(完整版)期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案

跨⽂化交际试题A卷标准答案（答案要注明各个要点的评分标准）I. For each problem in this part, you are presented with one situation with fourutterances underneath. Read the description on each situation with the utterances and decide which is/are the appropriate utterance(s) in that situation where communication is done inII. Explain the underlined idioms in the following sentences (13 points).1. It?s not surprising the guy couldn?t get to first base with his new business: he started with two strikes against him.To be difficult for somebody to succeed.2. Let?s put this plan to the acid test by looking at the nuts and bolts of the deal."Let's put it to the acid test" means let's check if the plan is good or not by testing it really hard. "Looking at the nuts and bolts" means looking at all the detail. Someone has a big idea, but he must at some time "get down to the nuts and bolts.3. If we stop beating our heads against a brick wall, we would not appear to be such wimps. "Beating our heads against a brick wall" means “trying and trying when it is clear there will be no chance of success”.4. We need to be careful that the tail doesn?t wag th e dog. the small details do not change the big decision5. Do not listen to John, he?s got an ax to grind.“ To get an ax to grind” means “to have something hidden to get one ?s own personal interests”. 6. She?s not the least bit funny , in fact she?s laid an egg.“To lay an egg” means “to “make a mistake”7. John dropped the ball on this one, and he?s sure ticked off."Ticked off" means “annoyed”8. If you think we are on the same wavelength just give me a buzz, or we can play it by ear."On the same wave-length" means “ thinking the same thing”. “Give me a buzz” means “give me a ring. "Play it by ear" means “do not plan what people do, just let things happen as they may”.9. We need to stop dilly-dallying and get off the dime."dilly-dallying" mean s “wasting time”. "get off the dime" means“must start moving forward”.10. After his release from prison he decided he should walk the straight and narrow.“To walk the straight and narrow” means “To behave lawfully”.III. Find some unsuitable writing in the memorandum and rewrite them according to the intercultural communication strategies you learned. (27 points).Answer:Memo 1To: Jackson Pallock, Internal AuditorFrom: Mabelline Y urich, Sales Supervisor of CosmeticsSubject: Response to Request for New Life Cosmetics Sales RecordsDate: 18 February, 1995In reference to your request for last quarter?s sales records for our line of New Life Cosmetics, I am unable to give them to you by March 12 as you requested.According to Section 6 of our policy manual (copy attached), “only the vice president for sales may release classified4 sales records internally or externally.”Cosmetics sales records are classified. The vice president for sales, Jack Peterson, is vacationing and cannot be reached until he returns to work March 17. Jack?s assistant, Ms Mary Smith, told me that the records that you are desirous of can be sent immediately in toto if Jack approves their release when he returns next Thursday. She asked me to tell you that unfortunately we must hold your request in abeyance until he returns.I am sorry this happened, Mr Pallock. If you need information on manhours spent on sales, I can fill the bill now. Otherwise we will meet your request in due time if it is approved. Y ou?ll still have time to complete your audit by March 30, though. Better writingTo: Jackson Pollock, Internal AuditorFrom: Mabelline Y urich, Sales Supervisor of CosmeticsSubject: Response to Request for New Life Cosmetics Sales RecordsDate: 18 February, 1995I have reviewed your request to see last quarter?s New Life Cosmetics sales records by March 12 with Mary Smith, the assistant to the vice president of sales, Jack Peterson.Mary and I checked Section 6 of our policy manual and confirmed that Jack must give permission to release any classified records either internally or externally. All cosmetics sales records are classified. Jack is vacationing in Tibet and cannot be reached until he returns to work on March 17. Mary said that these records are complete and can be sent to you on March 17, if Jack approves.Should you need any unclassified cosmetics records to help you complete your audit by March 30,I can send them to you now. Records such as those of staff hours spent on selling cosmetics are unclassified. Call me at Extension 7165 to tell me what else you need, if anything.Memo 2To: Donna Crenshaw, Account ExecutiveFrom: Ernest Smithson, Account SupervisorSubject: Response to Request for a Change in the V acation ScheduleDate: January 17Y our trip to Paris sounds exciting. Many people are taking such trips, you want to switch your vacation to June 16 to 30 from May 1 to 15 so you can take the trip. But five people already chose that date. Only five people may vacation at one time.I checked with everyone in the department. Nobody is willing to change.I already checked with Mr Jones to see if he can let you go anyway. He said no.Y ou may switch to another two-week period. Y our parents might change their plans. However, keep your choice between May 16 and August 30. Also, do not choose August 1 to 15. I must know about any change by March 1, the deadline for setting vacation dates.Better Writing：To: Donna Crenshaw, Account ExecutiveFrom: Ernest Smithson, Account SupervisorSubject: Response to request for a Change in the V acation ScheduleDate: January 17Y our choice to vacation in Paris this summer with your parents does sound exciting. They were thoughtful to invite you to join them.As we discussed when you chose your vacation dates, only five people in the department may vacation during any two-week period. When I received your request to change your vacation from May 1 to 15 to June 16 to 30, I checked to see how many people are scheduled for vacation then. The roster showed that five people requested June 16 to 30.Next, I asked each of these five people if any of them will make a change. Having planned their vacations completely, all of them declined. Then, I asked Mr Jones if we might make an exception and let you go anyway. He declined, saying that we must meet the two thirds staffing requirement all summer to serve our customers adequately.Y ou may reschedule your vacation for another two-week period if that will help. Perhaps your parents can reschedule their vacation so this plan can work.. Any other two-week period between May 16 and August 30 is acceptable except August 1 to 15, when five people are scheduled already. If you do wish to make a change, please tell me before March 1, the deadline for setting vacation dates.Memo 3To: Mark Johnson, SalespersonFrom: Maria Cillias, ControllerDate: 23 December, 1995As per your request, we are processing your request for reimbursement of travel expenses for your December 2 to 5 trip to Denver. Y our attention is called to two items for which you are seeking reimbursement: tolls and taxicab fares. Y ou listed tolls totaling7 $10.50 and taxicab fares totaling $27.50 on the response form. but neglected to enclose receipts for these expenses. Company rules require that receipts be attached to the form for all expenses for which you seek reimbursement except meals and tips.To facilitate reimbursement of your travel expenses, will you kindly advise us whether you can furnish these receipts. When you comply with this constraint, we will reimburse you without further delay.Better Writing：To: Mark Johnson, SalespersonFrom: Maria Cillias, ControllerSubject: Reimbursement for Travel ExpensesDate: 23 December, 1995Y our request for reimbursement of travel expenses for your December 2 to 5 trip to Denver is now being processed. In reviewing the form you submitted for reimbursement, we noted that you listed tolls and taxicab fares for which no receipts were attached. Company procedures require that receipts be submitted for all refunded expenses except meals and tips. Will you please send us the receipts for .$10.50 in tolls and $27.50 in taxicab fares. Then, we can send you a check for $56.35,the full amount3 of your request.We will issue your reimbursement check within two days of receiving the receipts.IV. D ecide whether statements 1-10 are T rue or False according to the information you haveVI．Reading Comprehension (10 points)Read passage 1 and then answer the questions after the passage briefly. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1.What are the four main categories of distance for Americans?Intimate, Personal, Social, Public2.In America, how far apart should people who work together stand when communicating with each other?1.3m –2.00m3.At the international reception, why were Americans trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arab partners?Because of a different understanding between Americans and Arabs as to what is an appropriate distance between business partners.4.Why did the Arabs feel that the Americans were being …stand-offish??The Arabs wanted to stand close to, and even touch, their America business partners, but for the Americans such closeness is inappropriate in a business relationship.5. Why do young British people touch their friends more than older British people do?Because physical contact between people is much more common now than it was in the past.Read Passage 2 and then decide whether statements 1-5 are T rue or False according to the information given in the passage. Write “T" for true and“F”for false on the Answer Sheet. Passage 2VII. Case Analysis（15 points）Answer：Case 1 (7 points)Question：Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America. (7 points)1) On the topic of hospitality，the Chinese stress is on warmth and demonstrating friendship．They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good (expensive) meal to show their hospitality．And the Chinese are used to having a big meal. The more dishes they put out，the greater the warmth and friendship they show.(2 points) 2) In western countries，people stress on freedom．They give the guest great freedom tochoose their own foods．And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or dessert，which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese．[Note ! If the student answers that Western people have only three courses，this is also correct!( 2 points)3) Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the new world (1ifestyle)．He should have known the custom there first，and felt more at ease in Mike?s home．( 3 points)Case 2 (8 points)Question：Why did Zhang T ao feel uneasy?In China，when people host someone，they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality．They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease．( 2 points)2)In America，people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually，naturally and truthfully. ( 2 points)3)Zhang Tao knew he was a guest，and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality．He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. ( 2 points)4)Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings，he should have known about the customs there sooner．( 2 points)。

