Research Methods,
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社会情境social contexts虚假相关spurious correlations多变量分析multivariate analysis相关系数correlation coefficient效度validity信度reliability研究方法research methods问卷调查survey代表性样本representative sample定量方法quantitative methods定性方法qualitative methods调查survey样本sample系统抽样systematic sampling分层随机抽样stratified random sampling 中数median众数mode封闭式问题closed response question开放式问题open response question结构性访谈structured interview 非un 个案研究case study工具性能动主义instrumental activism个人主义individualism社会结构social structure自致地位achieved status先赋地位ascribed status社会类属social categories集合aggregate初级群体primary group次级群体secondary group社会等级制social estates社会阶级social classes社会设置social institution社社区community社会society公社社会communal society社团社会associational society结构功能主义structural functionalism冲突理论conflict theory符号互动论symbolic interactionism拟剧论dramaturgical perspective标签理论labelling theory常人方法论ethnomethodology角色借用role taking印象管理impression management刻板印象stereotype镜中我looking-glass self显功能manifest function隐功能latent function本我(id)自我(ego)超我(superego)社会化socialization socialize 再社会化re-科层制bureaucracy社会越轨social deviance失范anomie内化internalization异化alienation同化assimilation权威authority资本主义capitalism阶级class冲突理论conflict theories文化多元主义cultural pluralism文化相对主义cultural relativism文化再生产cultural reproduction民主制democracy人口统计学demography因变量dependant variable自变量independant variable劳动分工division of labour话语discourse经验性研究empirical investigation族群中心主义ethnocentrism扩大家庭extended family核心家庭nuclear family女性主义理论feminist theories老年学gerontology水平流动lateral mobility垂直流动vertical mobility合法性legitimacy亲属制度kinship宏观社会学macrosociology 微观社会学micro- 唯物主义历史观materialist conception of history 生产资料means of production社会事实social fact社会群体social group社会认同social identity社会互动social interaction社会学想象力sociological imagination社会地位status可持续发展sustainable development下层阶级underclass 上层阶级upper class 城市化urbanization价值观values亚文化subculture剩余价值surplus value。
关于艺术研究方法的相关书目在艺术研究领域,研究方法是非常重要的工具,它可以帮助研究者系统地获取、整理和分析艺术作品的信息。
以下是一些关于艺术研究方法的相关书目,供有兴趣的读者参考。
1. 《艺术研究方法导论》(Introduction to Art Research Methods)作者:Laurie Schneider Adams这本书提供了艺术研究的基本概念和方法,包括艺术史研究、艺术品鉴赏、艺术市场研究等方面的内容。
适合初学者入门。
2. 《艺术史研究方法》(Methods for Art Historical Research)作者:Anne D'Alleva这本书介绍了艺术史研究的方法论,包括文献研究、图像分析、考古学研究等方面的内容。
适合学习艺术史的学生和研究者。
3. 《艺术、研究和实践》(Art, Research and Practice)作者:Graeme Sullivan这本书探讨了艺术研究与实践的关系,介绍了艺术创作过程中的研究方法和实践策略,适合艺术家和艺术教育工作者阅读。
4. 《艺术作品分析与研究方法》(Methods of Artwork Analysis and Research)作者:Theodore L. Steinberg这本书介绍了艺术作品的分析方法,包括材料分析、技术分析、风格分析等方面的内容,适合从事艺术品鉴赏和鉴证工作的人员。
5. 《实证研究方法与艺术教育研究》(Empirical Research Methods and Art Education)作者:Tom Anderson, Pamela Burnard这本书介绍了实证研究方法在艺术教育研究中的应用,包括问卷调查、实地观察、访谈等方法,适合艺术教育研究者和教师。
6. 《数字人文与艺术研究方法》(Digital Humanities and Art Research Methods)作者:Julia Flanders, Marilyn Deegan这本书介绍了数字人文在艺术研究中的应用,包括数字化艺术资源的处理、数据可视化等方面的内容,适合对数字人文感兴趣的读者。
关于调研的热门书籍在当下,调研作为一种重要的研究方法和工具,获得了越来越多的关注和应用。
许多热门书籍涵盖了调研的各个方面,从调研设计到数据分析,从调研伦理到实际应用。
以下是几本相关的热门书籍:1.《调研方法与技巧》(Research Methods and Techniques)该书由Donald McBurney和Theresa White撰写,是一本介绍调研基本概念和技巧的经典教材。
书中讲解了如何设计调研、收集数据和分析结果,同时还介绍了调研中常见的偏差和误差,并提供了纠正和控制的方法。
2.《质性调研:设计与实施指南》(Qualitative Research: Design and Implementation)该书由Sharan B. Merriam和Elizabeth J. Tisdell合著,详细介绍了质性调研的设计和实施。
书中讲解了质性调研的多种方法,如个案研究、群体观察和深度访谈等,并提供了实践中的指导和建议。
3.《问卷设计与心理测量》(Questionnaire Design and Psychometric Testing)该书由Paula B. Forsyth撰写,着重介绍了问卷设计和心理测量在调研中的应用。
书中讲解了如何编写有效的调查问卷、构建可靠和有效的测量工具,并解释了相关的统计分析方法。
此外,还包含了关于样本选择和研究伦理的内容。
4.《调研伦理:实践指南》(Research Ethics: A Practical Guide)该书由Ron Iphofen撰写,强调了调研伦理在科学研究中的重要性和实践指南。
书中讲解了研究伦理的原则和指导原则,涵盖了隐私保护、知情同意、研究伦理委员会审查等相关内容,帮助研究者遵循伦理准则并处理涉及伦理问题的情况。
5.《定性数据分析:常用方法和实施技巧》(Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook)该书由Matthew B. Miles、A. Michael Huberman和Johnny Saldaña合著,提供了定性数据分析的全面指南。
25本必读的人文社科研究方法类参考书【序章】人文社科研究方法是人们对人类社会、文化和言行的科学研究手段与技巧的总称,涵盖了广泛的领域和方法。
