无损检测工安全操作规程

γ射线探伤机操作规程1．操作人员必须经过卫生防疫部门培训学习取得上岗证后，才可从事γ射线探伤机操作工作。

2．上岗人员必须穿戴防护用品（防护服等），携带报警仪，佩戴个人计量笔。

3．根据规范要求，计算出曝光时间，划定安全区域，设置警界标志。

4．工作必须在划定的区域内进行，并设置明显标志或信号，并设专人负责现场保卫，防止无关人员误入危险区，造成事故照射。

5．用剂量仪检查源是否在装置内，然后按下列步骤工作：5.1．根据需要的条件确定用几根输源管然后铺设输源管，但不允许用多于两根输源管进行工作，管与管连接要牢固，弯曲半径不得小于300mm，并检查有无损坏或砸扁现象，防止卡源事故。

5.2．将输源管端部曝光头用固定夹（架）牢固安放到曝光焦点处。

5.3．将探伤机主件放在输源管与之相连处，将源顶鞭卸下插入主机端部一小管内，接上输源管。

5.4．铺设控制导管，弯曲半径不得小于200mm，检查控制部件阳接头是否磨损（弯曲），操作是否灵活，有无卡死现象。

5.5．将锁打开，旋转选择到连接位置，卸下端盖。

5.6．在垂直方向，将控制部件驱动点一端的阳接头插入源组件阴接头内。

5.7．将驱动缆转90度与源组件成180度，严禁未装到位乱扭，防止接头被扭弯。

5.8．合上连接爪，将定位环推上，插入主件孔内，旋转选择到工作位置。

5.9．将源送到曝光位置，在摇动过程中，监视行程计数器，源快到位置时手柄摇动不得用力过猛，摇不动即到位，并检查行数器数字是否与输源管长度相符。

同时记录曝光时间。

6．回程时的工作步骤6.1．到预定曝光时间后，反向摇动曲柄，直到曲柄摇不动为止，行程计算数字应为0，在此过程中用剂量计监测，读数逐步升高，然后又回到本底值，此时源已回到探伤机主件内。