Unit 1Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone‟s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon intoday‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. What‟s the difference between today‟s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one‟s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to representthe experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the worldvery rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, nolonger prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding thischanged and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly co me into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people maylive thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global‟may be more local than t he …local‟”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than ofthe local events. In this sense,“the‘global’may be more local than the ‘local’”5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have tomeet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires theability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures, a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemicsthat know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael Fay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we areunaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures inspite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening,for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, What beautiful frames your picturesare in.In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－ismore valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably inconflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard‘s mistake was in making greatefforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not rightto defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmenthan between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself; for the English counterpart, ―Be my guest. American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―ma kes himself at home, even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to bedirect communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough. Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the begi nning, Mary didn‘trealize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personaland family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don‘t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don‘t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.Unit 2Culture and Communication Reading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall‘s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2．What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how toeat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealingwith death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life. 7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by theEnglish-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes.We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you move from onephysical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One‘s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everyday communication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one‘s boss by his or her title and neverto express one‘s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender plays a more important role than the receiver in communication?No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person‘s mind represent meanings. The wor ds, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in thisprocess?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than others for transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimu li in the environment that draw people‘s attention away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating. 15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite andwell-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker‘s meaning and hearer‘s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‗How long is she going to stay?‘ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was goingto stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz‘s question to mean ―Litz does not want me to stay for long‖. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law‘s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don‘t have oneto offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn‘t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn‘t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return. Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that shepreferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the ―shabby‖Chinese Christmas. That‘s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister‘s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one‘s culture is different from others‘. As Amy‘s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only s hame is to have shame.Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about what constitutesfriendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships,is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America theword ―friend‖can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one‟s family? And in what country does itnot?In Germ any, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn‘t as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long timewithout knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized?For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person‘s life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be ofvery different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and findthat they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by dayor in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what arethey?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom ofchoice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend givesthe other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to or different fromany of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyaltyand also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extent andquite different from other Western friendships.Reading IIComparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1. How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master of nature. Theyare future-oriented and ―being‖-oriented. Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanese believe that human nature is amixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature. They are both past-oriented andfuture-oriented. And they are both “growing-”and “doing-”oriented. They give emphasis to authorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author‟s view of traditional cultures in different valueorientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated by nature and it isbeing-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also, traditional Chinese culture ispast-oriented, for emphasis has long been given to learning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “change” with “improvement” and regard rapid change asnormal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief in progress. They are future-or iented. They believe that ―time is money‖and have an optimistic faith in the future andwhat the future will bring. So they tend to equate ―change‖with ―improvement‖and consider a rapid rate of change as normal.4. What does “Electric Englishman” mean w hen it is used to describe the American?As for activity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to be hyperactive. That‘s whythat they have been described as ―Electric Englishmen‖, who always keep themselves busy.5. How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the same culture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it is more likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially the case in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. For example, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and some are rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented in certain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6. What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences?Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrasts and differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultures on some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivable culture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications and can only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapid modernization and globalization. However, they have a way of persisting in spite of change. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survival needs and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different value orientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case StudyCase 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere inJapanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather‘s dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. Asa respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemedto be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders‘ opini ons would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That‘s why the young chairman didn‘t say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rude and ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take goodcare of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development ofthe company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand‘s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11。

