东北大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生试题西方经济学答案

中国农业科学院研究生院2003年硕士研究生入学考试西方经济学试题一、判断1.供给和需求以相同幅度增加时市场均衡价格和均衡数量都相应增加2.稀缺性是指资源在数量上的有限性3.MRP总是等于MPP与产品价格的乘积4.MP或AP的变化不会对生产弹性产生影响5.可变要素的最佳投入量一般不受产品价格的影响6.只要AD与AS相等就不会出现通货膨胀7.物品的替代效应一般会改变无差异曲线的位置8.STC曲线与AVC曲线之间的距离为AFC9.物品价格以相同幅度增加收入预算线向右上方平行移动10.外在经济会使LAC曲线向上平行移动11.当价格下降时吉芬物品收入效应的绝对值总是大于其替代效应12.有效需求不足会导致通货紧缩13.生产周期的长短影响供给弹性14.经过原点的直线型供给曲线具有供给弹性不变的特性15.经济的周期性波动即经济周期是不可以消除的16.准租金是指短期内供给量固定的生产要素的报酬17.如何生产的问题可以理解为是生产技术的选择问题18.政府减少财政转移支付可以使消费需求减少19.互补物品的交叉价格弹性为负20.基尼系数越大说明收入分配差异越大二、选择1.通货膨胀缺口出现在充分就业①之前②之后③之处④以上情况都是2.某一时期空调的需求曲线向右平行移动的原因可以是①政府提高了个人所得税的起征点②空调的生产成本降低③空调的价格下降④以上情况都是3.下列储蓄函数哪一个最可能是正确的①S=-20+(1-0.75)Y ②S=20+(1-0.75)Y③S=20-(1-0.75)Y ④S=-20-(1-0.75)Y4.当MPL /MPK小于PL/PK时，要实现利润最大化生产者必须①减少L的投入量②增加L的投入量③减少K的投入量④提高L的价格5.某企业的玉米供给曲线SS是曲线型的，SS上一点A的切线方程为QS=1.5+0.36P，则SS在A点的价格弹性①小于1 ②大于1③等于1 ④无法确定=5, 价格P=6, 则相应的MR等于6.需求曲线上某一点的价格弹性Ed①3.0 ②4.8③1.0 ④5.57.当工资的替代效应小于其收入效应的绝对值时单个劳动者的劳动供给①增加②减少③不变④视工资水平而定8.其他条件不变收入增加会使物品消费的收入效应①减少②增大③不变④不确定9.物品价格比率增大会使被替代物品的消费量①减少②增加③不变④难以确定10.弹性不足物品降价会使消费者对该物品的消费支出①增加②减少③不变④难以确定11.完全竞争市场厂商的长期供给曲线①是对短期供给曲线的水平加总②是对短期供给曲线的垂直加总③不存在④难以确定12.扩大产品出口可以使社会工资水平①降低②不变③提高④视出口量而定13.只要物品市场是非完全竞争的，MRP就①大于VMP ②等于VMP③小于VMP ④以上情况都可能出现14.菲利普斯曲线反映的关系是①就业与国民收入增长②就业与价格变化③价格变化率与失业率④食品支出与消费总支出15.在完全竞争厂商的短期停止营业点①P=SMC ②P=AVC③P=SMC=AVC ④P=MR=LMC=SMC16.在MR=SMC的均衡产量上，完全垄断企业①可能盈利②可能亏损③可能得到正常利润④上述情况都可能发生17.对应于边际报酬的递增阶段，MAC曲线①上升②达到最高③下降④无变化规律18.下列项目应该计入GDP的是①政府转移支付②购买普通股票③购买一套二手房④购买一袋面粉19.自主投资减少10亿元会使IS①右移投资乘数乘以10亿元②左移10亿元除以投资乘数③右移10亿元除以投资乘数④左移投资乘数乘以10亿元20.MPC与APC在APC的①最低点相交②最高点相交③相等点相交④以上情况都不可能发生三、计算1.某企业产品的需求曲线方程为P=10-0.2Qd , 供给函数为QS=5P-10, 计算：（1）该物品的市场均衡价格和均衡数量（2）为了能卖出40个单位的产品，企业应将价格定为多少元（3）当价格为5元时，产品的市场供求差额（4）当价格为多少时，需求的价格弹性为单位弹性（5）若消费者收入增加了10%，该物品的需求收入弹性为2，在新的收入水平下该物品的市场均衡价格和均衡数量（6）上述两个均衡点间供给的平均弹性（7）收入增加后消费者剩余的变化值2.某垄断厂商的总成本函数为STC=0.1Q2-6Q+14,其面临的产品市场需求曲线为P=150-3.25Q, 计算：（1）该厂商的短期均衡产量和均衡价格（2）该厂商可获得的最大利润（3）若政府限定该厂商以边际成本定价，则该厂商的产量和利润将发生什么变化3.消费函数C=80+0.6Y, 计算：（1）当投资增加100单位时，国民收入将增加多少（2）投资增加100单位时要使国民收入增加500单位，应对上述的消费函数作如何调整四、简述1.简述货币政策的主要工具和财政政策的“内在稳定器”作用2.结合图形说明短期生产函数和短期成本函数之间的关系3.近年来一些地方出现了“农产品产量增加较快但农民收入增加不快的现象，即增产不增收甚至增产减收”，结合图形对这一现象作出解释4.结合实物（数字可以自己设定）说明边际报酬与规模报酬的区别和联系5.结合图形说明财政政策的“挤出效应”及IS曲线和LM曲线变化对挤出效应的影响6.2000年我国人均GDP为854美元，人均GNP为825美元，请对这种差异做出解释7.结合图形对完全竞争市场和完全垄断市场进行评价，并指出限制或消除垄断的主要措施。