6.2．用剂量仪进一步检查源是否回到安全屏蔽位置。

6.3．旋转选择到连接位置，取下连接爪定位环。

6.4．打开连接爪，将驱动缆旋转到90度，从阴接头内取出阳接头。

6.5．将端盖上旋转选择环转到锁紧位置。

无损检测规定无损检测规定无损检测是一种能够检测材料或构件内部的缺陷或损伤的非破坏性检测方法。

它通过使用各种物理、化学或其他方法，来检测和分析材料或构件内部的缺陷，以判断其性能、品质和可使用性。

为了保证无损检测的准确性和一致性，制定了以下无损检测规定。

1.无损检测人员资质和培训要求无损检测人员应具备相关领域的知识和技能，并通过相关培训和考试，获得相应的资质证书。

无损检测人员应定期参加进修和培训，更新知识和技术。

2.无损检测设备和工具要求无损检测设备和工具应具备相应的性能指标和质量要求。

具体要求包括设备的准确度、灵敏度、分辨率等。

设备和工具应有有效的检定和校准证书，定期进行检验和维护。

3.无损检测方法选择针对不同材料和构件的不同要求，应根据相关标准和规程选择合适的无损检测方法。

对于特殊材料和特殊构件，应进行相关前期试验和验证，确定最合适的无损检测方法。

4.无损检测操作规程无损检测应按照相关操作规程进行。

操作规程应包括检测前的准备工作、设备和工具的校验和检定、操作流程和步骤、数据处理和分析等内容。

操作规程应经过审批和授权，定期进行评审和更新。

5.无损检测记录和报告无损检测应进行记录和报告。

检测记录应包括检测日期、地点、设备和工具、材料和构件信息、操作步骤和结果等。

检测报告应包括检测结果、缺陷或损伤的类型、位置和大小、评估和分析、建议的修复和维护措施等内容。

检测记录和报告应签字确认，并妥善保存。

6.无损检测质量控制无损检测应建立完善的质量控制体系。

质量控制包括检测设备和工具的校验和检定、操作规程的评审和更新、人员资质的管理和培训等。

质量控制应定期进行内部和外部的审核和评估。

7.无损检测标准和规程的遵守无损检测应符合相关的国家标准和规程要求。

无损检测人员应了解和遵守相关的标准和规程，确保检测结果的准确性和可靠性。

以上是无损检测的规定，根据这些规定，可以保证无损检测的准确性和一致性。

无损检测在工业生产和质量控制中起着重要的作用，能够发现材料和构件内部的缺陷和损伤，预防事故的发生，保障产品质量和安全性。

射线探伤操作规程射线探伤是一种常用的无损检测方法，用于检测材料中的缺陷和不均匀性。

为了确保射线探伤操作的安全和有效性，需要制定详细的操作规程。

下面是一份针对射线探伤操作的规程，包含以下内容：一、操作人员准备1. 操作人员应接受相关培训，具备相关资质和技能。

2. 操作人员应了解使用设备的原理和操作方法。

3. 操作人员应熟悉射线探伤的安全事项和相关规定。

二、设备检测准备1. 确保射线发生器和探测器的电源正常，并进行仔细检查。

2. 确保辐射源和探测器的定位准确，校准仪器的最大放射量。

3. 检查所有连接线路，确保电缆连接可靠。

4. 确认所有防护装置完好，如铅衣、铅饰等。

三、现场安全措施1. 射线探伤应在封闭的探伤室或适当的封闭区域进行。

2. 在禁止入内区域设置明显的警示标志和警示牌。

3. 提供安全标志和紧急停止措施。

四、操作流程1. 确认探测区域，根据需要设置探测角度和方向。

2. 根据探测要求选择合适的管道和辐射源，并进行连接。

3. 严格依照设备操作说明进行操作，确保射线发生器和探测器正常工作。

4. 按照设备规定的辐射源使用时间进行操作，注意时间控制。

5. 操作人员远离辐射源，通过监控设备观察探测结果。

6. 根据探测结果进行分析和判定，记录并报告缺陷和异常情况。

五、辐射防护1. 操作人员应戴上适当的防护设备，如防护服、安全帽、防护眼镜等。

2. 设置辐射防护区域，确保所有人员和设备都不会接触到辐射区域。

3. 根据辐射值确定防护措施，并在必要时增加辐射防护装置。

六、设备维护1. 每次操作后检查设备是否完好，如电源、电缆、探测器等。

2. 定期对设备进行维护和检修，如更换电池、校准辐射源等。

3. 记录设备维护和修理的日期和细节，保持设备运行记录。

七、事故应急处理1. 在事故发生时，立即停止操作，并保护好现场，防止进一步事故发生。

2. 立即报告事故，向相关部门寻求帮助和支持。

3. 根据事故情况采取必要的急救措施，积极参与救援工作。

无损检测技术的操作步骤详解无损检测技术是一种基于物体内部或表面状态进行检测而不破坏物体完整性的技术。

它在工业生产和科学研究中扮演着重要的角色，广泛应用于航空航天、汽车制造、建筑工程、核工业等领域。

本文将详细介绍无损检测技术的操作步骤，使读者对此技术有更深入的了解。

1. 确定检测目的：在进行无损检测之前，首先需要明确检测的目的和要求。

这包括确定需要检测的物体、所需检测的缺陷类型（如裂纹、孔洞、气泡等）以及所需检测的灵敏度。

2. 选择合适的无损检测方法：根据检测目的和要求，选择适合的无损检测方法。

常用的无损检测方法包括超声波检测、磁粉检测、涡流检测、射线检测等。

每种方法都有其适用的特定领域和缺陷检测能力。

3. 准备检测设备和工具：根据选择的无损检测方法，准备相应的检测设备和工具。

这包括超声波探头、磁粉颗粒、涡流探头、射线源等。

确保设备和工具的性能良好并符合规范要求。

4. 准备被检测物体：在开始无损检测之前，需要对被检测物体进行准备工作。

这包括清洁物体表面，去除可能影响检测结果的杂质，如油污、漆层等。

同时，还需对物体进行标记，以确定检测区域和方向。

5. 进行无损检测：在准备工作完成后，根据选择的无损检测方法，按照以下步骤进行检测。

a. 超声波检测：将超声波探头与被检测物体接触，通过发射和接收超声波信号来检测物体内部的缺陷。

根据物体材料和结构的不同，选择合适的超声波频率和探头。

b. 磁粉检测：在被检测物体表面涂上磁粉颗粒，通过磁场引导颗粒在表面形成磁线，以检测物体表面的裂纹和缺陷。

在磁粉检测过程中，需注意磁场的均匀性和颗粒的分布。

c. 涡流检测：将涡流探头靠近被检测物体表面，通过探头产生的高频交流磁场感应出物体内部的缺陷。

涡流检测在金属材料的缺陷检测中应用广泛。

d. 射线检测：使用射线源对被检测物体进行照射，通过探测器接收射线的透射或散射信号来检测物体内部的缺陷或密度差异。

6. 分析和评估检测结果：根据无损检测方法得到的数据和图像，进行分析和评估。

INDEX1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................2 1.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 2 2 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Normative references ................................................................................................................ 23 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION .............................................................................................................. 24 SAFETY CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................................... 25 SURFACE PREPARATION ..................................................................................................................... 36 MAGNETIZATION ............................................................................................................................... 3 6.1 General Conditions .................................................................................................................... 3 6.2 Magnetization Techniques ......................................................................................................... 4 6.3 Magnetization Check Out ........................................................................................................... 57 UV-A RADIATION SOURCES ................................................................................................................ 5 8MAGNETIC PARTICLES ....................................................................................................................... 5 9 CALIBRATION .................................................................................................................................... 6 10 VISUAL INSPECTION CONDITIONS ..................................................................................................... 6 10.1 Coloured Products ..................................................................................................................... 6 10.2 Fluorescent Products ................................................................................................................. 6 11 GLOBAL BEHAVIOUR CONTROL (PERFORMANCE) ................................................................................ 6 12 Definitions and Indications Classification .............................................................................................. 7 12.1 Definition of Indications............................................................................................................. 7 12.2 Severity Levels .......................................................................................................................... 8 12.3 Clasification of the Indications ................................................................................................... 