 主要现金流量指标Labor unrest 劳动力市场动荡Large scale borrower 大额借贷者Legal guarantee 法律担保Legal insolvency 法律破产Lending agreements 贷款合约Lending covenants 贷款保证契约Lending decisions 贷款决策Lending proposals 贷款申请Lending proposition 贷款申请Lending transactions 贷款交易Letters of credit 信用证Leverage 财务杠杆率London Inter-bank Offered Rate (LIBOR) 伦敦同业拆借利率Lien 留置Liquid assets 速动资产Liquidation 清算Liquidation expenses 清算费Liquidity 流动性Liquidity and working capital 流动性与营运资金Liquidity ratios 流动比率Liquidity run 流动性危机Liquidity shortage 流动性短缺Loan covenants 贷款合约Loan guarantees 贷款担保Loan principal 贷款本金Loan principal repayments 贷款本金偿还Loan review 贷款审查Long-term debt 长期负债Long-term funding 长期融资Long-term risk 长期风险Management 管理层Marginal lending 边际贷款Marginal trade credit 边际交易信贷Market surveys 市场调查Marketing 市场营销Markets 市场Matching concept 配比原则Material adverse-change clause 重大不利变动条款Maximum leverage level 最高财务杠杆率限制Measurement and judgment 计量与判断Measuring risk 风险计量Medium-term loan 中期贷款Microcomputer modeling 计算机建模Minimum current ratio requirement 最低流动比率要求Minimum leverage ratio 最低举债比率Minimum net worth 最低净值Minimum net-worth requirement 最低净值要求Minimum risk asset ratio 最低风险资产比率Monitoring activity 监管活动Monitoring credit 信用监控Monitoring customer credit limits 监管客户信贷限额Monitoring risks 监管风险Monitoring total credit limits 监管全部信贷限额Monthly reports 月报Moody's debt rating 穆迪债券评级Mortgage 抵押M pr’oving balance sheet 改善资产负债表Multiple discriminate analysis 多元分析National debt 国家债务NCI 无信贷间隔天数Near-cash assets 近似于现金的资产Negative cash flow 负现金流量Negative net cash flow 负净现金流量Negative operational cash flows 负的经营性现金流量Negative pledge 限制抵押Net book value 净账面价值Net cash flow 净现金流量Net worth test 净值测试New entrants 新的市场进人者No credit interval 无信贷间隔天数Non-cash items 非现金项目Non-core business 非核心业务Non-operational items 非经营性项目Obtaining payment 获得支付One-man rule 一人原则Open account terms 无担保条款Operating leases 经营租赁Operating profit 营业利润Operational cash flow 营运性现金流量Operational flexibility 经营弹性Optimal credit 最佳信贷Order cycle 订货环节Ordinary dividend payments 普通股股利支付Organization of credit activities 信贷活动的组织Overdue payments 逾期支付Over-trading 过度交易Overview of accounts 财务报表概览Packing loan 打包贷款Parent company 母公司PAT 税后利润Payment in advance 提前付款Payment obligations 付款义务Payment records 付款记录Payment score 还款评分PBIT 息税前利润PBT 息后税前利润Percentage change 百分比变动Performance bonds 履约保证Personal guarantees 个人担保Planning systems 计划系统Pledge 典押Points-scoring system 评分系统Policy setting 政策制定Political risk 政治风险Potential bad debt 潜在坏账Potential credit risk 潜在信用风险Potential value 潜在价值Predicting corporate failures 企业破产预测Preference dividends 优先股股息Preferred stockholders 优先股股东Preliminary assessment 预备评估Premiums 溢价Primary ratios 基础比率Prior charge capital 优先偿付资本Priority cash flows 优先性现金流量Priority for creditors 债权人的清偿顺序Priority payments 优先支付Product life cycle 产品生命周期Product market analysis 产品市场分析Product range 产品范围Products 产品Professional fees 专业费用Profit 利润Profit and loss account 损益账户Profit margin 利润率Profitability 盈利能力Profitability management 盈利能力管理Profitability ratios 盈利能力比率Promissory notes 本票Property values 所有权价值Providers of credit 授信者Provision accounting 准备金会计处理Prudence concept 谨慎原则Public information 公共信息Public relations 公共关系Purpose of credit ratings 信用评级的目的Purpose of ratios 计算比率的目的Qualitative covenants 定性条款Quantitative covenants 定量条款Query control 质疑控制Quick ratio 速动比率Rating exercise 评级实践Rating process for a company 企业评级程序Ratio analysis 比率分析Ratio analysis weaknesses 比率分析的缺陷Real insolvency 真实破产Real sales growth 实际销售收入增长率Realization concept 实现原则Receivables 