5、______ caught in the rain unexpectedly, we still enjoyed the journey very much. A．When B．AsC．Unless D．Although6、When she was in trouble, I did what I could to help her．__________ my help, she wrote me Array a letter of thanks．A．In honor of B．In case of C．In terms of D．In return for7、Tom is the only one of the students who a scholarship since last year.A．has won B．have won C．is winning D．wins8、---Jenny is becoming slimmer and slimmer.---- It is said that she hired a fitness instructor last year and _____ since.A．is working out B．worked out C．has been working out D．had worked out9、________enough money, the young man was unable to buy his girlfriend expensive jewelry. A．Not to save B．Not savingC．Not having saved D．Not saved10、.---How did you French?---- I lived in Paris for two years before I came to England, so I got lots of practice.A．go through B．pick up C．set up D．turn up第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

一、定义题：1Intercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them.2Globalization : is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure基础设施, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity 后世;子孙the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.3Culture shock: Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Culture shock also can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations.4High context implies that a lot of unspoken information is implicitly transferred during communication.Low context implies that a lot of information is exchanged explicitly through the message itself and rarely is anything implicit or hidden.In a higher-context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher-context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a low-context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.5Definition of nonverbal communication:nonverbalsystem of symbols, signs and gestures developed and used by members of a culture to bring specific messages to expression.二、图表说明：1.需求曲线三角p412.海伦教授文化层次大纸三、翻译：红楼梦p144文化语言p121第4段管理者一词在世界范围内广泛运用，但是在不同的文化中它有着不同的重要程度和含义。

跨文化交际专业试题及答案一、选择题1. 跨文化交际中，以下哪个行为最可能被视为不礼貌？A. 直接注视对方B. 握手C. 鞠躬D. 保持微笑答案：A2. 在美国，人们通常在什么情况下会使用“please”？A. 要求别人做事B. 表达感谢C. 表达歉意D. 表达同意答案：A3. 在日本，以下哪种行为被认为是尊重的表现？A. 直接进入别人的办公室B. 敲门并等待允许C. 未经允许就坐下D. 直接打断别人说话答案：B4. 在阿拉伯文化中，握手时通常不包括以下哪个动作？A. 用右手B. 保持眼神接触C. 持续时间较长D. 同时用左手触碰对方答案：D5. 在中国文化中，赠送礼物时以下哪个行为是不恰当的？A. 包装礼物B. 赠送钟表C. 赠送书籍D. 赠送鲜花答案：B二、简答题1. 描述跨文化交际中非言语交流的重要性。

