高中英语语法:定语从句知识点

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高中英语语法:定语从句知识点

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that 和关系副词when、where、why等。

一、关系代词和关系副词的功能

关系代词和关系副词功能有三个:

1)用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。2)关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语;关系副词可作状语。

3)关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。

1、作主语

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。(引导词that在句中作主语)

The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. 昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。(引导词who在句中作主语)

2、作宾语

在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去

The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。(引导词that,可省略)

The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。(引导词which,可省略)

3、作定语

关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。

This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩,他母亲是我们的语文老师。

注意:关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时,可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。

The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到医院拜访了康先生,康先生在他的公司里工作。

4、作状语

关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。

I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我将永远不会忘记我们在

The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的西部。

This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。

That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:

(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.

他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。

(对) He admired those who looked beautiful.

他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)

(错) He admired that who danced well.

(that作宾语时不能指人)

(对) He admired those who danced well.

他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)

(对) He admired those which looked beautiful.

他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)

二、关系代词的用法work

英语中的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that和as。它们的用法如下:1、who,whom的用法

who和whom指人,who在定语从句中作主语;whom在定语从句中作宾语,在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。

In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初,买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)

The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)

His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲,她于1818年去世了。(whom引导非限制性定语从句,作宾语但不能省略)

2、whose的用法

whose 指人或物,在定语从句中作定语,指物时常可用of which取代。

I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有个朋友,他父亲是市长。

We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。3、which 的用法

which指物,在定语从句中作主语和宾语,作宾语时,在限制性定语从句中可省略。

They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.他们需要一种不像水

It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语,可以省略)

He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道,他来晚了。(作宾语,在非限制性定语从句中不省略)

4、that 的用法

that 多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,指物时其用法和which 大致相同,但也有区别。

All the people that come from the country work much harder. 所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。(that指人,在从句中作主语,不能省略)

She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依赖的人。(that指人,在从句中作宾语,可以省略)

5、关系代词that和which的区别

(1)相同点

这两个关系代词引导定语从句时,都可以指物;在从句中都可作主语或宾语;作宾语时都可省略。

The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)

The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语,可省略)

(2)用that,不用which的情况

①当先行词是不定代词all, one, few, little, everything, nothing,any, anything, little 等不定代词或被它们修饰时。

Is there anything that I can do for you?

有什么要我做的事吗?

He answered few questions that the teacher asked.

他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。

②当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。

③当先行词有the very,the only,the same等修饰时。

That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。

Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。

④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。

They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。