应收账款Recession 衰退Reducing debtors 冲减应收账款Reducing profits 冲减利润Reducing provisions 冲减准备金Reducing reported profits 冲减账面利润Reducing stocks 减少存货Registrar of Companies 企业监管局Regulatory risk 监管风险Releasing provisions 冲回准备金Relocation expenses 费用再分配Reminder letters 催缴单Repayment on demand clause 即期偿还条款Replacement of principal 偿还本金Report of chairman 总裁／董事长报告Reserve accounting 准备金核算Residual cash flows 剩余现金流量Restricting bad debts 限制坏账Restrictions on secured borrowing 担保借款限制Retention-of-title clauses 所有权保留条款Revenues 总收入Risk analysis reports 风险分析报告Risk and banks 风险与银行Risk and companies 风险与企业Risk and Return 风险与回报Risk capital 风险资本Risk-reward 风险回报Risk-weighted assets 风险加权资产ROCE 资本收益率Romapla clauses “一手交钱一手交货”条款Sales 销售额Secondary ratios 分解比率Secure methods of payment 付款的担保方式Secured assets 担保资产Secured creditors 有担保债权人Secured loans 担保贷款Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (美国)证券交易委员会Security guarantees 抵押担保Security of payment 付款担保Security general principles 担保的一般原则Segmentation 细分Setting and policing credit limits 信用限额的设定与政策制定Settlement discount (提前)结算折扣Settlement terms 结算条款Share price 股价Short-term borrowing 短期借款Short-term creditors 短期负债Short-term liabilities 短期债务Short-termism 短期化SIC 常务诠释委员会Significance of working capital 营运资金的重要性Single credit customer 单一信用客户Single ratio analysis 单一比率分析Size of credit risk 信用风险的大小Slow stock turnover 较低的存货周转率Sources of assessments 评估信息来源Sources of credit information 信用信息来源Sources of risk 风险来源Sovereign rating 主权评级Specialist agencies 专业机构Specific debt issue 特别债券发行Speculative 投机性Speculative grades 投机性评级Split rating 分割评级Spot rate 现价(即期比率)Spreadsheets 电子数据表Staff redundancies 员工遣散费Standard security clauses 标准担保条款Standard & Poor's 标准普尔Standing Interpretations Committee 证券交易委员会Standing starting credit limits 持续更新信用限额Statistical analysis 统计分析Statistical techniques 统计技巧Status reports (企业)状况报告Stock valuations 存货核算Stocks 股票Straight line depreciation method 直线折旧法Strategic positioning 战略定位Surplus assets 盈余资产Surplus rating 盈余评级Supplier power 供应商的力量Supply chain 供应链Support rating 支持评级Swap agreement 换合约Swaps 互换SWOT analysis SWOT分析Symptoms of failure questionnaires 企业破产征兆调查表Takeovers 收购Tax payments 税务支付Technical insolvency 技术破产Technology and change 技术进步Term loan 定期贷款Term of borrowing 借款期限Third party guarantees 第三方担保Tier 1 capital 一类资本Tier 2 capital 二类资本Total credit limit 整体信用限额Total current assets 流动资产总额Trade companies 贸易企业Trade credit 商业信用Trade creditors 应付账款Trade cycle 商业循环Trade cycle times 商业循环周期Trade debt 应收账款Trade debtors 贸易债权人Trade financing 贸易融资Trade Indemnity 贸易赔偿Trade references 贸易参考Trade-off 协定Trading outlook 交易概况Trading profit 营业利润Traditional cash flow 传统现金流量Triple A 三AUCP 跟单信用证统一惯例Uncovered dividend 未保障的股利Uniform Customs & Practice 跟单信用证统一惯例Unpaid invoices 未付款发票Unsecured creditors 未担保的债权人Usefulness of liquidity ratios 流动性比率的作用Uses of cash 现金的使用Using bank risk information 使用银行风险信息Using financial assessments 使用财务评估Using ratios 财务比率的运用Using retention-of-title clauses 使用所有权保留条款Value chain 价值链Value of Z scores Z值模型的价值Variable costs 变动成本Variable interest 可变利息Variety of financial ratios 财务比率的种类Vetting procedures 审查程序Volatile revenue dynamic 收益波动Volume of sales 销售量Warning signs of credit risk 信用风险的警示Working assets 营运资产working capital 营运资本Working capital changes 营运资本变化额Working capital management 营运资本管理working capital ratios 营运资本比率Worldwide credit 统一授信Write-downs 资产减值Write-offs 勾销Z score assessments Z值评估z score models z值模型Z scores z值Z scoring Z值评分系统。