9 13 RESULTS INTERPRETATION .............................................................................................................. 10 14 INDICATIONS RECORD ..................................................................................................................... 10 15 DEMAGNETIZATION ......................................................................................................................... 10 16 CLEANING........................................................................................................................................ 10 17 INSPECTION REPORT ....................................................................................................................... 12 17.1 Annex I:Inspection Report Template ........................................................................................ 13 17.2 Annex II (For Information only): Reference Pictures. Linear indications (SM) .............................. 15 17.3 Annex III (For Information only): Reference Pictures. Linear and aligned indications (LM and AM) 17RECORD OF CHANGES1INTRODUCTIONThis specification is applicable to any casting component requiring Magnetic Particles inspection for its acceptance.1.1SCOPEThis specification defines the procedure and severity levels for the inspection of cast iron and ferromagnetic cast steels components using magnetic particles technique (whatever it is the casting technique).This specification covers the inspection procedures and acceptance criteria to be fulfilled by any casting, forging, rolled and welded product supplier. Inspection areas are not covered by this specification. These can be found in the part specification.2REFERENCES2.1NORMATIVE REFERENCESThe following documents are invoked as part of this specification and must be fulfilled to the extent defined. Unless specifically over-ruled by the inclusion of a date, or an issue letter or code, the latest issue shall always apply.3PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONNDT-Personnel of the supplier must be qualified to one of the following certification standards: ∙SNT-TC-1A∙EN 473Gamesa Quality Assurance shall have access at any time to the NDT-Personnel qualifications.Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica (GCT) requires level II NDT personnel.Gamesa Quality deptartment shall investigate the documentation for qualifications before the work is commenced.4SAFETY CONDITIONSTest by means of magnetic particles can require the use of toxic, inflammable and (or) volatile products. In this case, the zone of work must be ventilated and properly away from the source of heat and flames. It is convenient to avoid the prolonged or repeated contact of the skin and mucous with detection products and contrast paints.Test materials must be according to instructions of the manufacturer. At any moment, the national standard of security, accident prevention must be fulfilled in relation to electricity, dangerous substance manipulation and protection of people and the surrounding environment.In case of UV-A source use, it is necessary to make sure that the filtered radiations of the UV-A source do not impact directly at the eyes of the operator. The UV-A filters must be kept in good conditions, independently of being integral to the source or separated.5SURFACE PREPARATIONZones to be inspected by magnetic particles must be dry and free of dirty, oil, grease, oxide particles, slag products and any other product that could have an effect in the sensitivity of this test.Surface conditions described above can be reached by means of detergent, organic solvent, cleaner, sand blasting, vapor grease remover, etc.Quality surface requirements depend on the size and orientation of the discontinuities to be detected. The surface shall be prepared properly in order to be able to detect all the relevant indications considering the possibility to machine or grind the surface to separate false from relevant indications, due to the fact that irregularities could cover an indication of a possible defect.Non magnetic surface coatings up to 50μm (0,05 mm) thickness, such as continuous adherent paint systems (without cracking), usually do not modify detection sensitivity. Thicker coatings reduce it dramatically, so it is necessary to check out the level of sensitivity.There must be contrast enough between the indications and the surface to be inspected. When using white light (non fluorescent technique), it can be necessary the use of adherent, uniform paint (varnish) with approved contrast. If the magnetization electrode technique is used, all no conducting material must be removed from the contact areas.6MAGNETIZATION6.1GENERAL CONDITIONSMinimum induction in the component shall be at least 1T. Flux density is obtained by a relatively high permeability and a tangential magnetic field of 2kA/m.The test shall be performed using the continuous method, namely, the magnetic field shall be applied by the time the particles are drop on the component, and the excess removed.In case that flaws or any other discontinuity are susceptible to orient themselves in a particular direction, when possible, the magnetic flux shall be oriented in such a particular direction.It can be considered that the magnetic flux is effective, if allows to detect discontinuities with an orientation no higher than 60º with the optimum sensitivity direction. It can be then obtained a complete coverage performing the magnetization of the surface in two perpendicular different directions (maximum deviation ≤ 30º).Test shall be carried out overlapping consecutive positions in order to guarantee that 100% of the surface is covered.1 Directions of the magnetic field2 Optimum sensibility3 Sensibility decrease.4 Low sensibilityα Angle between the magnetic field and the indication direction.