作为一个热爱人文社科的人,我们时常希望通过科学的方法来认识和理解人类的各种现象。
然而,要进行一项成功的研究,除了对特定领域的专业知识,还需要掌握一定的研究方法。
在本文中,我将向您介绍25本必读的人文社科研究方法类参考书,希望能为您提供一些有价值的指导和启发。
【一、概述】人文社科研究方法类参考书是研究人文社科领域的重要工具和指南,它们提供了一系列的理论框架、实践技巧和案例分析,帮助我们更好地进行研究。
这些参考书包含了研究设计、数据收集、数据分析等方面的知识,旨在帮助研究人员进行科学、系统和可靠的研究。
接下来,我将对这25本书进行详细介绍和评价。
【二、重要参考书1】1. 《定性研究方法》(Qualitative Research Methods)这本书由Merriam和Tisdell合著,是一本经典的定性研究方法指南。
它介绍了定性研究的基本概念、设计和实施过程,并提供了丰富的案例研究,帮助读者深入理解和运用定性研究方法。
【三、重要参考书2】2. 《量化研究方法》(Quantitative Research Methods)这本书由Creswell和Creswell合著,是一本备受推崇的量化研究方法指南。
它介绍了量化研究的设计、数据收集和数据分析方法,给予读者必要的工具和技巧来完成科学的量化研究。
【四、重要参考书3】3. 《混合研究方法》(Mixed Research Methods)这本书由Creswell和Plano Clark合著,是一本关于混合研究方法的权威指导。
它将定性和量化研究相结合,介绍了如何设计、实施和分析混合研究的方法,为研究者提供了更具弹性的研究选择。
【五、重要参考书4】4. 《案例研究方法》(Case Study Research Methods)这本书由Yin撰写,是一本经典的案例研究方法指南。
研究报告基本结构图研究报告基本结构图如下:一、引言部分(Introduction)1. 研究背景(Background)2. 研究目的(Objective)3. 研究意义(Significance)4. 文献综述(Literature Review)5. 论文结构(Thesis Structure)二、理论框架与研究方法(Theoretical Framework and Research Methods)1. 理论框架(Theoretical Framework)2. 研究假设(Research Hypotheses)3. 研究模型(Research Model)4. 研究方法(Research Methods)a. 数据收集方法(Data Collection Methods)b. 数据分析方法(Data Analysis Methods)三、研究结果与讨论(Research Findings and Discussions)1. 研究样本与数据分析(Research Sample and Data Analysis)a. 样本描述(Sample Description)b. 数据处理与整理(Data Processing and Cleaning)2. 研究结果呈现(Presentation of Research Results)a. 描述性统计(Descriptive Statistics)b. 回归分析结果(Regression Analysis Results)c. 其他研究结果(Other Research Findings)3. 结果解读与讨论(Interpretation and Discussion of Results)a. 结果解读(Interpretation of Results)b. 结果验证与讨论(Result Validation and Discussion)四、结论与建议(Conclusion and Recommendations)1. 主要发现(Main Findings)2. 结论总结(Conclusion Summary)3. 研究局限与不足(Research Limitations)4. 实践意义与建议(Practical Implications and Recommendations)五、参考文献(References)六、附录(Appendices)1. 问卷调查(Questionnaire Survey)2. 数据分析结果(Data Analysis Results)3. 其他附加信息(Other Additional Information)以上是一个研究报告的基本结构图,具体内容可以根据研究的领域和主题进行调整和补充。
何家冲实践报告范文那么首先,让我们先来看一下何家冲实践报告的总体结构:1. 引言(Introduction)-介绍何家冲实践的背景和目的-概述实践报告的结构2. 研究方法(Research Methods)-介绍用于实践报告的研究方法-解释为何选择这些方法3. 实践的描述与分析(Description and Analysis of the Practice)-详细描述何家冲实践的过程和环境-分析实践中遇到的问题和挑战4. 结果与成果(Results and Achievements)-提供何家冲实践的结果和成果-讨论实践对目标的贡献-对何家冲实践进行讨论-提出改进建议6. 结论(Conclusion)-总结何家冲实践的主要发现和体会-引用在实践报告中使用的文献现在让我们逐一来分析这些部分,以逐步完成1200字以上的何家冲实践报告。
引言(Introduction)在引言部分,你需要介绍何家冲实践的背景和目的。
说明为什么你选择进行何家冲实践以及你希望通过这个实践达到什么样的目标。
还要在引言中概述一下实践报告的结构,告诉读者你将在接下来的几个部分中介绍什么内容。
研究方法(Research Methods)在这一部分,你需要详细描述你在实践报告中使用的研究方法。
解释你为什么选择这些方法以及这些方法如何帮助你达到实践的目标和解决实践中的问题。
实践的描述与分析(Description and Analysis of the Practice)在这个部分,你需要详细地描述何家冲实践的过程和环境。
解释你是如何实施这个实践的,涉及了哪些步骤和活动。
同时,你也需要分析实践中遇到的问题和挑战,讨论它们对实践目标的影响。
结果与成果(Results and Achievements)在这一部分,你需要提供何家冲实践的结果和成果。
展示你通过实践达到了什么样的目标,取得了哪些成果。
还要讨论这些结果和成果对何家冲实践的意义和贡献。
Social Research Methods================ 第1 页================社会研究方法导论第一讲================ 第2 页================主要教材社会研究方法——定性和定量的取向劳伦斯·纽曼著郝大海译中国人民大学出版社2007年01月================ 第3 页================英文版Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches (6th Edition) by W.Lawrence Neuman================ 第4 页================引进版社会研究方法:定性研究与定量研究(第6版,英文版)(教育部高等学校心理学教学指导委员会推荐用书)/product.aspx?product_id=20776333&ref=search-0-A================ 第5 页================参考教材《社会研究方法》The Practice of Social Researchby Earl BabbieThe 10th Edition华夏出版社2005年6月The 10th Edition2009年2月================ 第6 页================The Practice of Social Research巴比著清华大学出版社2007年7月================ 第7 页================参考教材《社会研究方法教程》袁方、王汉生主编北京大学出版社2004年1月================ 第8 页================为什么学习方法?社会学家是这样一种人,他们注重以专业学科的方式来了解社会,而这种专业学科本质上是科学的,这意味着对于自己研究的社会现象,社会学家的发现和论述都是在一个严格的参考框架内的。