东北财经大学2003年招收硕士研究生入学考试初试西方经济学试题（1）一、 比较并解释概念（每题6分，共30分）l．会计成本与机会成本2．边际替代率与边际技术替代率3．无差异曲线与等产量曲线4．GDP与GNP。

5．摩擦失业与结构性失业。

二、判断正误（每题3分，共30分）l．稀缺仅仅是市场经济中所存在的问题。

2．当公共产品带来的边际收益等于边际成本时，就实现了公共产品的有效供应量。

3．当某一物品的价格上升时，消费这种物品的边际效用就减少了。

4．边际产量增加使总产量增加，边际产量减少使总产量减少。

5．生产要素的价格一旦确定，等成本曲线的斜率随之确定。

6．当存在房屋租金上限时，住宅建筑业的发展就会萎缩。

7．总收益等于总成本时，厂商的经济利润为零。

8．潜在CDP是资源充分利用又不过度使用时的国民收入。

9．通货膨胀比通货紧缩更有害。

10．非自愿失业是由工资刚性引起的。

三、简答题（每题8分，共40分）1．用供求分析说明“谷贱伤农”的道理何在?2．为什么完全竞争的企业不能收取高于市场价格或低于市场价格的价格?3．简要说明在短期中，生产函数与成本函数之间的关系。

4．经济衰退时为何不宜节俭。

5．财政政策的具体内容是什么。

四、计算题（每题5分，共20分）1．假定某一垄断者的需求曲线为Q=53—p．AC=MC=5。

（1）计算利润最大化时的价格和产量。

（2）如果是完全竞争市场，产量和价格将是多少?2．已知生产函数为Q=f（K,L）=KL－0.5L2－0.32K2，Q表示产量，K表示资本，L 表示劳动，若K=10，求：（1）写出劳动的平均产量和边际产量函数。

（2）计算当总产量达到极大值时企业雇佣的劳动人数。

3．需求函数为Q=100—2p，写出总收益函数、边际收益函数，问在什么价格水平上，价格弹性为1？4．三部门经济中．己知边际消费倾向b=0．8，边际税收倾向：t=0.2。

求：（1）政府支出乘数（2）当政府支出增加200万时，问国民收入增加多少?五、分析题（每题10分，共30分）l．随着超级商场在我国的普及，超市内的物品丢失问题时有发生。

东北大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生试题考试科目：国际经济学一、填空（每题1分，共20分）1．根据比较优势原理，贸易后劳动者的福利水平（）。

2．根据要素禀赋理论，要素人选的均等是以（）的均等为先决条件的。

3．现实中，产业间贸易和产业内贸易两种形式都同时存在，其中，产业间贸易的发生取决于两国的要素禀赋差异，而产业内贸易则完全由（）引起。

4．倾销就其性质来说。

可分为两种类型：一种是（），另一种是（）。

5．战略性贸易政策的成功运用是以（）为前提的。

6．世界贸易组织的5个基本原则是：（）。

7．（年月日），欧洲统一货币开始启动。

8．依照市场交易内部化理论，内部化的倾向随着（）的扩大而增强。

9．国际收支主要分为两大类：（）项目、（）项目。

10．（）外汇市场是世界上出现得最早、也是目前最大的外汇市场。

11．绝对购买力平价理论认为：（）是促使市场恢复均衡的一种市场机制。

12．当本国货币贬值时，贸易差额的变动是不确定的，它的变动由进出口商品的（）决定。

13．在开放经济中，宏观经济政策的主要目标包括：（）等。

14．发现中国家采取外汇控制主要出于两个方面的考虑，一是（），二是（）。

15．在固定汇率制度下，如果（），任何国家都不可能独立地执行货币政策。

16．大国对进口产品征收关税，其关税的净福利效应是（）。

17．（）是WTO的基本职能和首要任务。

18．（）是美国为了抑制居民购买在纽约的资本市场上发行的外国证券而采用的一种管制办法。

19．按照国际货币基金组织的规定，在国际收支核算中，进出口商品都使用（）价格。

20．不同时期的汇率决定理论主要有：（）等。

二、解释下列概念（每题5分，共30分）1．H-O定理2．规模经济3．战略性贸易政策4．储备资产5．布雷顿森林体系6．相对购买力平价三、问答题（每题10分，共60分）1．假设某一国家拥有20 000万单位的劳动，X，Y两种产品的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为5个单位和4个单位，X的国际相对价格为2，进口为2 000个单位。