αmin. Angle for indications detection.αi Example of indication orientation.Figure 1. Directions of detectable indications.6.2MAGNETIZATION TECHNIQUESTo carry out the magnetization process an alternating current PORTABLE ELECTROMAGNETS (Yoke) will be used.Both poles of the alternating current electromagnet are placed in direct contact with the component to test, producing a magnetic field between both poles. The area of each component, near by each pole is not possible to test due to the high magnetic field intensity. It must be ensured a complete coverage of areas to be inspected.Equipment supplier must provide all necessary technical data (recommended distance between poles, poles cross section measurements, wave shape, current control method and wave shape, maximum current flow time, dimensions, weight, etc.)Electromagnets (yokes) must comply with the following requirements at room temperature 30ºC and working at maximum power.❑Cycle coefficient………≥ 10%❑Current flow time.......... ≥ 5s❑Handle surface temperature…. ≤40 ºC❑Tangencial field Ht at Smax...... ≥ 2 KA/m (RMS).❑Rise force……..≥ 44 N (*)(*) To lift up 4.5 kg it is required an elevation force of approximately 44N.Electromagnets must be equipped with a power switch on / off, if possible mounted on the handle.Other techniques can be applied (current flux between electrodes, fix equipment, coils, central conducting or adjacent, etc.) and current (continuous, rectified), if previously agreed with GCT.6.3MAGNETIZATION CHECK OUTThe easiest way for checking out magnetization is to control a test component with small discontinuities made artificially or naturally in the most critical zones. In the absence of these specimens, it can be used any other method based on the stated principles.7UV-A RADIATION SOURCESIt can be carried out the test with UV-A radiation (between 315nm and 400nm) using a source with a maximum nominal intensity of 365nm.Radiation shall be measured in working conditions, on the testing surface, using a UV-A radiometer.Measurement shall be carried out once the intensity of the lamp is constant (no less than 10 minutes after switch it on).The supplier of the source must provide all the necessary technical data (surface temperature in the UV-A radiation housing, after 1 hour time, cooling system, electrical requirements, dimensions, weight, irradiated area at 400mm from the source, irradiance after 15 minutes; 220 hours, luminance after 15 minutes; 220 hours, etc.)UV-A sources must satisfy minimum requirements listed below at a room temperature of 30ºC❑Filter resistant to splashes of the detection media.❑Protection against the dangers caused by portable units when in stand by position.❑UV-A Irradiance at 400mm from the source............... ≥ 10 W/ m❑Luminance at 400mm form the source............... ≤ 20 lx❑Surface handle temperature ............. ≤ 40º C8MAGNETIC PARTICLESMagnetic particles to be used shall be applied in wet conditions (in a suitable carrier solution, previously shaked to mix up and provide a homogeneous particle – liquid suspension).High permeability and low retentivity particles shall be used with suitable size and shape for the procedures and techniques used for the evaluation. Magnetic particles colour will contrast properly with the surface to be tested.GCT suggests using fluorescent magnetic particles in wet conditions. GCT must approve the use of any other kind of magnetic particles.Magnetic particles suspension can be obtained directly mixed to use or made up using concentrate products, including powders and solid solutions.Magnetic particles shall be applied so that they produce an uniform and light coverage on the surface to be tested, while the magnetization current is set up.After magnetic field application and before switching off the electrical current, remaining particles shall be removed without distortion of the particles that contribute to the indication on the discontinuity.9CALIBRATIONAll the equipment for work (yoke, etc.) and measurement (white light luxometer, UV-A radiometer, etc.) used for the test must be officially calibrated and the corresponding information to disposition of GCT if it is required.10VISUAL INSPECTION CONDITIONSBefore coming up with the procedure of inspection, a visual inspection shall be performed all over the surface to test. When it is difficult to do so, magnetic equipment or specimen can be moved in order to have a clear access to the whole component. Special attention must be paid in order to avoid the modification of the indications previously detected and registered.10.1COLOURED PRODUCTSWhen using coloured products:a)It is necessary a good contrast between the detection product and the tested surface;b)Surface to be tested must be lighted using natural or artificial white light (it is not allowed the use ofmonochromatic sources such as sodium lamps), avoiding shine or reflection and using a level of luminance higher than 500lx (lux).10.2FLUORESCENT PRODUCTSWhen using fluorescent products for detection purposes, examination zone must be dark up to 20lx as a maximum illumination level. Examination area must be illuminated using UV-A. UV-A energetic illumination must be at least 10 W/m2(1000 W/cm2) measured on the surface to be tested. A higher level of UV-A