现钞出入境等官方监控以外的国际交易；（2）资料 来源和口径不同造成的误差。
如果净私人资本不足以弥补经常性项目和资本项目赤 字时，怎么办？
官方结算余额：官方储备交易的余额
官方结算余额＝经常帐户余额＋资本帐户余额+金融项目 （不包括官方的）+统计误差
官方结算余额反映了一国官方通过变动储备资产来弥补的 国际收支（自主性交易）的不平衡。
3. 因此，商品和服务的出口，计入贷方；商品和 服务的进口，计入借方。
6
金融性资本流入
• 两种形式：（1）外国持有本国资本的增 加；（2）本国在外国资产的减少。
• 关键：资金从外国流向本国 • 例如，对美国而言：
（1）英国人购买美国股票，即英国持有美国资产 的增加，对美国而言，资金流入美国。记：贷 方。
逆差
外汇供给 小于需求
本币面临 贬值压力
29
13.6 美国的国际投资状况
•国际投资头寸: 年末本国在国外资产及外国 在本国资产的总额和分布。 作用：预测本国在外国投资的收益，以 及外国在本国投资而发生的支付。
• 国际收支平衡表——流量概念 • 国际投资头寸——存量概念 • 从表13.5看，美国的国际投资净头寸从1980
13.2 国际收支平衡表会计准则
国际收支平衡表（balance of payment statement ）是根据复式记帐法编制的将 一国在一定时期内所发生的国际收支项 目进行分类统计的一览表。
5
13.2A 借方和贷方
1. 贷方交易是指从外国人那里收到付款的交易。 在收支平衡表中标 “+”号
2. 借方交易是指向外国人付款的交易。在收支平 衡表中标 “－”号
官方结算余额为正，储备资产增加，反之储备资产减少。