东北大学
2006年攻读硕士学位研究生试题
西方经济学
一，名词解释（45分）
均衡价格内生变量无差异曲线的特征边际报酬递减规律要素供给效用最大化条件社会福利基本函数
信息的不完全性寡头市场生产者剩余
二，简述题（每题10分，共50分）
1，影响需求的价格弹性因素
2，完全竞争行业的短期供给曲线的特征
3，价格歧视
4，完全竞争厂商使用要素的原则
5，规模报酬变化分为几个阶段，各阶段表现出怎样的规律？
三，综述题（每题20分，共40分）
1，平衡收入与均衡利率具有怎样的变动关系？
2，均衡预算的财政思想和功能财政思想有何区别？
四，（15分）
在今年11月29日召开的中央经济工作会议上，国务院总理温家宝在会议中着重分析了当前我国的经济形势，阐述了明年经济社会发展的主要目标和需要解决的重点问题，具体部署了明年的经济工作，请阐述明年我国经济工作的主要任务有哪些？
1均衡价格
某种商品市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格水平
2，内生变量：内生变量：在经济模型中，该模型所要决定的量，它可以在模型体系内得到说明。

3，无差异曲线的特征：
①无差异曲线总是凸向原点
②离原点越远的无差异曲线代表的效用水平越高
③两条无差异曲线在同一个坐标内不允许相交
4，边际产量递减规律（边际报酬）
在技术水平和其它生产要素抽入不变的条件下，持续某一生产要素的投入，会使总产量增加，但超过一定临界点以后，总产量的增量会不断减少，直至出现负增长
5寡头市场：少数厂商控制产品生产和销售的市场组织
（1）按寡头数量的多少分类①双寡头②多寡头
（2）按产品的特征分类。