Research ProposalIntroductionThe research proposal aims to explore a new approach in the field of scientific inquiry. This study seeks to investigate novel methods to address existing challenges and contribute valuable insights to the scientific community.Objectives1.To identify the key research questions in the chosen field.2.To develop a comprehensive methodology for data collection andanalysis.3.To evaluate the results and draw meaningful conclusions.4.To present the findings in a clear and concise manner.Literature ReviewPrior studies have highlighted the need for innovative research methods in the current scientific landscape. By building upon existing literature, this research proposal aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice.Methodology1.Data Collection: The research will utilize a combination ofquantitative and qualitative data collection methods, including surveys,interviews, and observational studies.2.Data Analysis: Statistical analysis and thematic coding will be used toanalyze the collected data and draw relevant conclusions.3.Ethical Considerations: All research activities will adhere to ethicalguidelines to ensure the protection of participants’ rights and confidentiality.Expected OutcomesThe research is expected to yield valuable insights that can inform future studies in the field. By addressing the identified research questions, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge and promote further exploration in the chosen domain.ConclusionIn conclusion, this research proposal outlines a comprehensive plan to investigate new avenues in the selected field. By following a rigorous methodology and ethical guidelines, the study aims to generate meaningful findings that can inform future research endeavors.。
医学科学研究的基本方法Title: Basic Methods in Medical Scientific Research医学科学研究是保障人类健康、攻克疾病的重要手段。
这一领域中,研究方法的正确与否直接关系到研究的可靠性和有效性。
以下是医学科学研究的一些基本方法:Medical scientific research is a crucial means to protect human health and conquer diseases.The correctness of research methods used in this field directly relates to the reliability and effectiveness of the research.Here are some basic methods in medical scientific research:1.Observational Studies: These involve the systematic collection and analysis of data on a group of individuals, without intervention or manipulation by the researcher.Observational studies can be descriptive or analytical.观察性研究:这种研究方法包括对一组个体进行系统的数据收集和分析,而研究者不进行干预或操纵。
观察性研究可以描述性或分析性。
2.Experimental Studies: These involve the manipulation of one or more variables to observe the effect on other variables.Experimental studies are often conducted in controlled laboratory or field settings.实验研究:这种研究包括操纵一个或多个变量以观察对其他变量的影响。
My Research MethodologyIn conducting any research endeavor, the methodology employed plays a pivotal role in ensuring the validity, reliability, and reproducibility of findings. My approach to research methodology is grounded in a systematic and rigorous framework that combines both quantitative and qualitative methods, tailored to the specific needs and objectives of the research question at hand. Here, I outline the key components of my research methodology, highlighting the steps I follow to ensure a comprehensive and insightful study.1. Defining the Research Problem and ObjectivesMy research journey begins with a thorough understanding of the research problem and the objectives I aim to achieve. This involves conducting a preliminary literature review to identify gaps in existing knowledge, define the scope of my inquiry, and articulate clear and measurable research questions. By doing so, I ensure that my methodology is focused and aligned with the purpose of the study.2. Choosing the Appropriate MethodologyBased on the nature of the research problem and objectives, I select a methodology that best suits the requirements. This decision is influenced