deficit的用法及其短语在英语中，deficit是一个常见的名词，它描述了某种资源或者数量上的不足。

这个词通常被用来指代财政赤字、商品出口减少等方面的不平衡。

本文将探讨deficit一词的各种用法，并详细介绍与之相关的一些常用短语。

一、Deficit的基本含义Deficit (名词) 指某种资源或数量上的不足或者缺乏。

最常见的用法包括：1. 财政赤字（fiscal deficit）：指政府支出超过收入产生的财政不平衡。

2. 商品贸易逆差（trade deficit）：指进口商品大于出口商品所造成的贸易不平衡。

3. 知识缺失（knowledge deficit）：指在某一特定领域中知识或理解不足。

4. 视力缺陷（visual deficit）：指人们在视觉感知方面存在问题。

尽管在不同背景下有着稍微不同的涵义，但deficit都表示了某个领域或方面上存在缺陷、不平衡或者相对较低水平。

二、与Deficit相关的常用短语1. Budget deficit 预算赤字Budget deficit通常指政府在一定时期内的支出超过收入，形成的财政赤字。

2. Current account deficit 经常项目逆差Current account deficit是指一个国家的净外部支出大于净外部收入，导致资金流出国家。

3. Trade deficit 贸易逆差Trade deficit描述了进口大于出口的情况，在商品贸易方面表示了负面的商业平衡。

4. Knowledge deficit 知识缺失Knowledge deficit用来描述个体或群体中在某一特定领域缺乏知识或理解能力。

5. Attention deficit 注意力不集中Attention deficit（也称为注意力缺陷）是指一个人或儿童难以专注、容易分心或者忽略细节的情况。

6. Energy deficit 能量不足Energy deficit指身体摄入的能量少于消耗的情况，可能导致疲劳和其他健康问题。

一、翻译第一单元：MNC 跨国公司Multinational Corporation 跨国公司Parent (firm) 母公司headquarter 总部Subsidiary 子公司subsidy 补助Host government东道国政府Shareholder 股东Stockholder股东Bondholder 债券持有人domestic firm国内企业Agency problem 代理问题Agency cost 代理成本Consolidation 综合Merger 合并Acquisition 收购M&A 并购Hostile takeover 恶意收购Friendly merger 善意收购Mutual fund 共同基金Pension fund 养老基金Comparative advantage 比较优势Imperfect market theory 不完全市场理论Product of cycle theory 产品生命周期理论Licensing 许可经营Franchising 特许代理Copyright 版权Patent 专利Registered trademark 注册商标Joint venture 合资企业FDI Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资DFI 钻石Exposure 曝光risk 风险Market share 市场份额Time zone 时区Inventory 存货Institutional investor 机构投资Individual investor 个人投资第二单元：Balance of payment 国际收支Current account 活期账户（经常项目）Capital account 资本账户Balance of trade 贸易平衡Trade surplus 贸易顺差Trade deficit 贸易逆差，贸易赤字Interest 利息Dividend 股利Security 证券Stock 股票share 股份Bond 债券Government security 政府债券Treasury bill T-bill 短期国库券Treasury note T-note 国债Treasury bond T-bond 国债Cash outflow 现金流出Cash inflow 现金流入Portfolio investment 证券投资Indirect investment 间接投资Dumping 倾销Tax break 税收减免Outsourcing of service 服务外包Tariff custom duty 关税Quota配额Dollar-denominated security以美元计价的债券Price-elastic 价格弹性Intracompany trade 公司内部贸易J-curve effect J曲线效应Withdraw the deposits 取款IMF International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织Lender of last resort 最后贷款人SDRs Special Drawing Rights 特别提款权Monopoly 垄断World bank 世界银行IBRD 国际复兴开发银行International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentWTO 世界贸易组织IFC International Financial Corporation 国际金融公司IDA International Development Association 国际开发协会BIS Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行Import ＞export 进口大于出口D ＞SForeign currency appreciate 外币升值Domestic currency depreciate 本币贬值第三单元：Fixed exchange rate system 固定汇率制度Floating exchange rate system 浮动汇率制度Appreciate 货币升值Depreciate 货币贬值Revalue 法定升值Devalue 法定贬值Nominal interest rate 名义利率Real interest rate 实际利率Fisher Effect 费舍效应International diversification 国际多元化Creditor 贷款人，债权人Borrower 借款人Convert euro into pound 欧元兑换英镑Exchange yen for U.S. dollar 美元兑换日元Great Depression 大萧条Gold standard 金本位制Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系Spot market 即期市场Spot exchange rate 即期汇率Security firm 证券公司Interbank market 银行同业市场Broker 经纪人，中间人Liquidity 流动性Forward exchange market 远期外汇市场Forward exchange rate 远期汇率Hedge 对冲，保值Speculator 投机者Bid rate 买入价Ask rate 卖出价Bid-ask spread价差Direct quotation 直接标价法Indirect quotation 间接标价法Cross exchange rate 交叉汇率Currency future contract 货币期货合约Currency call option 买入期权Currency put option 卖出期权Strike price exercise price 执行价格Eurodollar 欧洲美元Eurocurrency 