2003年东北大学博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅡVocabulary & Structure (20%)Directions:There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each of the sentence, there are four choices. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and cover the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with●．21．The design of the gymnasium shows a great deal of______ We have never seen a building of such a type before．A．solidarity B．originality C．invention D．fascination22．The psychiatrist say that a person with inferiority feelings can be very______．A．disgraceful B．disrespectful C．disapproval D．disagreeable23．The Secretary of State______to being astonished at this unexpected statement．A．complied B．confirmed C．confessed D．conformed24．When the doctor proposed to him long walks in the fresh air, Mr. Park admitted______ for a long walk for years．A．not having been B．not being C．being not D．having not been25．Agriculture was a step in human progress______subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age．A．to which B．with which______ C．from which D．in which26．The change in the treatment of his characters is a significant______to Shakespeare's growth as a dramatist．A．label B．signal C．mark D．index27．Chaucer has been called the Father Poetry by______generations．A．aggressive B．progressive C．successive D．comprehensive28．After______on a merry-go-round, she started to feel dizzy and had to lie down．A．to have ridden B．redden C．riding D．to ride29．Experience leads me to think that it is not always good to get______ with strangers．A．tolerant B．confidential C．enthusiastic D．agreeable30．Each plant and animal be natural tendency,______far more seeds and eggs and seedlings and young, than is necessary to maintain______population．A．is to produce..．their B．produces..．itsC．produces..．their D．produce..．their31．Someone who gives an expensive gift often feels that he should receive more praise than if he______ a less expensive gift．A．gave B．gives C．had given D．has given32．The doctor said that it would take a month for her fractured wrist toA．recover B．heal C．remedy D．cure33．Although she did not look back she could tell that he was still following. Let______a streetcar, she thought, and really there was one．A．there were B．there beC．there being D．there has been34．During the famine of 1943, millions of Chinese peasants______to the cities because they could not survive in the rural areas．A．migrated B．emigrated C．immigrated D．mobilized35．The waltz and the tango seem to be out of fashion today. Things like the twist and jerk seem to be _____young people are really interested in．A．all that about B．about that all C．about all that D．all about that 36．In his culture,______ it was, this exchange of manes on pieces of paper was probably a formal polit eness, like saying “thank you”．A．all that B．whatever C．whichever D．what37．The survival______of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins．A．standard B．scale______ C．ratio D．rate38．The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to______ funds from armaments to health and education．A．derive B．change C．convert D．divert39．The Home Secretary has been asked to______because the union leaders and their employers cannot agree on a course of action．A．intervene B．negotiate C．meditate D．reconcile40．The neighbors do not considered him quite______as most evenings he awakens them with his drunken singing．A．respected B．respectable C．respective D．respectful41．The sun is very large in comparison with its nine______planets which, in turn, are circled by a total of thirty-three satellite．A．surrounding B．cycling C．orbiting D．whirling42．When I emerged from the telephone box, I come face to face with a little man, who was looking as______ as a stray dog．A．humble B．pathetic C．dreadful D．merciful43．I found seated at the table opposite to mine another guest. He was a decently unsociable man, anxious to______alone．A．leave B．be leaving C．be left D．have left44．The house they have bought is in very bad repair. The old boiler in the kitchen needs A．to see B．to be seen C．seeing D．seeing to45．As to the lost world of Egypt, we know nearly everything______to know．A．there is B．it is C．which is D．what is46．Mark Evens, who had failed the physics test, was sitting on a bench in the corner______over his disappointment．A．complaining B．meditating C．brooding D．apologizing47．Some researchers have undertaken some psychological studies which prove that many children develop fears of______dangers．A．imagination B．imaginary C．imaginable D．imaginative48．The mother separated the quarreling children, and gave each of them a sharp______．A．punch B．pinch C．puppy D．pumpkin49．Soccer is the most truly international team sport, but there is still some question______whether it should be called a game or open warfare．A．as to B．due to C．in addition to D．owing to50．______but I still like him．A．Selfish though he is B．Selfish as he isC．Whether he is selfish or not D．Selfish he may be51．It was so incredible to her that I should have made the highest score in the class______she was trying to test me again, personally.A．that B．therefore C．when D．because52．I think it was all fixed up by lawyers or______arranges adoptions．A．someone B．anyone C．whoever D．those53．With a weather worn face, Ted is______a very old man but in fact he is only fifty．A．obviously B．evidently C．apparently D．sufficiently54．They don't want to be involved in the dispute, so they exhibit______on such matters．A．integrity B．reserve C．morality D．justice55．I'd just do as soon as you______the research yourself．A．do B．will do C．would do D．did56．I don't know______it was that answered the phone this morningA．who B．why C．how D．that57．If any law and order______not maintained, neither the citizen nor his property is safe．A．be B．are C．were D．is58．In New York City______has highly restrictive guidelines for______police may use their guns, the number of people shot by local cops soared in the past three years from 68 to 108．A．there, where B．there, when C．it, where D．which, when59．Thousands of children nowadays prefer doing their homework to a background of popmusic______it in a quite room．A．rather than doing B．to doingC．rather than to do D．to do60．Five score years ago, a great American, ______symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation．A．with his B．in whose C．by him D．of whomPart ⅢReading Comprehension (35 %)Directions:There are seven passages in this part. Each is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. Choose the one out of the choices marked by A, B, C, and D．and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet with●．Passage 1Researchers disagree whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is one evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age—related declines．At Pennsylvania State University, Sherry Willis and her husband, K. Warner Schaie, have studied 5,000 people, some since 1956．People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may also fare better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental stimulation. Similarly, those lucky enough to be relatively affluent also fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stimulating things like travel．Education helps, too, researchers say because in instills the conviction that you can always learn something new. The Schaie-Willis team also has some other observations. Being in a stable marriage with a stimulating spouse, they say, helps maintain intellectual vigor．Flexibility counts too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before” Schaie says. In neuropsychological terms, the ability to see problems in new ways often yields higher scores on tests of mental function. Andpeople satisfied with life also stay more mentally fit, he says．If you find your mental skills sagging, consider working on specific deficits. When Willis gave 5-hour tutorials on inductive reasoning or spatial skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 14 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities. That advantage held up seven years late when they were retested.Other ways to stay sharp, Schaie says, are doing jigsaw puzzles to hone visual-spatial skills, working crossword puzzles for verbal skills, playing bridge for memory and simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows．Finally, remember this. Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom continues throughout the 40s, 50s and even 60s．Questions 61 to 65 are based on the passage．61．In the passage, the author mainly discuss______．A．the role mental stimulation in preventing mental agingB．gradual loss of mental skills with normal agingC．the relationship between mental function and spatial skillsD．effective ways to keep intellectual vigor62．The word “it” in the saying “use it or lose it” (paragraph 1) refer to______．A．brain power B．cognitive developmentC．mental stimulating D．intellectual function63．According to the researchers, which of the following factors affects cognitive aging?A．Education. B．Chronic illness．C．Standard of living. D．All of the above．64．From this passage we may safely infer that______might help prevent mental declines．A．physical exercises B．social interconnectionsC．rigid daily routines D．a healthy diet65．According to the author, all of the following can truly be said about wisdom EXCEPT that ______．A．wisdom may be thought of as a special form of abilities and knowledge completely developed with life experienceB．wisdom may still grow even when the process of mental aging startedC．wisdom is superior in importance to mental skills such as inductive reasoning and spatial skillsD．wisdom makes up an important part of brain powerPassage 2Generation gaps are nothing new. Imperfect communication between age groups plagued the ancient Greeks and current works alike．Many an older worker chafes at an under-30 colleague who surfs the Internet, listens to his Sony Walkman and chats on the phone or with his desk mate-all while working on a project due in an hour．Sometimes, of course, he isn't corking, and that's a whole different issue. But sometimes he is getting lots of great stuff done. In the meantime, the different work styles create a case of “Would you please shut up” vs. “Lighten up. Get a life.”Marc Prensky, vice president of Bankers Trust and founder of its interactive learningsubsidiary, Corporate Gameware, was on point in Across the Board, a publication of the conference board. The business research organizatio n titled Prensky's article “Twitch Speed”, a reference to the fast pace of video game play．Today under-30 workers likely grew up in a multimedia, technology—rich, twitch speed environment. Prensky says they simultaneously did homework, watched TV and listened to music; this exposure changed the ways they receive and process information．Baby boomers and older workers may or may not have done homework by TV, but much else has changed. Sociologists say the over-30s are more likely to want room doors close, TV off. One thing happening at a time. Quiet, please!When the two heritages clash in the workplace, it pits comfort with speed and “multitasking” against comfort with deliberation and focused concentration．Sound familiar? If the gap has become a chasm in your workplace, it's time to talk．Both work styles can be productive, but both sides need to make accommodations so the other's productivity isn't impaired．Questions 66 to 70 are based on the passage．66．This passage is mainly talking about______．A．generation gapsB．work styles of different age groupsC．lack of mutual understanding between the old and the youngD．imperfect communication between old and young workers67．From the context we may figure out that the word “plagued” (p aragraph 1) means______．A．annoyed B．infected C．damaged D．affected68．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A．Older workers often feel annoyed about their young colleagues' attitudes towards work．B．Younger workers always do a good job of their work though they prefer to listen to music or chat with others while working．C．The different work styles may sometimes lead to an unnecessary argument．D．Older workers are used to working in a comfortable and quiet environment so that they can fully concentrate on what they are doing．69．The author agrees with Marc Prensky on the point that younger workers prefer a “multitasking” style because______．A．they are smart and energeticB．they have the special ability to perform several tasks at the same timeC．brought up in a special cultural background, they have developed a behavioral pattern different form that of their older colleaguesD．they have been trained to receive and process information in a special way70．The author maintains that both sides should______if the two pattern work styles clash headlong．A．be patientB．realize that both work styles are productiveC．make efforts to avoid doing damage to the other's productivityD．make compromise to bridge the gulf between themPassage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed test, so much the better．A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into other pleasure of the fear faced and mastered．There are also people who object fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that faints. Witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc, do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales. The child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the word should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kissed in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend．No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external work and a sane child had ever believed that it was．Questions 71 to 75 are based on the passage．71．The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is______．A．repeated without variationB．treated with reverenceC．adapted by the parentD．set in the present72．Some people dislike fairy stories they feel that they______．A．tempt people to be cruel to childrenB．show the primitive cruelty in childrenC．lend themselves to undesirable experiments with childrenD．increase a tendency by which children's impulses may be73．Fairy stories are a means by which children's impulses may beA．beneficially channeledB．given a destructive tendencyC．held back until maturityD．effectively suppressed74．The advantage claimed for repeating fairy stories to young children is that it______．A．makes them come to terms with their fearsB．develops their power of memoryC．convinces them there is nothing to be afraid ofD．encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs75．The author's mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to suggest that______．A．fairy stories are still being made upB．there is confusion about different kinds of truthC．people try to modernize old fairy storiesD．there is more concern for children's fears nowadaysPassage 4No other country spends what we do per capita for medical care. The care available is among the best technically, even if used too lavishly and thus dangerously, but none of the countries that stand above us unhealth status have such a high proportion of medically disenfranchised persons. Given the evidence that medical care is not that valuable and access to care not that bad, it seems most unlikely that our bad showing is caused by the significant proportion who are poorly served. Other hypotheses have greater explanatory power: excessive poverty, both actual and relative, and excessive affluence．Excessive poverty is probably more prevalent in the U. S. than in any of the countries that have a better infant mortality rate and female life expectancy at birth. This is probably true also for all but four or five of the countries with a longer male life expectancy. In the notably poor countries that exceed us in male survival, difficult living conditions are a more accepted way of life and in several of them, a good basic diet, basic medical care and basic education, and lifelong employment oportunities are an everyday fact of life. In the U. S. a motional unemployment level of 10 percent may be 40 percent in the ghetto while less than 4 percent elsewhere. The countries that have surpassed us in health do not have such severe or entrenched problems. Nor are such a high proportion of their people involve in them．