luminance allows the use of white light intensity proportionally higher, always considering that it is necessary to have a clear contrast between the indications and the surface subjected to evaluation.Enough time must spend before the test in order that eyes become accustomed to the reduction of ambient illumination.Ultraviolet lamp shall be switched on some time before (usually 5 minutes or what stated by the manufacturer) before using, in order to guarantee a suitable level of radiation.It is not allowed the use of photochromatic glasses when working with UV-A light, because when exposed to this radiation can become dark and this effect could reduce the capacity to detect discontinuities in people wearing these glasses.11GLOBAL BEHAVIOUR CONTROL (PERFORMANCE)Before beginning the test, it is recommended to do a global behavior control (performance) of the used method. That is useful to bring up anomalies in both operational method, magnetization technique, or in the detection instrument.The most reliable test to perform is that to be done on a representative sample having natural or artificial discontinuities with previous knowledge of location, type, dimensions and distributions. Control samples have to be demagnetizes and be exempt of indications previously done in other test.In absence of production samples with real known discontinuities, artificial samples can be made up with defects, for instance a cross magnetic flux indicator or a similar one as it is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. Magnetic Particles field indicator according to ASME V, article 7, T-727.12 DEFINITIONS AND INDICATIONS CLASSIFICATIONSpecial attention must be paid in order to separate real indications from the false ones, for example those corresponding to scratches, section changes, limit between zones with different magnetic properties or magnetic written.It is necessary to take control and define the procedures to identify and remove, if possible, the source of these false indications.Discontinuities usually observed in cast components are defined in Table 1 and are reviewed with symbols (A, B, C, D, E, F, or H). These discontinuities can give to indications, magnetic diagrams or groups of indications all over the surface. These indications can all be of different types.inspection.12.1 DEFINITION OF INDICATIONSIndications corresponding to different discontinuities when testing using magnetic particles technique may have different shape and size. In order to distinguish between indications and discontinuities it is useful the use of a relationship between length, L, and width, W./ Pieces of low carbon steel welded/ Non metallic handle with adequate length/ Artificial defect between all pieces/ Copper piece12.1.1Non linear Indications (SM)Indications are considered to be non linear if length, L, is lower than three times width, W.12.1.2Linear Indications (LM)Indications are considered linear if length, L, is equal or higher than three times width, W.12.1.3Aligned Indications (AM)Indications are considered to be aligned in the following cases:a)Non linear Indications: Distance between indications is lower than 2 mm, and at least, threeindications are observed.b)Linear Indications: Distance between two indications is lower than length, L, of the biggerdiscontinuity aligned.Aligned indications are considered as a simple indication. Its length is equal to the total length, L, of the corresponding alignment (see Figure 3).Length L, is the distance between the starting point of the first indication and the ending point of the last discontinuity L l ₁ + l ₂ + l ₃ + l ₄ + l ₅Figure 3. Example of total length for aligned indications.12.2SEVERITY LEVELSSeverity levels are fixed as a reference scale and are defined as a function of the indications.12.2.1Non Linear IndicationsFor non linear indications, severity levels are defined (see Table 2) using the following criteria:a)Length (largest dimension), L1, of the smaller indication taken into account.b) When possible to perform, maximum total surface of the indications detected in a given area(rectangle of 105 mm x 148mm).c)Maximum Length, L2, of the observed indications.12.2.2Linear and aligned indicationsIn case of linear or aligned indications, severity levels (see Table 3) are defined as follow:a)Length (largest dimension), L1, of the larger indication that has been considered.b)Maximum length, L2, of the linear and aligned observed indication.c)The sum of lengths of each linear or aligned indication, within a 105mm x 148mm rectangle, thatexceeds the length L1.12.2.3Severity Level SelectionSeverity level can be chosen from Tables 2 and or 3 and, when necessary, from the reference pictures that appear in annex II and III. Reference pictures are taken 1:1 scale and are included herein as an example.Table 2 and Annex II are referred to non linear indications (isolated) (SM).Table 3 and Annex III are referred to linear indications (LM) and aligned (AM).The selection of the reference picture depends on the section thickness.12.2.4Cross section thickness rangeThree different thicknesses are established for the cross section (see Table 3):a)t ≤ 16mmb)16mm ≤ t ≤ 50mmc)t > 50mmBeing t the section thickness.12.3CLASIFICATION OF THE INDICATIONSTo classify a discontinuity indication, it is necessary to place a 105mm x 148mm rectangle profile is the most critical zone, that is in the zone where high severity level indications appear.12.3.1Non Linear IndicationsJust consider indications having lengths larger than L1 (see Table 2).The sum of the areas of each one