欧洲货币OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries国际石油出口国Petrodollar 石油美元LIBOR London Interbank Offer Rate伦敦银行同业拆借利率NIBOR 纽约银行同业拆借利率HIBOR 香港银行同业拆借利率SIBOR 新加坡银行同业拆借利率Syndicate 辛迪加贷款The lead bank 牵头银行Foreign bond 外国债券Parallel bond 并行债券Samurai bond 武士债券Bulldog bond 猛犬债券Yankee bond 扬基债券Panda bond 熊猫债券Eurobond 欧洲债券List 上市IPO Initial Public Offering首次公开放行Debt financing 债务性融资Equity financing 股权性融资Retail transaction 零售交易Wholesale transaction 批发交易Opportunity cost 机会成本第四单元：Equilibrium exchange rate 均衡利率Macro variable 宏观变量Micro variable 微观变量Emerging market 新兴市场Institutional investor 机构投资者Yield 收入，收益第五单元：Forward 远期合约forward rate 远期汇率Non-deliverable forward contract不交割远期合约Swap 掉期Brazilian real 巴西雷亚尔Norwegian krone 挪威克朗South African rand南非兰特CzecH koruna 捷克克朗Polish zloty波兰兹罗提Hungarian forint匈牙利福林Initial margin 初始保证金Variation margin 变动保证金Production level 生产规模Call option 买入期权（看涨期权）Put option 卖出期权Exercise price 协定价格Strike price 执行价格Chicago Mercantile Exchange芝加哥商品交易所Chicago Board Options Exchange 芝加哥期权交易所Security and Exchange Commission 美国证券交易委员会Collateral 抵押Open position 敞开头寸Long position 多头Short position 空头Bid 招标，投标Break-even point盈亏相抵点第六单元：Freely floating 无管制浮动Clean float 自由浮动汇率制度Managed floating Dirty float 管理浮动Pegged exchange rate system 盯住汇率制度Currency board 货币局制度Dollarization 美元化Exchange rate target zone 汇率目标区General Motor (GM) 通用汽车Dollar-denominated goods 美元计价商品Finished goods 滞成品，产成品A stagnant economy 滞涨经济A recession 萧条Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate supply 总供给European Currency Unit (ECU)欧洲货币单位A tight monetary policy 紧缩的货币政策An expansionary monetary policy扩张的货币政策A stimulative monetary policy刺激性的货币政策An easy monetary policy 简单的货币政策Fiscal policy 财政政策Budget deficit 预算赤字The stock price plummets 股票价格骤跌Withdraw the investment 撤资Default on the debt 债务违约Adverse effect 不利影响Favorable effect 有利影响Government outlay 政府支出Stimulate the economy 刺激经济增长Risk premium 风险溢价Credit risk 信用风险European Union 欧盟The euro zone 欧元区A consolidated monetary policy统一的货币政策A common monetary policy 共同的货币政策European Central Bank (ECB)欧洲中央银行The Federal Resere System (the Fed)美联储Money supply 货币供给Business cycle 经济中心Flooding the market with dollars美元充斥市场Direct intervention 直接干预Indirect intervention 间接干预Plaza Accord 广场协议Industrialized country 工业化国家Sterilized intervention 冲销式干预Nonsterilized intervention 非冲销式干预Louvre Accord 卢浮宫协议Manipulate exchange rate 操纵汇率第七单元：Interest rate parity IRP 利率平价Arbitrage 套汇Arbitrager 套利International arbitrage 国际套汇Interest arbitrage 套利Commodity arbitrage 商品套利Security arbitrage 安全套利Locational arbitrage 两角套汇Triangular arbitrage 三角套汇covered Interest arbitrage 抵补套利Uncovered interest arbitrage 无担保套利Risk-free profit riskless profit 无风险利润Discrepancy 差异Shopping aroundDeposit interest rate 存款利率Loan interest rate 贷款利率Malaysian ringgit 马来西亚林吉特Exchange dollars for pounds 英镑兑换美元Purchase pounds with dollars 美元购买英镑Convert dollars to pounds 英镑兑换美元The return on the deposit 关于存款的回报第八单元：PPP Purchasing Power Parity购买力平价理论Absolute form of PPP 绝对购买力平价理论Law of one price 一价定律Relative form of PPP相对购买力平价理论A basket of products 一篮子商品International Fisher effect IFE国际费舍效应二、简答第一章International Business: Theories：1.Theory of Comparative Advantage2、Imperfect Markets Theory3、Product Cycle Theory 有哪些国际商务理论：比较优势理论不完全市场理论产品周期理论International Business Methods：（1）International trade（2）Licensing（3）Franchising（4）Joint venture（5）Acquisitions of existing operations 6 Establishing new foreign subsidiaries 有哪些国际商业法国际贸易许可特许经营合资企业收购现有业务建立新的外国子公司第二章International Trade Flow Factors （1）Inflation（2）National Income（3）Government Restrictions （4）Exchange Rates 影响国际贸易流通的因素通货膨胀国民收入政府限制汇率第四章Factors that Influence Exchange Rates 影响极其汇率的因素()EXPGCINCINTINFfe∆∆∆∆∆=,,,,e = percentage change in the spot rate 在即期汇率变化的百分比∆ INF = change in the relative inflation rate 相对通货膨胀率∆ INT = change in the relative interest rate 相对利率∆ INC = change in the relative income level 相对收入水平∆ GC = change in government controls 政府管制∆ EXP=change in expectations of future exchange rates 对未来汇率的预期三、课后习题P113，8、9、138. (1)the large amount of imports and lack of exports place downword pressure on Ruble.(2)High inflation also place downword pressure on Ruble.9. (1)A relative decline in economic growth will reduce Asia demand for U.S. products, which will place upward pressure on Asia currencies.(2)the decline in interest rate will place downward pressure on Asia currencies.(3)the overall impact depends on the magnitude of the factors just describe.13. (1) the interest rate in Canada declines to a level below the U.S. interest rate, places downward pressure on Canadian dollar’s value against USD.(2)Japanese investors that previously invested in Canada may shift to U.S., which will place downward pressure on the CAD’a value against JPY.P196，2、11、12、15、192. lower interest rate may reduce capital inflow to U.S., which could have reduced the value of $. If $ weakens, the export would increased, thus to stimulate the economy.11. U.S. Fed would normally consider a loose monetay policy to stimulate the economy. However, it could weaken $, a weak $ is expect to favorably affect US exporting firms and adversely affect U.S. importing firms.12. it can not apply intervention on its own. Because the monetary policy is consolidated.15.A. the volume of the sales should decline as the costs to consumers would rise due to the higher interest rate.B. the cost of purchasing materials should decline because the A$ appreciates against HK$.C. the interest expenses should decline because it will take fewer A$s to make the monthly payment of $100,000.19. the ECB could sell euros in the foreign exchange market, which may weaken euro, and cause an increase in the demand for European imports.Small Besiness Dilemma (p199)1. there will be downward pressure on the value of pounds.2. the performance would be adversely affected by BOE policy. Because if pound weaken, the receivables will convert to fewer $s, which reflect a reduction in revenue.P2301.￡1=$1.50=C$2The crosed rate quoted equal to the rate calculated, therefore triangular arbitrage cannot be used to earn a profit.2. if invest in U.S. 1+0.03=$1.03if make covered interest arbitrage in U.K.[(1/1.60)×(1+0.04)] ×1.56=$1.014Because 1.014﹤1.03, it is not feasible.(1.014-1)/1=1.4% ﹤3%, it is not feasible.14.(1) yes, one could buy NZD at yardley Bank at $.40/NZD, and sell to Beal Bank for $.401/NZD. (1millon/0.4) ×0.401-1million=$2500(2) The ask price on NZD of Yardley Bank will increase.The bid price on NZD of Beal Bank will derease.16.(1) if invest locally:1+6%=1.06 pesos(2) If covered interest arbitrage in U.S.[(1×0.1)(1+5%)] ÷0.098=1.07 pesos(3) Because 1.06＜1.07, the arbitrage is feasible17.[(1/0.80) ×(1+4%)×0.79—1]÷1=2.7%Because 2.7% exceeds the yield in U.S. over the 90 day period, the covered interes arbitrage is worthwhile. The Canadian dollars spot rate should rise, and its forward rate should fall, the 90-day Canadian interest rate may fall and that in U.S. may rise.21.For U.S. investor engaging covered interest arbitrage in New Zealand[(1/0.5)(1+6%)0.54-1] ÷1=14.48%14.48%＞10%, it is feasible.。