Excessive affluence is not so obvious a cause of ill health, but, at least until recently, few other nations could afford such unhealthful ways of living. Excessive intake of animal protein and fats, dangerous intake of alcohol and use of tobacco and drugs (prescribed and proscribed), and dangerous recreational sports and driving habits are all possible only because of affluence. Our heritage, desires, opportunities, and our machism, combined with the relatively low cost of bad foods and speedy vehicles, make us particularly vulnerable to our affluence. And those who are not affluent try harder. Our unacceptable health status, then, will not be improved appreciably by expanded medical resources nor by their redistribution so much as by a general at tempt to improve the quality of life for all．Questions 76 to 80 are based on the passage．76．All of the following are mentioned in the passage as factors affecting the health of the population EXCEPT_______．A．the availability of medical care servicesB．the genetic endowment of individualsC．the nation's relative position in health statusD．an individual's own behavior77．The author is primarily concerned withA．condemning the U.S. for its failure to provide better medical care to the poorB．evaluating the relative significance of factors contributing to the poor health status in the U. S．C．comparing the general health of the U.S. population with world averagesD．advocating specific measures designed to improve the health of U. S. population78．The passage best supports which of the following conclusions about the relationshipbetween per capita expenditure of the health of a population?A．The per capita expenditure for medical care has relatively little effect on the total amount of medical care available to a population．B．The genetic makeup of a population is a more powerful determinant of the health of a population than the per capita expenditure for medical care．C．A population may have very high per capita expenditures for medical care and yet have a lower health status than other populations with lower per capita expenditures．D．The higher the per capita expenditure on medical care, the more advanced is the medical technology; and the more advanced the technology, the better is the health of the population．79．The author refers to the excessive intake of alcohol and tobacco and drug use in order to ______．A．show that some heath problems cannot be attacked by better medical careB．demonstrate that use of tobacco and intoxicants is detrimental to healthC．cite examples of individual behavior that have adverse consequences for health status D．illustrate ways in which affluence may contribute to poor health status80．The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions?A．Which is the most powerful influence on the health status of a population?B．Which nation in the world leads in health status?C．Is the life expectancy of males in the U. S. longer than of females?D．What are the most important genetic factors influencing the health of an individual?Passage 5In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list but so were some positive life-changing events like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress-it only shows how much you have chances of staying healthy. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow the research got boiled down to a memorable message, women's magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness.” “If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy,” the articles said, “avoid stressful events.” But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, many-like the death of a loved one-are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move. The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we're all vulnerable and passive in the face of adversity. But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom and mental strain．Questions 81 to 85 are based on the passage．81．The result of Holmes-Rahe's medical research tell us______．A．the way you handle major events may cause stressB．what should be done to avoid stressC．what kind of event would cause stressD．how to cope with sudden changes in life82．The studies on stress in the early 1970's led to______．A．widespread concern over its harmful effectsB．great panic over the mental disorder it could causeC．intensive research into stress-related illnessesD．popular avoidance of stressful jobs83．The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows______．A．how much pressure you are underB．how positive events can change you lifeC．how stressful a major event can beD．how you can deal with life-changing events84．Why is “such simplistic advice” (Line 10．Para. 1) impossible to follow?A．No one can stay on the same job for long．B．No prescription is effective in relieving stress．C．People have to get married someday．D．You could be missing opportunities as well．85．According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become______．A．nervous when faced with difficultiesB．physically and mentally strainedC．more capable of coping with adversityD．indifferent toward what happens to themPassage 6“Most episodes of absent-mindedness-forgetting where you lift something or wondering why you just entered a room-are caused by a simple lack of attention,” says Schacter. “You are supposed to remember something but you haven't encoded deeply.” Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don't pay attention to what you did because you are involved in a conversation, you'll probably forget that the pho ne is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe. “Your memory itself isn't failing you,” says Schacter,“rather you didn't give your memory system the information it needed.”Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite spo rts statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men possibly because they pay more attention to their environment and memory relies on just that. “Visual cues ca n help prevent absent-mindedness.” says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table-don't leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. Another common episode of absent-mindedness like walking into a room and wondering why you're there is most likely because you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room and you will likely remember．Questions 86 to 90 are based on the passage．86．Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?A．It helps us understand our memory system better．B．It enables us to recall something from our memory．C．It expands our memory capacity considerably．D．It slows down the process of losing our memory．87．One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that______．A．they have a wider range of interestsB．they are more reliant on the environmentC．they have an unusual power of focusing their attentionD．they are more interested in what's happening around them88．A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because______．A．it will easily get lostB．it's not clear enough for you to readC．it's out of your sightD．it might get mixed up with other things89．What do we learn from the last paragraph?A．If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another．B．Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment．C．Repetition helps improve our memory．D．If we keep forgetting things, we'd better return to where we were．90．What is the passage mainly about?A．The process of gradual memory loss．B．The causes of absent-mindedness．C．The impact of the environment on memory．D．A way of encoding and recalling．Passage 7It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean's largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior．So biologists were delighted early this year when with the help of the Navy they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navy's formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans. Tracking whales is but one example of a exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies．Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption for the first time and that they plan similar studies. Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures. The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second-slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patient's chest to a doctor's ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones can often travel thousands of miles．。