by factors such as the level of precision needed, the availability of data, and the suitability of the research design for the research question. I often employ a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, to capture a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.3. Designing the Research PlanOnce the methodology is chosen, I proceed to design a detailed research plan. This includes specifying the research design (e.g., experimental, survey, case study), determining the sample size and sampling technique, outlining the data collection methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations, secondary data analysis), and planning for data analysis and interpretation. The research plan is a roadmap that guides me through each stage of the research process, ensuring that all necessary steps are taken and that no critical aspect is overlooked.4. Data CollectionData collection is a crucial phase of my research methodology. Depending on the research design, I employ various methods to gather information. For quantitative studies, I might use surveys or experiments to collect numerical data that can be analyzed statistically. For qualitative studies, I rely on interviews, focus groups, and observations to gather rich, descriptive data that provides insights into participants' experiences, perceptions, and behaviors. I ensure that data collection procedures are ethical, respectful, and in compliance with all relevant regulations and guidelines.5. Data Analysis and InterpretationOnce data collection is complete, I move on to data analysis and interpretation. For quantitative data, I employ statistical software to analyze the data, looking for patterns, relationships, and differences. For qualitative data, I use content analysis, thematic analysis, or other qualitative methods to identify themes, categories, and narratives emerging from the data. Throughout this process, I strive for objectivity, rigor, andtransparency in my analysis, ensuring that my findings are grounded in the data and supported by sound reasoning.6. Reporting and Presenting ResultsFinally, I present my findings in a clear, concise, and compelling manner. This involves writing a research report or paper that outlines the research problem, methodology, data collection and analysis procedures, and key findings. I also ensure that my results are discussed in the context of existing literature, highlighting their significance and implications for theory, practice, and future research. Additionally, I may present my findings at conferences, workshops, or other forums, sharing my insights and engaging in constructive dialogue with my peers.In conclusion, my research methodology is a systematic and rigorous approach that encompasses defining the research problem, choosing the appropriate methodology, designing the research plan, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting and presenting results. By following this methodology, I am able to conduct high-quality research that contributes to the advancement of knowledge and understanding in my field.。
1.Project Hamburg, a north German city is situated on the river Elbe and has a long history participating to the medieval Hanseatic League. Presently it is a media and industrial city and one of the biggest transport hubs in Europe. The site is situated beside the Elbe river,the project is to develop the old,ruined and confused area into a new,Vital and flourishing space in the city. 2.Criteria A criterion is a standard of judgment or criticism; a rule or principle for evaluating or testing something.It is a factor on which you judge or decide something. The project consist of five main criteria:Landscape,Sustainable,Dynamic,Public Demand,Connect with Surrounding.