of the indications must be calculated (if the surface of the casting is smaller than the reference surface, area of the indications must be proportionally reduced).Length of the indications must be measured.The level of the indications (SM) shall be carried out according Table 2.Note: Only values defined in this Table are valid and reference pictures are just included for information (see Annex II).Table 2. Severity Levels in magnetic particles inspection for isolated non linear indications.12.3.2Linear and aligned indicationsLength L of the isolated indications larger to the minimum length defined by the required severity level must be measured. The sum of the indications within a rectangle of 105mm x 148mm must be carried out.The thickness of the section, t, must be measured in the zone in which inspection is performed.The level of indications LM and AM must be determined with the help of Table 3.The sums of the lengths of the linear and aligned indications that are higher than the minimum length are to be measured, and the result must be compared with the specified "accumulated" length in Table 3.Some of the severity levels defined in Table 3 are illustrated in the same reference picture, shown in Table 4. In some cases, the equivalence with the picture is just approximate due to slightly differences in parameters showed in Table 3. In these cases, equivalences are indicated using 1) mark in Table 4.12.3.3Reference PicturesReference pictures that correspond to non linear indications, linear and aligned indications (see Table 2 and Table 3) are shown in Annex II and III, respectively.A real picture and a reference picture are considered to be equivalent when the same total surface has been detected for non linear indications and/or the same length for linear or aligned indications.13RESULTS INTERPRETATIONCast components tested according to this specification are considered SUITABLE (ACCEPTABLE) if discontinuities correspond to a level equal or lower than that stated as reference.14INDICATIONS RECORDAcceptable indications are not to be recorded unless otherwise specified directly by GCT.Indications must be recorded in such a way that they are completely defined in both characteristics (type, dimensions, etc.) and location.Record shall consist of sketches, drawings or photography. Other recording media could be used if previously agreed with GCT.15DEMAGNETIZATIONIn all cases in which the remaining magnetism could interfere with the following processes or applications this element must be demagnetized once the test has been finished, using suitable techniques to reach a minimum value of residual magnetism in the component.a)Demagnetization requires the use of an decreasing alternating magnetic field equal or higher thanthe one used for the magnetization.b)Components previously magnetize using continuous current require the use of low frequency currentor alternating change with continuous current.c)Demagnetization is necessary before carrying out the control when the level of residualmagnetization is so that any adherent fillings, opposite flow or false indications can limit the effectiveness of the control.16CLEANINGWhen necessary, after the control and acceptance, all the components must be cleaned to eliminate the detection product.Note: Only values defined in this Table are valid and reference pictures are just included for information (see Annex III).Table 3. Severity levels in magnetic particles inspection for linear (LM) andaligned indications (AM).1⁾Table 4. Linear indications (LM) and aligned (AM).17INSPECTION REPORTInspection report must include at least the following information:a)Name and address of the organism performing the inspection and the location where it was carriedout.b)Name and address of the manufacturer.c)Name and address of the customer.d)Data referent to the component inspected (reference, number, etc.)e)Examination procedure and section defining acceptance criteria.f)Surface conditions of the component.g)Instrumentation used for the test and reference.h)Electrical current characteristics.i)Type and color of the particles (brand and reference).j)Sketch with detected indications.k)Interpretation and evaluation of indications.l)Test Date.m)Name, qualification level and sign of personnel performing the inspection.Title: Magnetic Particles Inspection in Cast Iron 17.1ANNEX I:INSPECTION REPORT TEMPLATE17.2ANNEX II (FOR INFORMATION ONLY): REFERENCE PICTURES. LINEAR INDICATIONS (SM) All reference pictures in this section are just for information purposes and must be used in the appropriate scale 1:1.10 mmFigure B.1 – Severity level SM 1.10 mmFigure B.2 – Severity level SM 2.10 mm Figure B.3 – Severity level SM 3.10 mm Figure B.4 – Severity level SM 4.10 mmFigure B.5 – Severity level SM 5.17.3ANNEX III (FOR INFORMATION ONLY): REFERENCE PICTURES. LINEAR AND ALIGNEDINDICATIONS (LM AND AM)All reference pictures in this section are just for information purposes and must be used in the appropriate scale 1:1.10 mmFigure C.1 – Severity level LM 1a or AM 1a.10 mmFigure C.2 – Severity level LM 1b o AM 1b [LM 2a* - AM 2a*].* Comparable with other levels.10 mmFigure C.3 – Severity level LM 1c o AM 1c [LM 2b* - AM 2b* or LM 3a* – AM 3a*].10 mmFigure C.4 – Severity level LM 2c o AM 2c [LM 3b* - AM 3b* or LM 4a* – AM 4a*]. * Comparable with other levels.10 mmFigure C.5 – Severity level LM 3c o AM 3c [LM 4b* - AM 4b* or LM 5a – AM 5a*].10 mmFigure C.6 – Severity level LM 4c o AM 4c [LM 5b* - AM 5b*].* Comparable with other levels.10 mmFigure C.7 – Severity level LM 5c o AM 5c.。