2003年金融学硕士研究生招生联考“金融学根底〞试题解析一、单项选择题1。

【答案解析】：C需求规律是指，在影响需求的其他因素既定的条件下，商品的需求量与其价格之间存在着反向的依存关系，即商品价格上升，需求量减少；商品价格下降，需求量增加。

需求曲线的形状。

需求规律是对一般情况和一般商品而言的，需求曲线在通常情况下是一条负向倾斜的曲线。

但也有可能出现例外情形；第一，某些低档商品，在特定条件下当价格下跌时，需求会减少；而价格上涨时，需求反而增加。

第二，某些炫耀性消费的商品，如珠宝等，价格越高，越显示拥有者的地位，需求量越大；反之越小。

这两种情况下，其需求曲线均表现为向右上方倾斜，斜率为正值。

第三，某些商品的价格小幅度升降时，需求按正常情况变动；大幅度升降时，人们因不同的预期而采取不同的行动，引起需求的不规那么变化，如证券、黄金市场等，需求曲线表现为不规那么形状。

替代效应与收入效应的含义。

商品相对价格的变化，会使消费者增加对某种商品的购置而减少对另一种商品的购置，这就是替代效应的反映。

由商品的价格变动所引起的商品相对价格的变动，进而由商品相对价格变动所引起的商品需求量的变动称为替代效应。

由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动称为收入效应。

(注意有斯勒茨基替代与希克斯替代的区别，前者是保持实际收入(购置力)不变，后者是保持效用不变)正常商品的替代效应与收入效应。

对于正常物品来说，替代效应与价格成反方向的变动，收入效应也与价格成反方向的变动，在它们的共同作用下，总效应必定与价格成反方向的变动。

正因为如此，正常物品的需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的。

此题题干说明，就一般商品，也即正常商品而言，需求曲线向右下倾斜的原因，应该是由于替代效应和收入效应共同作用的结果。

拓展：(1)低档商品的替代效应与收入效应。

对于低档物品来说，替代效应与价格成反方向的变动，收入效应与价格成同方向变动，而且，在大多数的场合，收入效应的作用小于替代效应的作用，所以，总效应与价格反方向的变动，相应的需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的。

东北大学2004年攻读硕士学位研究生试题西方经济学一，名词解释（60分）财政政策货币政策GNP 财富资本转移支付挤出效应机会成本经济利润供给弹性恩格尔定律价格歧视个人可支配收入加速原理投资系数二举例说明经济数学模型中的内，外生变量（15分）三，一般来说，作为经济系统的投入要素都有哪些？你认为其中最重要的投入要素是什么？为什么？（25分）四，设某企业的生产函数为Q(L,K)=5KL其中投入要素L的价格为10 单位，K的价格为2单位，若商品的售价为10单位且有市场需求时，试分别求出当投入要素受约束和不受约束情况下的最优投入量L*,K* (当投入要素受约束时可只给出求解的式子)一1财政政策：指政府变动税收和支出以便影响总需求进而影响就业和国民收入的政策。

变动税收是指改变税率和税率结构。

变动政府支出指改变政府对商品与劳务的购买支出以及转移支付。

它利用财政预算来影响总需求，从而达到稳定经济目的的宏观经济政策。

2货币政策：指政府通过中央银行改变货币供给量，影响利率和国民收入的政策措施，货币政策一般分为扩张性的和紧缩性的两种。

前者是指通过提高货币供给增长速度来刺激总需求在这种情况下，取得信贷更加容易利息率会降低，紧缩性货币政策是通过削减货币供给的增长率来降低总需求水平，在这种政策下，取得信贷较为困难，利息率也随之提高。

3，GNP:一国所拥有的生产要素，在一定时期内所新生产的市场价值。

它是本国国民生产的最终产品市场价值的总和，是一个国民概念。

4财富：是指物品按价值计算的富裕程度,或对这些物品的控制和处理的状况.财富的概念包括货币、不动产、所有权等5 资本资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。

作为与土地，劳务并列的一种生产要素。

6，转移支付：是指政府或者企业的一种并非购买商品和劳务而作出的支付。

它包括对非赢利组织的慈善捐款，消费者呆账，农产品价格补贴，公债利息等政府与企业支出的一笔款项。

2002年答案（一）名词解释(每题2分，共10分)1．超额剩余价值【解析】超额剩余价值是指个别资本家提高劳动生产率，使自己商品的个别价值低于社会价值而得到的更多的剩余价值，它是商品的个别价值低于社会价值的差额。