2.1 Landscape is the fusion of man-made structures, including buildings and roads, and the natural landscape, and with the terrain, designs for landform, water and planting.Landscape architecture is not just beautification, but it’s also about creating a space and the ambiance of a development, and create a new public realm.
2.2 Sustainable is the most important criteria. Buildings are the largest energy consuming sector in the world, with over one-third of all final energy and half of global electricity consumed there.With an expected population increase of 2.5 billion people by 2050, and given improvements in economic development and living standards, energy use in the buildings sector is set to rise sharply, placing additional pressure on the energy system.Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space to achieve the aim that human activity successfully maintain itself without exhausting the resources on which it depends.
2.3 In general, dynamic means energetic, capable of action and change, or forceful.When it in terms of architecture,dynamic means the flowing of architecture form,the continuous of architecture space and arousing some kind of emotion of human beings.
2.4 Public demand is the demand placed on something by the public. It may be a product, a new law, or almost anything, and is the level to which the public does or does not want something.When we talk about architecture design,we should consider the public demand first.The function play the most important role in the public demand.When it meets the demand of the public,it will be the public center in this area.
2.5 Connect with surrounding means the project should have some relationship with the surroundings,it can’t exist alone.We should think about this from the urban design view.That means the project should keep harmony with the surroundings in some directions like traffic and building height. 3.Application 3.1 For the landscape, the afforest is the main focus .It is consist of two sides:horizontal afforest and vertical afforest.The horizontal afforest emphasize to create green spaces in the same lever. The vertical afforest means create green spaces in different levers of the building. The concept of the vertical afforest is that it can purify urban areas and uses the changing shape and form of leaves for its facades, and thus which hands over to vegetation itself the task of absorbing the dust in the air, and of creating an adequate micro-climate in order to filter out the sunlight. This is a kind of biological architecture which refuses to adopt a strictly technological and mechanical approach to environmental sustainability.We design the afforest in the public space in each floor.Meanwhile we consider the roof also should be designed as a green space.It helps to set up an urban ecosystem where different kinds of vegetation create a vertical environment which can also be occupied by birds and insects. The creation of a number of vertical forests in the city will be able to create a network of environmental corridors which will give life to the main parks in the city hamburg.
3.2 For the sustainable,the green roof is the main focus.Green roofs are covered with vegetation such as mosses, perennials, shrubs, or trees.It has a lot of advantages.First,reducing energy use,one of the main advantages of green roofed buildings is the energy savings due to the reduction in required heating and air-conditioning loads in winter and summer seasons.Second,lessening the Urban Heat Island Effect ,green roof can cool down the environment temperature around the building in the city which can reduce the Urban Heat Island effect,and it can improve local air quality.Third,green roofs absorb the rainwater, and some of it evaporates.The roofs can absorb between 50 and 80 % of the annual rainfall.If it rains a lot, the green roofs delay the water on its way to the sewers. This means that rainwater which would otherwise have an adverse impact on the sewers does not reach the sewers until there is enough space for it.Fourth,reduced sound transfer,a green roof can reduce sound within a building by 8dB or more when compared with a conventional roof. Fifth,roof lifespan increase,Green roofs have now been shown to double if not triple the life of the waterproofing membranes contained underneath the green roof by creating a barrier which protects the waterproofing from harm.Last,amenity space,Greened roof areas can add a great deal of value to buildings, with improved views making buildings easier to let. Accessible roofs designed to allow people to relax, attend events or participate in gardening can make a real difference to how people use and enjoy buildings.