无损检测作业指导书一、背景介绍无损检测（Non-Destructive Testing，NDT）是指在不破坏被测对象完整性的前提下，利用各种技术手段和设备对其进行检测、测量、评价或判定的一种方法。

在工业领域中，无损检测被广泛应用于材料、构件和设备的质量检测、安全评估和性能监测，以确保生产和运营过程的安全和可靠。

无损检测作为一项关键技术，对从航空航天到能源和化工等各个领域的工业生产和产品质量有着重要影响。

本作业指导书旨在为相关从业人员提供一份详细的无损检测作业指南，以确保检测工作的质量和准确性。

二、作业前准备1. 熟悉被测对象：在进行无损检测之前，必须对被测对象有足够的了解，包括其构成、制造工艺和使用条件等。

这将有助于选择合适的检测方法和设备，以及准确评估结果。

2. 熟悉检测方法和设备：根据被测对象的特点，选择适合的无损检测方法和设备。

熟悉这些方法和设备的原理、操作步骤和注意事项，以确保正常进行检测工作。

3. 检测区域准备：清理被测对象的表面，确保其干净、无油污和杂质。

必要时，使用适当的清洗剂进行清洗。

另外，确保检测区域的通风良好，以便于操作和排除可能的风险。

4. 确定检测参数：根据被测对象的性质和要求，确定适当的检测参数，如波长、频率、电流功率等。

这将有助于获取准确的检测结果，并快速发现可能存在的缺陷。

三、作业步骤1. 根据被测对象的特点和要求，选择适当的无损检测方法，如超声波、射线、涡流、磁粉等。

了解每种方法的原理、优缺点，并根据实际情况进行选择。

2. 根据选择的无损检测方法，准备相应的设备和工具。

确保设备的正常工作状态，如电源供应、传感器的校准和标定等。

3. 在检测之前，对被测对象进行必要的预处理。

例如，清洁表面，移除可能影响检测效果的覆盖物和污垢。

4. 根据检测要求，将传感器或探头与被测对象适当接触或定位。

确保传感器的位置和角度与被测对象的几何形状和缺陷类型相匹配。

5. 开始无损检测，按照预定的检测规程和流程进行操作。

一、目的为保障现场无损检测工作安全、有序、高效地进行，预防安全事故的发生，确保人员安全和设备完好，特制定本制度。

二、适用范围本制度适用于公司所有从事现场无损检测工作的相关人员。

三、职责1. 安全管理部门负责制定、修订、实施和监督本制度，并对现场无损检测安全工作进行日常检查和考核。

2. 无损检测部门负责组织、实施现场无损检测工作，确保无损检测过程安全。

3. 项目负责人负责对现场无损检测工作进行监督，确保各项安全措施落实到位。

4. 无损检测人员负责遵守本制度，确保自身和他人的安全。

四、安全措施1. 人员安全（1）无损检测人员应具备相关资质，熟悉无损检测设备、工艺和操作规程。

（2）无损检测人员应进行岗前培训，了解现场安全知识，掌握应急处理措施。

（3）无损检测人员应穿戴符合国家标准的安全防护用品，如安全帽、防护眼镜、防尘口罩、防静电服等。

2. 设备安全（1）无损检测设备应定期进行维护、保养，确保设备正常运行。

（2）现场作业区域应设置明显的警示标志，防止无关人员进入。

（3）设备操作人员应严格按照设备操作规程进行操作，不得擅自调整设备参数。

3. 环境安全（1）现场作业区域应保持整洁，避免杂物堆积。

（2）现场作业区域应设置通风设施，确保空气流通。

（3）现场作业区域应设置消防设施，如灭火器、消防栓等。

4. 应急处理（1）无损检测人员应熟悉应急预案，掌握应急处理措施。

（2）发生安全事故时，应立即停止作业，报告项目负责人和安全管理部门。

（3）安全管理部门应组织人员进行现场救援，确保人员安全。

五、监督检查1. 安全管理部门定期对现场无损检测安全工作进行监督检查，发现问题及时整改。

2. 项目负责人应定期对无损检测人员进行安全教育和培训。

3. 无损检测人员应主动接受监督检查，积极配合安全管理部门开展工作。

六、奖惩1. 对严格遵守本制度、认真履行职责、表现突出的个人和集体给予表彰和奖励。

2. 对违反本制度、造成安全事故的个人和集体，视情节轻重给予警告、罚款、降职、辞退等处分。