超额剩余价值的源泉也是雇佣工人的剩余劳动，是由于首先提高劳动生产率的企业工人在同样时间里创造了更多的剩余价值。

２．跨国公司【解析】跨国公司是指发达资本主义国家中那些通过直接投资，在国外设立子公司和分支机构，从事生产、销售和其他经营活动，以获取高额利润的大型垄断企业。

它是垄断资本主义高度发展的产物，是垄断资本主义国家进行资本输出和对外经济扩张的重要工具。

作为第二次世界大战后最主要的私人国际垄断组织形式，跨国公司在战后资本主义体系以及全球经济中占有特殊的重要位置。

跨国公司的全球化扩张，标志着产业资本国际化真正达到了全球规模。

3．产权【解析】产权是指财产权利、所有制权利或财产权，它是人们(财产主体)围绕或通过财产(客体)而形成的经济责任、权力和利益关系。

产权的直接形式虽然是人对物的关系，实质上却是产权主体之间的关系。

产权的内容包括狭义的所有权(归属权)、占有权、支配权、使用权、受益权。

4．社会保障制度【解析】社会保障制度是指是指由国家依据一定的法律和法规，为保证社会成员的基本生活权利而提供救助和补贴的一种制度。

它包括社会保险、社会救济、社会福利和社会优抚等内容。

5．经济发展【解析】经济发展是指一个国家或地区经济增长以及经济结构、社会结构不断优化和高度化的演进过程。

经济发展的一般定义，除经济增长外，还包括：物质福利的改善，对那些低收入地区的人们来说，则强调消灭贫困以及与此相关联的文盲、疾病和过早死亡；改变投入和产出的构成，把生产的基础结构从农业转向工业；以生产性就业普及于劳动适龄人口的方式来组织经济活动；相应的使有广泛基础的集团更多的参与经济和其他方面的决策，从而增进自己的福利。

（二）辨析题（判断正确与错误，并简要说明其理由；每题3分，共12分）1．商品的价值量与生产该商品的劳动生产率成反比，因此，商品生产者提高劳动生产率，就会降低其所生产的商品价值，这对提高劳动生产率的商品生产者不利。

一、填空（每空一分，计15分）1．管理是指一定组织中管理者，通过实施____,____,_____,____,控制等职能来协调______,使同自己一起______的活动过程.2．所谓创新,是任何创造_____的______.3．计划工作的任务和内容可简称为"5WIH"用英文表示为:______ _______ ____________ _____ ________.二、多项选择题（计15分）1．管理理论的形成和发展大约经下述几个阶段：A、早期管理活动阶段B、早期管理思想的萌芽阶段C、管理理论形成阶段D、现代管理阶段E、未来管理阶段2．行为科学在第二世界大战后的发展主要集中在A、关于人的需要和动机的理论B、关于管理中的“人性”的理论C、关于领导方式的理论D、关于企业中非正式组织以及人与人关系的理论E、关于系统的理论3．现代管理理论在对人的看法上，将人看作是：A、经济人B、社会人C、复杂人D、现代人E、机器人4．系统与权变理论的追求是：A、最大限度的生产率B、最大限度的满意C、不是最大，而是满意或适宜D、是生产率与满意并重E、经济发展高速化三、名词解释（20分）1．战略2．授权3．管理信息系统4．决策支持系统5．控制趋势原理四、简答题（20分）1．管理信息系统的发展大体经历了哪几个阶段？标志是什么？2．豪斯提出了什么理论？主要观点是什么？3．期望值理论是谁提出的？公式怎么表达？4．什么是非正式沟通？对此应采取什么样的立场和对策？五、论述题（30分）1. 论对主管人员工作效率的考评。

2. 论现代管理学在实践中应有的主要观点。

一、填空每空1分共10分1、德鲁克在1955年提出------的概念。

德鲁克认为管理是一种------，这种力量是通过------表现出来的，所以管理者所扮演的角色大体上分为以下三种：-------，-------，--------2、未来管理理论的发展方向为-----，-------，------，------。

东北财经大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生西方经济学试题一、解释下列名词（每题4分，共24分）1．市场机制2．纳什均衡3．最低成本原则4．帕雷托最优5．通货膨胀6．法定准备率二、解释下列问题（每题6分，共36分）1．在完全竞争条件下，机会成本等于价格。

2．厂商短期供给曲线的形状。

3．在不同的供给、需求弹性下，征收从量税对消费者的影响、4．P=MC 是有效率的。

5．GDP 与GNP 的区别。

6．经济衰退时不宜节俭。

．三、计算题（每题5分，共10分）1．证明：（1）当时，会递增。

；L L AP MP >L AP （2）当时，会递减。

L L AP MP <L AP 2．已知边际消费倾向为b=0。

8，边际税率为=0.2。

当增加100万政府购买时国民收入的增加额是多少?四、论证题（每题15分，共30分）1．市场失灵如何导致配置效率下降?2．影响经济增长的因素有哪些?参考答案东北财经大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生西方经济学试题一、解释下列名词（每题4分，共24分）1．市场机制：在市场经济中，利润最大化的厂商行为所决定的供给、效用最大化的消费者行为所决定的需求，以及价格三者之间相互作用、相互影响、相互制约，使整个经济体制顺利进行并达到均衡的作用机制和调节功能，称为市场机制。

在市场经济中，市场机制主要解决生产什么、生产多少、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。

在市场机制中，价格机制构成了经济运行的中心。

价格作为最敏感的市场信号，通过它对生产者和消费者的利润和效用的影响，像一只“看不见的手”那样调节着他们的经济行为。

每一种商品和劳务都有价格，价格的变动引起供给和需求的变动。

生产者生产什么和怎样生产由生产者按照利润最大化原则，根据产品及要素价格的相对变化，以及其产量、产品价格及要素投入的均衡点来决定。

为谁生产取决于生产要素的价格，工资、地租、利息、利润构成要素所有者的收入。

市场机制在完全竞争的市场环境中得到完全的发挥，使整个经济处于最有效率的状态。