答案：非言语交流在跨文化交际中起着至关重要的作用，因为它可以传达情感、态度和文化背景。

非言语交流包括肢体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、声音的音调和节奏等。

不同的文化对这些非言语信号有不同的解读，因此理解和正确使用非言语交流对于跨文化沟通的成功至关重要。

2. 解释文化冲击是什么，并给出一个例子。

答案：文化冲击是指一个人在进入一个新文化环境时，由于文化差异而经历的心理和情感上的困惑、焦虑和不适。

例如，一个习惯于个人主义文化的西方人，当他第一次来到一个强调集体主义的亚洲国家时，可能会对那里的团队合作和群体决策感到不适应，从而经历文化冲击。

三、论述题1. 论述在国际商务环境中，了解和尊重不同文化的重要性。

答案：在国际商务环境中，了解和尊重不同文化对于建立和维护商业关系至关重要。

首先，了解不同文化可以帮助我们更好地理解商业伙伴的行为和期望，从而避免误解和冲突。

其次，尊重文化差异可以展示我们的开放性和包容性，这有助于建立信任和尊重，是长期合作关系的基石。

此外，跨文化交际能力也是全球化时代商务人士的重要技能，能够帮助企业在多元文化市场中取得成功。

《跨⽂化交际》试卷及答案《跨⽂化交际》试卷Section I: Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [45 points] Instructions: There are altogether 15 statements or questions below. You are offered four choices marked with A, B, C and D for each statement or question. Choose the most appropriate one and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. Bob, I need your help. The whole thing seems to be freaking out. Whatever I do, it is getting worse.A. funnyB. decliningC. losing controlD. happening2. What did you do to increase profit and eliminate losses? We haven’t been in the black for two months in a row.A. lack of moneyB. in the dark nightC. needing moneyD. gaining money3. I’ll have to start earlier the next time. This time I only finished by the skin of my teeth.A. finished it unsuccessfullyB. finished with my mouth shutC. barely succeeded in finishing itD. rarely shut my mouth when finishing it4. I don’t think you can depend on Jack to do that job by himself. He is too green.A: shy B. inexperienced. C. timid D. naive5. --Wow! Carl has done some really amazing things!--Don’t believe everything he tells you. He was probably pulling your leg.A. teasing youB. cheering you upC. ridiculing youD. dragging your leg6. Below are some topics. Three of them should be avoided in the cultural communication. Which one is the right expectation?A. Are you Christian?B. How much did you pay for the dress?C. Do you have a brother or a sister?D. Nice to see you again, you’re fatter.7. Which one in the following expressions is Not True?A. as meek as a lambB. as foolish as a donkeyC. as wise as an owlD. as strong as a cow8. We know that the dog is regarded as man’s best friend in the West, but sometimes dogs also have negative associations, such as ‘ _______ “A. A top dogB. Get the dogC. He worked like a dogD. Lead a dog’s lite9. I do think her presentation is wonderful. I simply can’t _____ the flaw in her argument.A. lay a finger onB. keep my hand inC. put my finger onD. hold my hand in10. Which of the following groups are family names?A. Thomas, Richard, RobertsonB. William, Smith, ClarkC. Taylor, Anthony, WatkinsD. George, Edwards, Jackson11. In a Western meal, you’re offered a ‘second helping, but you have already had enough. What would you say?A. No, thanks, I don’t like it.B. No, I don’t want any.C. No, I’m terribly full.D. That is delicious, but I’ve already had plenty, thanks.12. Which one in the following expressions is Not True?A. The Gang of FourB. A flock of cootsC. A school of birdsD. A pack of wolves13. Which one in the following expressions is Not True ?.A. as slippery as an eelB. as majestic as a tigerC. as stubborn as a muleD. as stupid as a goose14. Which idiom or saying below shows people’s positive attitude towards dogs?A. A jolly dog.B. He worked like a dog.C. Lead a dog’s life.D. Treat someone like a dog.15. Which of the following statements is Not True?A. Female names tend to be longer with more syllables.B. Female names tend to have higher percentage of names with stress on a syllable other than the first.C. Male names tend to make more use of /i/ sound, such as Steve, Peter, and Keith.D. Female names more likely end with vowel sound, while male names with a plosive sound.Section II: Reading Comprehension [25ints]Part 1: Questions16-20 are based on this part. (15 points)Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 16-20 briefly. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1In Australian families the central relationship is usually that between husband and wife, with children being thought of as independent individuals from an early age. The central relationship around which Chinese families revolve is quite different. Here the stress is placed on the relationship between parents and children. Couples with children view the roles of mother acid father as coming before those of husband and wife. It is the parents, usually the father, who make all important decisions for children. It is the father, for example, who will usually make decisions concerning what and where the children should study. This is in marked contrast to Australian families where children play an increasingly important role in deciding such matters as they grow older. This independence is also shown in the Australian custom of children leaving home to live independently of their parents long before marriage. There are few if any opportunities for young people to set up independently in this fashion in China. Indeed, the Australian practice in this regard can seem from a Chinese perspective to indicate that Australians do not care about their families.Australian children are more likely to be expected to work while they are studying than their Chinese counterparts. This can also apply to household chores, with Chinese parents expecting their offspring to devote their time to their studies. Children may be excused such duties right up to marriage, so that married life can sometimes come as a rude awakening to the need to cook and clean. Whereas in Australia students may work during the holidays or part-time during term, such activity is rare in China. The situation has changed somewhat since the end of the 1980s, with some students taking work as tutors or providing various services such as dressmaking. But the initial public reaction was one of shock. It is, then, still viewed as primarily the parents’ responsibility to support their children while they are pursuing their education. Money spent in this way is under no circumstances regarded as a loan, to be repaid when the children finish their education and have secured a job. University students in Australia also receive financial assistance from their parents and there is in some families an understanding that this will be repaid once they are financially independent. To many Chinese this may smack of lack of love and family feeling.The Australian emphasis on fostering independence in children from an early age runs counter to the Chinese view. Chinese children are not expected to be autonomous of their families to the same extent, with dependence on parents up to the time they are married. The protection and care of their children is the duty of parents. Chinese parents would look upon the failure to fulfill this duty as violating the most basic of parental responsibility. Dependence is the inevitable corollary and not something to shed as soon as possible but the expression of strong family bonds of affection.16. What’s the primary relationship in an Australian family and in a Chinese family?17. What role do children play in an Australian family?18. Why don’t Chinese children do household chores at home?19. What are Australian children expected to do during their school years?20. What’s the main idea of the passage?Part 2: Questions 21--25 are based on this part. (10points)Read Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 21- 25 are True or False according to the information given in the passage. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false on the Answer Sheet.Passage 2The English CharacterNo Englishman believes in working from book learning. He suspects all theories, philosophical or other. He suspects everything new, and dislikes it, unless he can be compelled by the force of circumstances to see that this new thing has advantages over the old. Race-experience is what he invariably depends upon, whenever he can, whether in India, in Egypt, or in Australia. His statesmen do not consult historical precedents in order to decide what to do: they first learn the facts as they are; then they depend upon their own common sense, not at all upon their university learning or upon philosophical theories. And in the case of the English nation, it must be acknowledged that this instinctive method has been eminently successful. The last people from whom praise can be expected, even for what is worthy of all praise, are the English. A new friendship, a new ideal, a reform, a noble action, a wonderful poem, an exquisite painting -- any of these things will be admired and praised by every other people in Europe long before you can get Englishmen to praise. The Englishman all this time is studying, considering, trying to find fault. Why should he try to find fault? So that he will not make any mistakes at a later day. He has inherited the terrible caution of his ancestors in regard to mistakes. It must be granted that his caution has saved him from a number of very serious mistakes that other nations have made. It must also be acknowledged that he exercises a fair amount of moderation in the opposite direction -- his modern Englishman; he has learned caution of another kind, which his ancestors taught him. ‘Power should be used with moderation; for whoever finds himself among valiant men will discover that no man is peerless.’ And this is a very important thing for the strong man to know -- that however strong, he cannot be the strongest; his match will be found when occasion demands it. Not only Scandinavian but English rulers have often discovered this fact to their cost.The judgment of the Englishman by all other. European peoples is that heis most suspicious, the most reserved, the most unreceptive, the most unfriendly, the coldest- hearted, and the most domineering of all western peoples. Ask a Frenchman, an Italian, a German, a Spaniard, even an American, what he thinks about Englishmen; and every one of them will tell you the very same thing. This is precisely what the character of men would become who had lived for thousands of years in the conditions of northern society. But you would find upon the other hand that nearly all nations would speak highlyof certain other English qualities- energy, courage, honor, justice (between themselves). They would say that although no man is so difficult to make friends with, the friendship of an Englishman once gained is more strong and true than any other. And as the battle of life continues, and must continue for thousands of years to come, it must be acknowledged that the English character is especially well fitted for the struggle. Its reserves, its cautions, its doubts, its suspicions, its brutality --these have been forit in the past, and are still in the present, the best social amour and panoplyof war. It is not a lovable nor an amiable character; it is not even kindly. The Englishman of the best type is much more inclined to be just than he isto be kind, for kindness is an emotional impulse, and the Englishman is on his guard against every kind of emotional impulse. But with all this, the character is a grand one, and its success has been the best proof of its value.21. The Englishmen are willing to see the advantages of new things.22. The Englishmen would rather depend on their race experience than university learning or philosophical theories.23. It is less likely to get praise from an American than from an Englishman.24. Being quite cautious, the Englishman has avoided making a lot of mistakes that other nations have made.25. Emotional impulse is one of the English characters.Section Ⅲ: Communication Analysis [30 points]Instructions; The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communicationor cultural understanding in each case by answering Questions 26-28 respectively. Your analysis of each case should be about 100 -- 150 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Note:! Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the test. Case 1 (7 points)Li Gang is a new Chinese student in an American university. He is very glad that one of his classmates, Peter, invites him to see a film one day. Li Gang goes to the cinema on time. When he gets there, Peter is waiting for him. Peter says, ‘I havebought mine. You go quickly to buy your ticket.’ Li Gang gets surprised.Question 26. Why does Li Gang get Surprised?Case 2 :(10 points)Mrs. Chen has just moved to America. Her husband is a guest professor there. She finds that a car is very necessary in America, so she decides to buy one. After she has chosen a suitable car, she takes out the cash to pay. The salesman is very glad and surprised, ‘Great. You pay in cash. ‘Mrs. Chen gets confused.Question 27: Why does Mrs. Chen get confused?Case 3 (13 points)Sarah and Daniel are a young American couple who are teaching English at Zhejiang University. They are leaning Chinese and enjoy their new lives. They have been eager to get to know Chinese people better so were pleased when Chen’ Li, their new Chinese colleague invited them to her h ome for? dinner at one weekend:When Sarah and Dahiel arrived, Chen Li introduced them to her hus- band Wang Bing, asked them to sit down at a table containing 8 plates of various cold dishes served them tea and then disappeared with her husband into the kitchen. Sarah offered to help in the kitchen but Chen Li said she didn’t need any help.A half-hour later she came back and sat down and the three began to eat. Wang Bing came in from time to time to put several hot dishes on the table. Most of the food was wonderful and there was much more than Sarah and Daniel could eat. They wanted Wang Bing to sit down so that they could talk to him. Finally he did sit down and ate a bit, but quickly he turned on the TV to show them high tech features. Soon it was time for Sarah and Daniel to go home.Sarah and Daniel felt slightly depressed by this experience, but returned the invitation one month later. They decided to make a nice American meal and felt lucky to find olives, tomato juice, butter and even some cheese in the hotel shop. They put these out as appetizers. For the main course they prepared spaghetti and a salad with dressing made from oil, vinegar, and some spices they found in the market.When Chen Li and Wang Bing arrived they were impressed by the apartment and the decorations, and asked about the price of the furniture, paintings, the carpet and other things. Sarah politely refused to answer their questions. They took small tastes of the appetizers and ate only a little spaghetti and didn’t finish the salad on their plates. Sarah urged them to eat more but they refused. Sarah and Daniel talked about their families and asked the Chinese couple about theirs. After a while, Daniel cleared the table and served coffee and pastries. The Chinese couple didn’t drink nor eat too much. After they left, Sarah and Daniel felt puzzled, because their Chinese guests didn’t eat too much, while they themselves left Chen Li’s home so full. Question 28How does Chinese understanding of the host-guest relationship influence Chen Li and WangBing’s way of enterta ining Sarah and Daniel? How does Sarah and Daniel’s understanding of the host-guest relationship influence their way of treating Chen Li and Wang Bing? What advice could you give to both couples to help them further their friendship?跨⽂化交际试题答案及评分标准Section I: Language Appropriacy and Accuracy 1-30 points](45 points, 3 points each. )1. C2. D3. C4. B5. A6. C7. D8. D9. C 10. D11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. CSection Il: Reading Comprehension 25points]Part 1. (15oints, 3points each. 0.5 point off for eachgrammar/spelling mistake, but at most 1 point can be deducted for each item for the grammar/spelling mistakes. The exact wording is not required, but the meaning must be the same. )16. In an Australian family the primary relationship is husband and wife, whereas in a Chinese family the basic relationship is between parents and children.17. Children play an increasingly important role in deciding the matters in the family as they grow older.18. Because Chinese parents expect their children to devote their time to studies.18. During their school years Australian children may work in the holidays and may work part-time during the terms.20. The passage discusses the differences between Chinese and Australian families in child-rearing.Part 2. (10oints, 2points each)21. F 22. T 23. F 24. T 25. FSection Ⅲ’: Communication Analysis [30 points]Question 26.Case 1 (7 points, 5 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality. )1)In China, if somebody invites you to see a film, he will buy the ticket for you.2)In America, invitation is very common. And people are used to paying individually.3)Li Gang hasn’t got used to this yet. He thought that Peter would buy the ticket for him.Question 27.Case 2 (10 points, 8 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality. )1)In China, people are used to paying in cash, especially in daily life.2)Chinese people consume within their consumptive capability.3)The Americans are used to paying in cheque or credit card. And they like consuming in advance. But the merchants prefer to have cash.Question 28.Case 3 (13 points, 11 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality.)Note: The words of the sample answer below are more than the required, for the purpose of providing enough reference.1)In China, it is traditional that hosts entertain guests by offering many courses of dishes to show their hospitality, and the number of courses served usually has the connotation of good luck, e. g.the number ‘8’ sounds like 发, which means getting rieh. It is quite common, especially in cities, that the husband helps a lot in cooking and servlng food. Hosts treat guests, especially distinguished guests, very politely, and guests’ offer 0f help in the kitchen ;is normally Politely refused Besides, TV programs often play an important role in providing entertainment at formal family dinner parties. These Chinese conventions help explain the way Chen Li and Wang Bing en~ertained Sarah and Daniel.2)In the West, hosts’ hospitality is not shown by the qual ity and quantity Of the food, but by offering their own specialty. They hope their guests Would like the food and enjoy their efforts. The hospitality is also shown by the hosts’ accompanying the guests and having a conversatio n with them. So both the host and hostess would’ ac company the guests to have dinner and have a warm talk t0gether. Guests would not ask any private questions, such as the price of the furniture, etc. These Western ‘conventions help explain the way Sarah a nd Daniel treated Chen Li and Wang Bing. Chen Li and Wang Bing followed the Chinese conversation habit, that’ S Why they asked about the prices, and often Chinese guests want to showtheir cultivation and manners by eating limited amount of food, and this may explain Why Chen Li and Wang Bing ate only a little food.3) It is advisable for both couples to learn the other culture through experience, chatting, observing and reading. On suitable occasions, e.g. at parties, friendly and interesting conversations about their respective cul tures, Such as ways of entertaining guests, normal conversation’ ‘topics and taboos etc, can be an effective way of understanding each other‘ Through such interactions; their friendship will surely be enhanced。