无损检测技术的操作规范及注意事项无损检测技术是一种非破坏性的检测方法，用于评估材料和组件的完整性，而无需破坏或损伤被检测的对象。

该技术在工业、建筑、航空航天等领域广泛应用，为保障质量和安全起着至关重要的作用。

然而，为了确保无损检测技术的准确性和可靠性，操作人员需要遵循一些规范和注意事项。

首先，操作人员应确保在进行无损检测之前具备足够的专业知识和技能。

他们应经过专门的培训，并持有相关的证书。

了解不同无损检测技术的原理和适用范围，熟悉使用仪器设备和掌握数据分析的方法非常重要。

只有具备足够的专业知识和技能，操作人员才能准确地进行无损检测，并正确解读和评估测量结果。

其次，操作人员需要严格按照操作规范进行检测。

每种无损检测技术都有其相应的操作规范和标准，如美国无损检测工程师协会（ASNT）制定的标准。

这些规范对于操作人员的素质要求、设备的校准要求、操作步骤和评估方法等都提出了明确的要求。

操作人员应熟悉并严格按照这些规范进行操作，以确保测试的准确性和一致性。

在进行无损检测之前，操作人员还需要对所使用的仪器设备进行校准和维护。

校准是确保测量结果准确性的重要环节，而维护则是保障设备正常工作和延长使用寿命的关键。

操作人员应定期检查仪器设备的工作状态和精度，并根据要求进行校准和维护。

同时，需要严格按照操作手册和设备说明书进行操作，避免误操作或错误使用设备。

在进行无损检测时，操作人员需要注重安全。

一些无损检测技术使用的是高能辐射或高能电磁波，操作人员应严格遵守相关的辐射安全操作规程，佩戴适当的防护设备，减少辐射对人体的影响。

此外，操作人员还需遵循现场安全操作规范，如戴好安全帽、穿戴适当的工作服和防护手套，确保人员和设备的安全。

注意事项也包括对被检测对象的准备和监测环境的要求。

被检测对象应经过适当的清洁和表面处理，以确保获得准确的测量结果。

不同的无损检测技术可能对表面状态有不同要求，操作人员应根据要求进行处理。

此外，监测环境也会对测量结果产生影响，如温度、湿度和照明条件等，操作人员需要注意并进行必要的调整。

无损检测安全防护规程第一章总则第一条为确保无损检测工作的安全进行，防止无损检测操作过程中发生意外事故，保护无损检测人员的生命安全和身体健康，制定本规程。

第二条本规程适用于无损检测工作中的安全防护措施。

第三条无损检测人员必须严格遵守本规程的要求，维护自身安全和作业环境的安全。

第二章安全教育和培训第四条所有参与无损检测工作的人员，必须经过相应的安全教育和培训。

第五条安全教育和培训的内容包括但不限于：工作中存在的危险因素、安全操作规程、应急救援措施等。

第六条每位无损检测人员必须持有合格的无损检测证书，并定期进行复审和更新。

第三章安全措施第七条无损检测作业场所必须设置明显的安全警示标识，告示禁止烟火等危险行为。

第八条无损检测场所应保持整洁，杂物必须放置在指定的安全区域内。

第九条无损检测人员必须定期检查和维护使用的无损检测设备，确保设备安全可靠。

第十条无损检测人员在工作前应自行核对所需的安全装备和工具是否齐全，并正确佩戴。

第四章个人防护措施第十一条无损检测人员必须佩戴适当的个人防护装备，包括但不限于安全帽、防护眼镜、耳塞、防护手套、防护靴等。

第十二条无损检测人员在工作过程中必须严禁穿戴过宽松、易被卡住的服装。

第十三条无损检测人员进行工作时，应保持清醒和良好的身体状态，避免过度劳累。

第十四条无损检测人员在操作设备时，应保持专注，并注意自身的安全。

第五章紧急救援措施第十五条无损检测场所应设置紧急救援设施，包括但不限于灭火器、急救箱等。

第十六条无损检测人员必须熟悉紧急救援措施的操作方法，并定期进行演练。

第十七条发生意外事故时，无损检测人员必须迅速采取紧急救援措施，并及时向上级进行报告。

第六章外来人员管理第十八条进入无损检测作业区域的外来人员必须经过相应的安全教育和培训，并佩戴相应的个人防护装备。

第十九条外来人员在无损检测作业区域内必须随时接受无损检测人员的指挥和安排。

第二十条外来人员应遵守无损检测作业区域的相关规定和要求，维护自身和他人的安全。