初二英语跨文化交际用语练习题40题(答案解析)1.When you meet a person for the first time in the UK,what would you say?A.How are you?B.Nice to meet you.C.Good morning.D.Hello.答案解析：B。

在英国，初次见面通常会说“Nice to meet you.”表示很高兴认识对方。

“How are you?”一般用于熟人之间问候。

“Good morning.”和“Hello.”比较随意，不太适合初次见面的场合。

2.In the US,if someone asks you“How are you?”,what is the common response?A.I'm fine,thank you.B.Very well,thanks.C.Not bad.D.Good.答案解析：A。

在美国，当别人问“How are you?”时，最常见的回答是“I'm fine,thank you.”。

“Very well,thanks.”“Not bad.”和“Good.”也可以，但不如“I'm fine,thank you.”正式和常用。

3.When introducing yourself to a Japanese person,what would you start with?A.Hi,I'm...B.My name is...C.I am...D.Hello,my name is...答案解析：B。

在日本，介绍自己时通常会说“My name is...”比较正式。

“Hi,I'm...”“I am...”和“Hello,my name is...”比较随意，不太适合正式场合。

4.In China,when you meet an elder person for the first time,what would you say?A.Nice to meet you.B.How are you?C.Respectfully greetings.D.Hello.答案解析：C。

【参考借鉴】跨⽂化交际英语教程答案.docUnit 1Communication Across CulturesWarm UpQuestions1. WhR is it difficult to eRplain to a blind person what colors are?2. Do Rou sometimes find it hard to make Rourself properlR understood bR others? If Rou do, whRdo Rou think it is hard?It is verR difficult for people to understand one another if theR do not share the same eRperiences. Of course, we all share the eRperience of being human, but there are manR eRperiences which we do not share and which are different for all of us. It is these different eRperiences that make up what is called ―culture‖ in the social sciences－the habits of everRdaR life, the cues to which people respond, the automatic reactions theR have to whatever theR see and hear. These often differ, and the differences maR introduce misunderstandings where we seek understanding. Reading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “ever R one?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporar R world?This is still powerful in todaR‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in todaR‘s societ R to hear people saR that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused bR minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between todaR?s intercultural contact and that of anR time in the past?TodaR‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in an R time in historR.3. What have made intercultural contact a verR common phenomenon in our life todaR?6New technologR, in the form of transportation and communication sRstems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication sRstems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economR has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do R ou understand the sentence “culture is ever Rthing and everR where”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directlR influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directlR influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (familR and state).6. What does one?s famil R teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The familR teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. WhR is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not onlR a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generallR agreed-upon, learned sRmbol sRstem that is used to represent the eRperiences within a cultural communitR. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial eRpressions, eRe contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturallR diverse societR eRist?A free, culturallR diverse societR can eRist onlR if diversitR is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the societR.Discovering Problems: Slim Is Beautiful?Questions for discussionWhich do Rou think is the mark of beautR, thin or fat? WhR is it often said that beautR is in the eRe of beholder?One sociologist once said that with the greater influence of American culture across the world, the standard of a beautR is becoming more and more HollRwood-like, characterized bR a chiseled chin and a tall, slim figure. One can see such beautiful images in almost anR American movie. We Chinese also share the notion that the standard idea of beautR includes being tall, thin, and light skinned. It seems that with the process of globalization, eastern and western beauties look more and more alike.7But we have to remember that the definition of beautR differs from culture to culture. For eRample, Hispanic standards of female beautR are to have big hips, a moderate tan, and a short height. As is described in the article, in southeastern Nigeria, Coca-Cola-bottle voluptuousness is celebrated and ample backsides and bosoms are considered ideals of female beautR. What‘s more, the ideal standard of beaut R varies from time to time. For instance, during times of famine, the ideal standard of beautR for women is a much larger bodR size. Larger size and more bodR fat maR refl ect one‘s status; for it suggests that the person is well fed and health R. Thinness then would reflect malnutrition. However, during times of plentR, plumpness is not a reflection of status. People maR easilR associate fatness with hRpertension, heart disease or other potential diseases. Likewise, during eras in which lower-class labors had to toil predominantlR outside for hours a daR, tanned skin was an indication of lower status, and therefore the ideal standard of female beautR was verR pale skin; women during those times actuallR used a lot of white powdered cosmetics to eRaggerate the paleness of their skin. Now, however, tan is a reflection of having more leisure time spent on seashores instead of working in an office all the time, and therefore it maR suggest higher status, so women strive for darker skin tones.It is true that beautR is in the eRe of the beholder because people of different cultures and in different situations maR have different ideas about what is beautiful and what is not.Group WorkFirst share with Rour group member whatever eRperiences Rou have had in communication events that can be considered as intercultural. Then work together to decide whether each of the following cases of communication is possiblR intercultural or not and, if it is, to what eRtent it is intercultural. TrR to place all the cases along a continuum of interculturalness, from the most intercultural to the least intercultural.All the cases maR seem to be intercultural but theR differ in the eRtent to which theR are intercultural. However it maR be verR difficult for us to place all these cases along a continuum of interculturalness from the most intercultural to the least intercultural, for manR other factors have to be taken into consideration if we have to decide which is more intercultural than another. For instance, whether communication between a male manager and a female secretarR is intercultural or not and, if it is, how intercultural it maR be, maR depend on the cultural and social backgrounds of the two persons. If theR are from drasticallR different cultures, communication between them is surelR intercultural and maR be verR intercultural. If theR are from the same culture, communication between them maR be little intercultural.The following is tentativelR suggested for measuring the interculturalness of the cases of communication, and the cases are presented from the most intercultural to the least intercultural: Communication between a Chinese universitR student and an American professor;Communication between a Canadian girl and a South African boR;Communication between a first-generation Chinese American and third generation one;Communication between a businessperson from Hong Kong and an artist from Rian;Communication between a teenager from Beijing and a teenager from Tibet;8Communication between a father who is a farmer all his life and his son who works as an engineer;Communication between a software technician and a fisherman;Communication between a male manager and a female secretarR (supposing theR are of the similar cultural and social backgrounds) .DebateThe class is to be divided into two groups and debate on the two different views mentioned in the following on intercultural communication. State Rour point of view clearlR and support Rour argument with convincing and substantive evidence. Pro: People are people; more interactions would lead to greater understanding of each other. （CommonalitR precedes）Con: People are shaped bR different environments theR find themselves in, therefore, the difference overrides. (Differences precedes)Possible Arguments for Pro:1. Human beings tend to draw close to one another bR their common nature. We all share thecommon basic needs.2. Rapid eRpansion of worldwide transportation and communication networks have made it fareasier than ever before for people throughout the world to contact with one another.3. The process of globalization maR reduce the regional differences between people all over theworld. We are all members of the ―global village‖.4. Economic interdependence in todaR‘s world requires people of different countries to interact onan unprecedented scale, and more interaction will result in more similaritR among people.5. More and more people from various cultures have to work and live together and theR will adaptto each other to such an eRtent that cultural differences between them maR no longer matter. Possible Arguments for Con: 1. People throughout the world maR be similar in manR aspects, but differences in habits andcustoms keep them apart.2. Though the basic human needs are universallR the same, people all over the world satisfR theirbasic common human needs in different waRs.3. As our societR is becoming more and more diversified, differences between people tend to growlarger in some aspects.4. It is differences between people that underlie the necessitR of communication, and it does notfollow that communication which maR increase the possibilitR of understanding between people will alwaRs reduce differences.5. People nowadaRs are more likelR to trR to maintain their unique cultural identities when theRfind themselves living closelR with people of other cultures.9From the two seeminglR opposite viewpoints, we can learn something that we should keep in mind when we are involved in intercultural communication. First, all human beings share some common heritages that link us to one another. To some eRtent, people throughout the world are prettR much alike in manR aspects, and that has formed the verR basis on which it is possible for people of various cultures to communicate. However, what we have to realize is that there are also vast differences between people from various cultural groups. To reallR understand a person whose cultural background is different from Rours can be verR difficult, for both Rou and that person maR be subconsciouslR influenced bR each one‘s own cultural upbringing. In a sense, what we should do in intercultural communication is to treat people of other cultures both as the same with and as different from us.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. WhR does the author saR that our understanding of the world has changed?ManR things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world verR rapidlR. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an eRistence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasinglR come into contact on a dailR basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people maR live thousands of miles awaR or right neRt door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?TechnologR, particularlR telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean bR saR ing that “the …global? ma R be more l ocal than the …local?”?The increasing global mobilitR of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We maR communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we maR be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ?global‘ ma R be more local than the ? local‘‖.5. WhR is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication maR be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to10meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market todaR requires the abilitR to communicate sensitivelR with people from other cultures, a sensitivitR that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economR, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael FaR?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the abilitR to understand and communicate effectivelR with people from other cultures takes on eRtreme urgencR. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plaRs in communication, we maR place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored bR the author towards globalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatlR. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is alreadR here to staR. It is both a fact and an opportunitR. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions eRist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanitR.WritingRead the following and then trR to write a short essaR on what one has to learn to get prepared for working and living in a new cultural environment.There seems to be so much that one can do to get oneself well prepared for working and livingin a new cultural environment. Apart from what is mentioned in the passage, the following maR be what a person in Anna‘s situation should also tr R to do:1. Learning the language that is used in the new cultural environment.2. Learning about the historR and present social situation of the area or the countrR.3. Learning about the dominant religious belief and some important social customs.4. Learning about the cultural uses of nonverbal means including time and space forcommunication.5. Learning to look at things and people in new perspectives that are different from what oneis accustomed to.6. Developing a more tolerant attitude toward anR unfamiliar phenomena.7. Becoming aware that problems and misunderstandings are inevitable in interculturalcommunication.8. Learning about how foreigners are usuallR perceived and treated bR the local people.11IdentifRing Difference: How We Address Each OtherQuestions for discussionHow do Rou address a friend from an English-speaking countrR? And how should we do it if he or she knows our culture verR well or if we speak Chinese to each other?UsuallR we can address a friend from an English-speaking countrR bR his/her first name without mentioning his/her surname or title out of respect for his/her culture. Because people fromEnglish-speaking countries attach great importance to casualness in addressing each other in order to form a relativelR intimate and equal relationship. But if he or she knows our culture verR well or if we speak Chinese to each other, we can address him/her in the Chinese waR. Just as the old saRing goes, ―When in Rome, do as the Romans do‖, it‘s better for our friend to learn more about and become better acquainted with the Chinese culture. In this waR, when addressing him/her, we can add ―Riao‖ (Roun g) or ―lao‖ (aged) before his/her famil R name according to his/her age so as to create an amicable atmosphere. We can also address him/her bR using his/her title in a humorous waR, or bR inventing some nickname for him or her in either English or Chinese, depending on the degree of intimacR.SurveRConduct a surveR among some Chinese students to find how much theR know about the possible cultural differences between Chinese and English-speaking people in the speech behaviors listed below.12Rthat he wanted to be properlR respected in China.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，⼈们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和⾏为举⽌上存在的差异，⽽长久⽆法互相理解、⽆法和睦相处。

高中英语跨文化交际练习题50题含答案解析1.In some Western countries, it's polite to make eye contact when talking. In Japan, however, prolonged eye contact may be considered impolite. When you are having a conversation with a new acquaintance in Japan, what should you do?A.Make strong eye contact.B.Avoid prolonged eye contact.C.Stare at the person.D.Look away constantly.答案解析：B。

在日本，避免长时间的目光接触被认为是礼貌的行为。

选项A 在一些西方国家可能是礼貌的，但在日本不是；选项C 盯着人看在任何国家都不太礼貌；选项D 不断地看别处也不恰当。

2.In the United States, it's common to greet with a handshake. In Thailand, what is a common way to greet?A.Bow.B.Hug.C.Kiss on the cheek.D.Shake hands firmly.答案解析：A。

在泰国，人们通常以鞠躬的方式问候。

选项B 拥抱在美国等一些国家比较常见，但在泰国不是主要的问候方式；选项C 亲吻脸颊在一些欧洲国家常见；选项D 在美国常见。

3.In France, it's considered polite to greet with a kiss on both cheeks.In China, what is a more common way to greet?A.Kiss on the cheek.B.Bow slightly.C.Shake hands.D.Hug.答案解析：C。